弹齿式花生摘果装置的设计与研究

研发了一种弹齿式花生摘果装置,并采用L8(27)正交试验和加权评分法进行了试验研究。结果表明,在滚筒长度1 445mm、滚筒直径480mm、弹齿扭臂长度80mm、凹板筛锥度1:24的条件下,且滚筒转速为500r/min、齿杆数量为8条、喂入轮转速为300 r/min、凹板筛间隙为7 mm时,摘净率最高而破碎率低,摘果质量好。该装置已用于4HJL-1800型花生联合收获机进行了田间试验,试验指标符合设计和相关摘果要求,可为全喂入式花生捡拾联合收获机摘果装置的研制提供借鉴和参考。     

螺旋弓齿式全喂入花生摘果机方案与摘果装置研究

为丰富我国的花生收获机械,研制了螺旋弓齿式全喂入花生摘果机。介绍摘果机的设计方案及原理,探讨其主要结构及装置(摘果装置、传动机构、凹板筛)的设计思路。对花生植株在摘果滚筒中的受力进行分析,总结其在滚筒中的受力及运动特点。     

全喂入式摘花生鲜果装置研制与试验分析

目前,我国花生机械化收获水平较低,人工收获劳动强度大、成本高,实现花生机械化生产是广大农户的迫切愿望。为此,研制了全喂入式摘花生鲜果装置,并测量了试验地花生基本特性,进行了喂入量、滚筒转速、摘果间隙以及摘果齿排数等参数正交试验。试验和分析表明,喂入量1.2kg/s、滚筒转速400r/min、摘果间隙65 mm和摘果齿3排为最佳工作参数,破碎率和未摘净率分别为1.62%和1.03%。该工作参数可以为全喂入式花生联合收获机摘果装置和花生摘果机单机设计提供参考。     

钉齿式纵轴流花生摘果装置的设计与试验研究

针对我国目前花生联合收获中摘果效率低、破损率高及易堵塞的主要问题,结合现有的几种摘果方式,研制出一种钉齿式纵轴流花生摘果装置。钉齿式纵轴流花生摘果装置主要包括凹板筛、摘果滚筒上盖、导流板、锥形喂入挡板、摘果滚筒、固定在摘果滚筒上的喂入搅龙叶片、钉齿、固定钉齿的U型齿杆及1根中心轴贯穿整个摘果滚筒。同时,对主要机构的主要参数进行设计,研制出了钉齿式纵轴流花生摘果装置的试验平台,并采用BBD试验设计的相关方法进行了试验研究,经分析得出结论。试验验证表明:其各项摘果指标均达到相关要求,该研究结果对花生联合收获机的摘果装置的研究和发展具有一定的借鉴与参考价值。     

全喂入花生摘果机关键装置设计分析与试验

根据花生机械化摘果作业要求,结合当前花生种植区域情况及摘果过程中存在的摘净率低、破损率高等问题,研制了与拖拉机配套的小型弯头杆齿式全喂入花生摘果机,可灵活移动、坚固耐用、操作便利。花生摘果机主要由摘果滚筒、凹板筛、振动清选装置、荚果运送及传动部分等组成,能够有效实现花生摘果、清选工作。田间性能试验表明:其摘净率98.16%、含杂率1.93%、破损率1.41%、清选损失率0.75%,各指标均满足花生摘果作业要求。     

纵轴流花生摘果系统喂入装置的设计与试验

为解决花生捡拾联合收获机摘果喂入过程中荚果易破碎、秧果易拥堵等问题,设计了一种用于花生捡拾联合收获机摘果系统的螺旋喂入装置。通过对花生植株喂入输送过程分析,确定了摘果滚筒螺旋喂入头、锥形套筒的设计参数。以挖掘条铺并经田间自然晾晒3天的花生植株为试验对象,以荚果破碎率为试验指标,以摘果滚筒转速、喂入量、喂入间隙为试验因素进行试验台试验。试验结果表明:当摘果滚筒转速483.962r/min、喂入量3.176kg/s、喂入间隙9.529mm时,破碎率达到最小值为0.228%。经田间试验验证,整机花生荚果破碎率≤1.2%,满足花生低损收获要求。研究可为我国花生捡拾联合收获机喂入及摘果系统的研究提供理论和实践依据。     

