氯化胆碱对甘蔗光合性能及糖含量的影响

以不同浓度的氯化胆碱（ＣＣ）处理田间栽培甘蔗。经合适浓度的ＣＣ处理的甘蔗叶绿素含量、叶内Ｍｇ２＋-ＡＴＰａｓｅ和Ｃａ２＋-ＡＴＰａｓｅ，ＮＡＤＰ一苹果酸酶和磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸（ＰＥＰ）羧化酶等活性，叶绿体的希尔（Ｈｉｌｌ）反应活力和光合速率都有不同程度的提高，甘蔗的株高、茎粗、蔗茎含糖量也有所提高。     

氯化胆碱对烟草光合性能的影响

经喷施合适浓度的氯化胆碱（ＣＣ）的烟草叶内叶绿素（ｃｈｌ）含量略有增加，希尔（Ｈｉｌ）反应活力和光合速率提高。叶内Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ和Ｃａ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性均有所增强。对正常的呼吸代谢活力无影响，但降低了光呼吸中的乙醇酸氧化酶活性，利于光合提高     

干旱胁迫对小麦叶片核糖核酸酶活力及合成的影响

干旱协迫下，抗旱（陕合６号）与干旱敏感（郑引１号）小麦品种叶片中的核糖核酸酶活性均有所增加，增加幅度与其相对含水量变化呈显著负相关。１４Ｃ－Ｌｅｕ掺入后，样品粗提液经ＰＡＧＥ分离并染色，发现干旱处理叶片的两个低分子女（１２ｋＤ、１７ｋＤ）具ＲＮａｓｅ活性的蛋白质的放射性掺入总量低于对照，但占总蛋白的放射性比例高子对照，证明干旱胁迫下存在ＲＮａｓｅ的从头合成（ｄｅｎｏｖｏｓｙｎｔｈｓｉｓ）。讨论了胁迫下ＲＮａｓｅ活性增加的原因。     

盐胁迫下大白菜吸收转运45Ca2＋的变化

在５ｍＳｃｍ＾－１和１０ｍＳｃｍ＾－１ＮａＣｌ胁迫过程中，大白菜幼苗根系膜透性、ＴＴＣ还原能力和丙二醛含量的变化显示根受到不同程度伤害。盐腔迫处理下，根系对钙的吸收速率在〔Ｃａ＾２＋〕〉０．７５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ时明显受到抑制。根系对＾４５Ｃａ＾２＋的积累能力分别在５ｍＳｃｍ＾－１ＮａＣｌ胁迫５ｈ生１０ｍＳｃｍ＾－１ＮａＣｌ胁迫３ｈ后受到抑制，而且大白菜各器官（根、茎、叶）对＾４５Ｃａ＾２＋的吸收、转运     

固氮粪产碱菌（Alcaligenes faecalis）exoC基因的克隆及其特性

应用Ａ．ｂｒａｓｉｌｅｎｓｅ ｓｐ７的ｅｘｏＣ基因为探针，发现Ａ．ｆａｅｃａｌｉｓ Ａ１５０１具有与Ａ．ｂｒａｓｉｌｅｎｓｅ Ｓｐ７ ｅｘｏＣ基因同源的基因。Ａ．ｂｒａｓｉｌｅｎｓｅ ｅｘｏＣ基因能恢复Ａ．ｆａｅｃａｌｉｓ ＥＰＳ缺陷型（ＥＰＳ＾－）突变，表明粪产碱菌ＥＰＳ的产量为ｅｘｏＣ基因产物所调控。本工作已获得类似Ａ．ｂｒａｓｉｌｅｎｓｅ Ｓｐ７的ｅｘｏＣ－ｌｉｋｅ基因的克隆     

不带抗药性基因的nifA质粒的构建

本研究克隆了萤光假单胞菌ＡＳ１．５５（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓ ｆｌｕｏｒｅｓｃｅｎｓＡＳ１．５５）的亮氨酸基因（ｌｅｕ＾＋）ＥｃｏＲＩ片段（－６．６ｋｂ）,并获得含有该片段的重组质粒ｐＢＲ３２２－ＬＥＵ。从ｐＢＲ３２２－ＬＥＵ质粒中分离出ｌｅｕ＾＋ＥｃｏＲＩ片段,将其插入到ｎｉｆＡ质ｐＭＣ７１Ａ的ＥｃｏＲⅠ位点使氯霉素抗性基因失活,从而构建了不带抗药性基因ｎｉｆＡ质粒ｐＭＣ７１Ａ－ＬＥＵ。     

芽孢杆菌(Bacillus spp.)拮抗基因的分子标记

用ＢＯＸ－ＰＣＲ指纹图谱进行了１８４个格兰氏生菌株,其中有４１个菌株与标准菌种Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ ａｍｙｌｏｌｉｑｕｅｆａｃｉｅｎｓ之间的ＤＮＡ指纹图谱相似性大于７０％,在离体条件下,测定这些菌株对水稻纹枯菌的拮抗性能。选出４个代表菌株（Ｇ４３３、Ｇ４３４＾－、Ｇ３９６＾＋、Ｇ２９２＾＋）用于筛选ＲＡＰＤ－ＰＣＲ的有效引物、先后共测试了１２４个随机引物,有８个随机引物能够产生明显与拮抗基因相关的ＤＮ     

作物对盐分的吸收及其盐害的预测预报

通过温室和田间试验,研究小麦和甜菜在盐胁迫下的生长及其对盐分的吸收。结果表明,小麦耐热略低于甜菜,Ｎａ＾＋抑制小麦和甜菜对Ｋ＾＋和Ｃａ＾２＋的吸收,小麦和甜菜的相对干物质重与土壤含盐量的关系符合Ｍａａｓ－Ｈｏｆｆｍａｎ模型,小麦和甜菜叶Ｎａ＾＋含量与土壤含盐量呈显著正相关,且与干物质重的关系也符合Ｍａａｓ－Ｈｏｆｆｍａｎ模型,文中提出了利用作物叶的Ｎａ＾＋含量与相对干物质重之间的Ｍａａｓ－Ｈｏｆｆ     

砂土供磷特性及磷肥效应研究

砂土供磷特性及磷肥效应的研究结果表明，砂土磷素形态以无机磷为主，有机磷甚少，仅占全磷含量的８．８４％。无机磷占９１．１５％，无机磷形态组成以磷酸钙为主，Ｃａ－Ｐ平均为无机磷总量的８６．１％，Ｏ－Ｐ占９．６％，Ａｌ－Ｐ占３％，Ｆｅ－Ｐ占１．３％。各种形态无机磷与速效磷的关系为：ｙ（速效磷）＝４９．３０ｘ１（ＡＬ－Ｐ）＋２１．８５４７ｘ４（Ｃａ－Ｐ）－３．４２０９，表明Ａｌ－Ｐ、Ｃａ－Ｐ对砂土速效磷的     

土壤有机矿质复合体研究──X.有机矿质复合体转化的初步研究

本文研究铁键、铝键、钙键复合体与溶液中Ｃａ＾２＋、Ｆｅ＾３＋、Ａｌ＾３＋金属离子的相互作用,结果显示,复合体上键合的Ｆｅ＾３＋,不能被溶液中的Ｃａ＾２＋、Ａｌ＾３＋置换,复合体上键合的Ａｌ＾３＋仅少量被Ｆｅ＾３＋、Ｃａ＾２＋置换进入溶液,复合体上键合的Ｃａ＾２＋则可较多地被Ａｌ＾３＋、Ｆｅ＾３＋置换进入溶液,置换的量与ＰＨ及粘土矿物类型有一定关系,尽管复合体上键合的Ｆｅ＾３＋、Ａｌ＾３＋、Ｃａ＾３     

用~(45)Ca示踪法研究小麦对钙的吸收及其在土壤中的移动

本试验利用~45Ca示踪法,研究了小麦对钙的吸收和运转。结果表明,用0.1％~45CaCl_2浸种,~45Ca能被吸入籽粒内,并且48小时的吸收量比24小时的吸收量高1倍以上。涂抹试验表明,无论苗期还是后期,叶片涂抹~45Ca均能被叶片吸收,吸收的钙能转移到邻近的叶片。土壤引入的钙可以被根系吸收并能转移到地上部。钙在石灰性土壤中移动性很差,在淋溶条件下,1周时间仅有0.4％的钙下移1cm。PEG胁迫试验表明,干旱条件影响小麦幼苗对钙的吸收,在一定范围内,随胁迫程度增大,吸收钙量下降,但当溶液水势低于—0.18MPa时,小麦对钙的吸收量又逐渐增高。     

Effect of sodium chloride stress on the plasma membrane ATPase of barley roots: Probable cause for decrease in ATPase activity

The regulation of plasma membrane ATPase activity by salt stress was investigated in barley roots. The plasma membrane fractions were prepared from the roots treated with or without 200 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) for one day. After salt treatment, ATPase activity reduced by 20 to 30% as compared with that of control roots. No significant changes in the content of total phospholipid and sterol were detected in the plasma membrane fraction by salt stress. After extraction of most of the phospholipids in the plasma membrane vesicles with a solution containing 1% (W/V) octylglucoside and 1% (W/V) Triton X‐100, the ATPase activity in salt‐stressed roots was lower than that of control roots. After reconstitution of detergent‐extracted protein into liposome, the reduction of ATPase activity by salt stress did not recover. Based on immunoblott analysis, the relative amount of H⁺‐ATPase in plasma membrane fraction prepared, from NaCl‐stressed roots was smaller than that of control roots. These results indicate that the reduction of H⁺‐ATPase activity by salt stress was caused by the decrease in the amount of H⁺‐ATPase rather than the modification of ATPase.     