基于两段收获的切流式双滚筒花生摘果装置研究

为适应新疆地区林间套种的种植模式,通过对国内外花生生产机械化和摘果特性的调查,自行研制了双滚筒花生摘果秧柄打捆一体机。为了获取切流双滚筒脱粒分离装置的结构方式和工作参数,在试验机上进行滚筒不同转速、不同摘果间隙和不同喂入口倾角的脱粒分离性能试验,得出影响花生摘果指标的主次因素和各因素的显著水平。试验结果表明:该机作业性能良好,在喂入量为1.8kg/s、机组前进速度为1～1.5km/s的前提下,双滚筒的转速为450r/min、摘果间隙35mm和喂入口倾角10°时,摘净率为98.21%,破碎率为0.82%。     

打击揉搓式花生脱壳试验研究

简述了打击揉搓式花生脱壳机结构与工作原理。针对市场现有花生脱壳机果仁破伤率高、剥净率低、品种适应性差等技术难题,构建了打击揉搓式花生脱壳试验台,以分级后白沙品种花生为试验物料,果仁破碎率、损伤率和机具剥净率为主控指标,开展了花生脱壳工艺、设备特性等方面的相关试验研究。分析了喂料速率(生产率)、荚果含水率、滚筒结构及凹板筛结构形式、脱壳滚筒打板线速度(滚筒转速)、凹板筛栅条间隙以及滚筒―凹板筛组配间距因素对脱壳指标的影响规律。     

对辊半喂入式小区育种花生摘果装置设计与试验

花生小区育种涉及品种多、小区处理多、每小区产量小,且严格要求小区之间和品种之间的花生不能混杂。为解决小区花生育种收获中存在的人工摘果费工、费时、效率低且容易出现混杂等问题,提出了半喂入式花生摘果装置总体方案:采用差相组配的对辊结构、回转直径可调节的直杆式、弓齿式和矩形齿式作为摘果元件,进行了花生摘果辊与摘果元件的结构与参数设计,研制出一种小型对辊半喂入式小区育种花生摘果装置。以辽宁省主栽的花生品种"花育30"为试验材料,对3种摘果元件的摘果性能进行了试验研究,结果表明矩形齿式摘果元件摘果效果最佳;以摘果对辊重叠距离、摘果对辊差相角和摘果对辊转速为试验因素,以花生摘净率、损伤率为试验指标,通过正交试验表明:摘果对辊重叠距离为10 mm、摘果对辊差相角为45°、摘果对辊转速为400 r/min时,花生摘果综合指标最优,摘净率为98.96%,荚果损伤率为1.03%。     

4 HJZ-4 A花生捡拾摘果机设计与试验

花生作为一种油料作物和经济作物,在我国被大量种植,长期以来收获过程都是依靠人力,机械化程度较低。近年来,随着人工成本的不断上升,花生的机械化收获已经成为制约花生生产发展的一个重要阻碍。为此,设计了一种花生捡拾摘果机,由弹齿式捡拾装置、二级轴流摘果滚筒、双层振动筛及集果升运器等组成,可以较好地完成花生的捡拾、摘果、清选等作业。田间试验表明:该机在标准试验条件下能较好地完成作业,总损失率为2.3%,破碎率为1.3%,果荚含杂率为3.7%,均符合花生收获国家行业标准(NY/T 2204-2012),满足实际生产要求。本研究为花生机收提供了一种新的机型。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

车用发动机润滑油失效规律与更换周期研究

研究在正常使用条件下１０Ｗ／３０－ＱＣ级润滑油用于某型车用发动机时所表现的失效规律,确认期服从两参数Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布,并给出分布的尺度参数η和形状参数ｍ之最佳线性无偏估计（ＢＬＵＥ）同时,还为定量分析,计算车用发动机润滑油的使用可靠性和合理确定其更换周期提供了一套可供借鉴的方法,并给出了具体的计算实例。     

农村剩余劳动力就业问题的探讨

论述了我国农村剩余劳动力就业的意义,并针对我国农村剩余劳动力的现状,提出多渠道促进农村剩余劳动力就业的途径和办法。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

乡（镇）农业技术推广体系存在的问题及对策

乡（镇）农技推广体系是农业发展的关键。介绍朝阳市农业技术推广体系的现状,针对目前体制及运行机制、服务手段等方面存在的问题,提出适合朝阳市乡（镇）农技推广体系改革与发展的对策,以期对全省农技推广体系改革和发展起到一些借鉴作用。     

草莓的采收与贮藏

草莓果味酸甜爽口,营养价值高,为人们所喜爱的应市鲜果之一。由于草莓易受损伤和微生物侵染,因此其采收、贮藏过程极为重要。介绍草莓采收过程中的注意事项以及11种贮藏保鲜技术的实施步骤和操作方法,推介9种加工方式,为草莓产业化提供技术支持。     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.