铝胁迫下钙对小麦根呼吸速率和一些线粒体结合酶活性的影响

比较了钙对耐铝性不同的两品种小麦 Altas66和 Scout66根呼吸速率、线粒体 H ATP酶、Ca2 ATP酶和焦磷酸酶活性变化的影响。铝胁迫下 ,提高营养液中钙浓度 ,可明显减轻铝对两品种小麦根伸长的抑制作用 ,提高两品种小麦根呼吸速率、线粒体 H ATP酶、Ca2 ATP酶和 H PP酶活性     

花生根系钙素吸收特性研究

运用电子探针、45Ca示踪及水培方法研究花生根系钙素吸收特性,结果表明花生根伸长区与成熟区均可吸钙,二者吸钙量分别占吸钙总量的28.9％～34.7％和71.1％～65.3％。在供钙浓度为0～0.5nmol/L范围,根系钙素吸收符合Michaelis-Menten酶动力学模型。此时其完全受代谢控制,完整根Km值为0.0549mmol/L、Fmax为3.81nmol/(cmh);断离根Km为0.0534mmol/L、Fmax为3.79nmol/(cm.h)。此后随供钙浓度增加,其受非代谢因素影响越大。供钙浓度为2.0mmol/L时,代谢因素对吸钙总量的贡献为63.2％,而非代谢因素的贡献为36.8％。     

Comparing the Calcium Requirements of Wheat and Canola

Spring wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) is the major crop species grown in south-western Australia and no responses of wheat to applied calcium (Ca) have been obtained in field experiments though responses have been obtained in glasshouse pot studies for wheat grown on the predominantly sandy acidic soils of the region. Since the mid 1990s canola (oilseed rape, Brassica napus L.) has been grown in rotation with wheat and has often developed symptoms of Ca deficiency when grown on sandy acidic soils in the field. The Ca requirement of canola in these soils is not known and was measured and compared with Ca requirements of wheat in the glasshouse study reported here when 5 amounts of Ca (0–630 mg Ca/pot), as calcium sulfate, were applied.

Application of Ca did not affect shoot production of wheat but increased grain yields by about 25% and 50 mg Ca/pot was required to produce 90% of the maximum grain yield. Two canola cultivars were grown, and both showed no shoot yield responses to applied Ca at early growth (GS1.5). However, at flower bud visible (GS3.5) shoots of triazine tolerant canola cv. ‘Karoo’ showed about 17% increase to applied Ca and required ～47 mg Ca/pot to produce 90% of the maximum yield, while corresponding values for cv. ‘Outback’ were 42% and 185 mg Ca/pot. Both canola cultivars showed large seed (grain) yield responses to applied Ca. Canola cv. ‘Outback’ produced no grain when no Ca was applied and showed ～ 97% increase to applied Ca and required about 462 mg Ca/pot to produce 90% of the maximum grain yield. The triazine tolerant cv. ‘Karoo’ produced about 22% of the maximum grain yield when no Ca was applied, showed approximately 78% grain yield response to applied Ca and required about 475 mg Ca/pot to produce 90% of the maximum grain yield. However, to produce 50% of the maximum grain yield, cv. ‘Outback’ required 250 mg Ca/pot while cv. ‘Karoo’ required about 100 mg Ca/pot. The grain yield response curve for cv. ‘Karoo’ was exponential and that for cv. ‘Outback’ was sigmoid so differences in the response curves were largest when small amounts of Ca were applied and decreased as more Ca was applied. Evidently canola cultivars differ in their ability to access soil and applied Ca providing opportunity to breed and select cultivars efficient at accessing soil and applied Ca. For both wheat and canola the concentration of Ca in dried shoots increased as more Ca was applied and, for each amount of Ca applied, the concentration of Ca in shoots decreased as plants matured. Both canola cultivars consistently had larger concentrations of Ca in shoots than wheat, either when no Ca was applied and for each amount of Ca applied, suggesting canola roots were better able to access soil and applied Ca than wheat roots. The Ca concentration in young wheat (GS15) and canola (GS1.5) shoots that was related to 90% of the maximum grain yield (critical Ca concentration) was 0.33% for wheat and 2.5% for both canola cultivars.     

重金属胁迫对小麦光合产物输配影响的示踪动力学研究

应用示踪动力学方法研究了不同浓度的 3种重金属离子 (Cu2 +、Cd2 +和Hg2 +)胁迫对小麦幼苗叶片光合产物输配影响。结果表明 ( 1 )Cu2 +、Cd2 +和Hg2 +能明显使小麦倒一叶光合产物输出速率常数k10 随其胁迫浓度的增大逐步减小 ;随Cu2 +、Cd2 +和Hg2 +胁迫浓度的升高 ,小麦倒二叶光合产物的输出速率常数k10 均表现为先上升后下降的趋势 ,表明重金属胁迫能影响小麦叶片光合产物从叶内的输出。 ( 2 )较低浓度 ( 50mg L)的Cu2 +、Cd2 +就使小麦倒一叶和倒二叶k2 1和k12 大幅度降低 ,尤其当Cu2 +浓度达 1 50mg L时 ,k2 1和k12 均等于零 ;1 0 0mg L的Hg2 +胁迫使倒一叶k2 1和k12 大幅度降低 ,50mg L的Hg2 +胁迫也使倒二叶k2 1大幅度降低 ,表明重金属胁迫能影响小麦叶片光合产物在叶内的分配代谢。 ( 3 )Cu2 +、Hg2 +和Cd2 +能明显抑制光合产物向根系的积累     

镉对小麦旗叶叶绿素含量及籽粒产量的影响

大田栽培条件下,以不同Cd^2＋耐性的2个小麦品种洛旱6号（Cd^2＋耐性较强）和豫麦18号（Cd^2＋耐性较弱）为材料,研究Cd^2＋胁迫条件下小麦对旗叶叶绿素积累、旗叶面积、籽粒千粒重、籽粒灌浆速率及籽粒产量的影响。结果表明：低Cd^2＋（10mg/kg）处理下,洛旱6号的叶绿素a＋b平均含量下降1.6%,平均旗叶...     

花后喷施KH2PO4对灌浆期高温胁迫下小麦根系生理特性及产量的影响

为探究花后叶面喷施磷酸二氢钾(KH₂PO₄)对灌浆期高温胁迫下小麦根系生理特性及产量的影响,本研究设置叶面喷施清水(NT)、清水+灌浆期高温胁迫(NHT)、KH₂PO₄溶液(PT)和KH₂PO₄溶液+灌浆期高温胁迫(PHT)共4个处理,考察了不同处理对小麦根系活力、抗氧化酶活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、旗叶净光合速率(Pn)、成熟期干物质积累与分配和产量的影响。结果表明,花后喷施KH₂PO₄显著提高了高温前根系活力、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性,显著降低MDA含量。高温胁迫处理显著降低了根系活力,但喷施KH₂PO₄的根系活力下降幅度较小,高温后根系内维持了较高的SOD、POD和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,且高温后NHT根系MDA含量显著高于NT,NT显著高于PHT,而PT显著低于PHT。花后喷施KH₂PO₄显著提高了灌浆期旗叶Pn,降低高温对叶片光合能力的危害程度。成熟期PT植株干物质积累量显著高于PHT和NT,后两者间无显著差异,NHT最低,且PT向籽粒分配的干物质量最高。与NHT相比,NT、PHT和PT产量分别提高了17.8%、18.9%和26.7%,喷施KH₂PO₄处理提高产量是由于千粒重的显著提高。综上,花后通过叶面喷施KH₂PO₄能显著延缓灌浆期小麦根系衰老,增强根系耐高温能力,提高成熟期植株干物质积累,降低灌浆中后期高温胁迫对小麦产量造成的损失。本研究为小麦花后喷施KH₂PO₄以减轻灌浆期高温对小麦生产造成的危害提供了一定的理论依据。     

H+‐atpase and H+‐transport activities in tonoplast vesicles from barley roots under salt stress and influence of calcium and abscisic acid 1

Seedlings of two barley cultivars differing in NaCl sensitivity were treated with low (100 mM) or high (400 mM) concentration of NaCl for 6 days. Tonoplast vesicles were prepared from roots, and H⁺‐ATPase and H⁺‐transport activities associated with tonoplast were assayed. Both H⁺‐ATPase and H⁺‐transport activities in the two cultivars were increased at 100 mM NaCl. These activities also increased in the salt‐tolerant cultivar at 400 mM NaCl, but in salt‐sensitive cultivar were decreased. In vivo treatment with 10 mM Ca²⁺ stimulated H⁺‐ATPase and H⁺‐transport activities at two levels of NaCl, however, treatment with 10⁵M (±) abscisic acid (ABA) inhibited these activities. From these results we propose that the increase of the vacuolar H⁺ pumps in barley roots reflects an adaptation to salt stress. The stimulation of HVATPase and H⁺‐transport activities by calcium (Ca) depends mainly on its effect in maintaining stability of membrane under salt stress.