基于计算机视觉的稻米垩白指标快速测定方法研究

垩白性状是重要的稻米外观品质指标.国内主要采用垩白粒率、垩白大小和垩白度来衡量稻米垩白性状的优劣.当前,我国垩白测定一般采用国家标准(GB/T 17891-1999)规定的方法,通过目测稻米垩白大小,计数垩白粒率,算出垩白度(垩白粒率×垩白大小)[1].国际水稻研究所采用C-index测定垩白,也是一种目测评定方法.     

稻米垩白性状的QTL检测、上位性及环境效应分析

水稻的垩白性状是当前限制中国稻米品质提升的最主要因素。研究垩白形成机理及遗传特性,将有利于提高育种中垩白性状的改良效率。本课题组先前构建了广陆矮4号/佳辐占重组自交系(GJ RIL)及遗传图谱。本研究连续2年在上杭县和龙海市两地共种植6季GJ RILs,据各季垩白性状表型数据进行遗传分析,结合遗传图谱进行QTL定位、上位性分析和环境效应分析。遗传分析发现垩白粒率和垩白度呈偏态分布,推测垩白性状受主效基因与微效基因共同影响。QTL定位中,垩白粒率获得3个QTLs,qPGWC2、qPGWC4和qPGWC5,遗传贡献率分别为2.84%、3.74%和14.09%;垩白度获得3个QTLs,qDEC1、qDEC4和qDEC5,遗传贡献率分别为2.96%、4.88%和7.79%。上位性分析中,垩白粒率和垩白度分别获得7对和5对上位性QTLs,贡献率为0.23%~3.55%。RM307~RM518区间内同时检测到垩白粒率和垩白度的QTLs,并参与了垩白粒率和垩白度的上位性互作。RM598~RM5140区间内也同时检测到垩白粒率和垩白度的QTLs,也参与了垩白度的上位性互作。环境效应分析发现,垩白度的3个QTLs及eqDEC10和eqDEC9这对上位性QTLs均与2010年早季龙海种植环境发生显著或极显著的互作效应。     

日本水稻品种越光稻米的外观品质性状的QTL遗传剖析

稻米外观品质是稻米品质的一个重要方面,是消费者选择的重要依据之一,在一定程度上影响稻米市场价格。本研究利用一个日本优质粳稻品种越光(轮回亲本)和一个印度的籼稻品种Kasalath杂交产生的回交重组自交系(backcross recombinant inbred lines,BILs)对7个控制稻米外观品质主要性状(粒长、粒宽、粒厚、粒长宽比、垩白粒率、垩白大小和垩白度)数量性状基因位点（quantitative trait locus,QTL）进行定位分析。共检测到影响7个性状的22个QTLs,分布在8条染色体上,贡献率为5.65％-29.20％。其中在第5染色体上的R2232分子标记附近区域检测到影响4个性状的QTLs;在第3染色体上C1448和第6染色体G200分子标记附近区域分别检测到同时影响3个性状的QTLs,表明了这3个染色体区域对控制稻米外观品质性状中的有着重要作用。本研究检测到的QTLs及其两侧的分子标记可以用于改良稻米外观品质的分子辅助育种。     

稻米垩白和粒形的主效QTL定位分析

本研究用珍佳B(佳辐占/珍汕97B//珍汕97B的回交重组自交系F11,即BC1F11)×珍汕97B的F2群体,对稻米粒长、粒宽、长宽比、粒厚和垩白粒率性状进行遗传分析与QTL定位.结果表明,粒宽、长宽比、粒厚和垩白粒率均属于由多基因控制的数量性状,而粒长受一个主效基因控制.共检测到13个控制糙米粒长、粒宽、长宽比、粒...     

宁夏育成粳稻品种(系)品质相关性及主成分分析

对宁夏育成的粳稻品种(系)的主要指标进行分析,并运用相关分析法和主成分分析法研究了各品种品质性状间的关系.结果表明,育成的品种碾磨品质和蒸煮品质基本达到国家优质稻一级标准,而众多品种(系)外观品质只能勉强达到三级标准,即垩白粒率和垩白度太高.通过主成分分析,前5个主成分值累计贡献率达75.917％,得到了5个主要因子,即外观因子、碾磨因子、适口性因子、蒸煮因子和粒型因子.因为宁夏粳稻稻米品质性状相关性和5个主因子的贡献率不同,所以首先应注重垩白粒率和蒸煮品质的选择,以提高宁夏水稻品质育种效率.     

不同籼型三系保持系的稻米品质相关性状分析

对16个籼型三系保持系稻米品质进行研究,考察了子粒的长宽比、千粒重、垩白粒率、垩白度、直链淀粉含量等指标及指标间的相关性.品质评价结果表明.现有水稻品系G763B和新育品系422B的外观品质等级为1级,吉香B的外观品质等级为2级.相关性分析表明长宽比与垩白度、垩白粒率呈极显著的负相关:直链淀粉含量与垩白度呈极显著的正相关;粒宽与垩白度、垩白粒率呈正相关.     

水稻外观品质性状QTL分析

为发掘控制水稻外观品质相关性状的稳定QTL,利用籼稻品种‘贵9B’(Gui 9B)和粳稻品种‘热研2号’(Reyan No.2)为亲本,构建了包含100个家系的重组自交系群体为作图群体。分别于2014年12月和2015年5月将该群体种植于海南三亚和贵州贵阳2个不同生态环境,对稻米粒长和垩白粒率等外观品质性状进行了QTL分析。结合相应的分子连锁图谱及完备区间作图定位方法,对外观品质性状进行QTL定位分析。QTL检测结果表明:2个环境中共定位到16个外观品质QTL,分布在第1、第2、第3、第5、第9、第10和第11条染色体上,LOD值介于2.50~10.98之间,贡献率介于7.64%~19.89%之间。其中,有8个QTL为首次发现,有2个影响粒长的QTL在2个环境下均被检测到。本研究有利于推动水稻外观品质性状基因遗传研究和分子辅助育种。     

水稻千粒重和垩白粒率的QTL及其互作分析

产量因子千粒重和稻米品质指标垩白粒率密切相关。本研究以越光/Kasalath//越光BIL群体为材料,分析千粒重和垩白粒率的相关性、QTL、上位性互作及其环境的互作效应。相关分析表明,群体千粒重和垩白粒率在2005年和2006年均呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.42和0.35 (P<0.001)。2年共检测到千粒重QTL 11个,其中5个在2年重复检测到,5个具有环境互作效应;千粒重上位性互作8对,7对与环境存在互作。垩白粒率QTL 6个,3个具有环境互作效应;上位性互作9对,其中4对具有上位性环境互作效应。比较分析发现3个主效QTL同时控制千粒重和垩白粒率的表现,千粒重和垩白粒率的增效等位基因来自同一亲本;1对上位性互作同时对千粒重和垩白粒率有相同的影响。一些与垩白粒率不相关的千粒重主效QTL,如qTGW-3c、qTGW-4a和qTGW-6b,可为育种所利用。对利用QTL定位结果进行千粒重和垩白粒率分子辅助选择育种进行了探讨。     

稻米垩白QTL定位分析

以高垩白度品种V20B和低垩白度品种CPSLO 17作为亲本,构建150个V 20 B/CPSLO 17重组自交家系(RIL)为作图群体,进行稻米垩白QTL检测及其遗传效应分析.以垩白度为稻米垩白高低的表型数据,结合SLAF标签构建的分子连锁图谱,运用MapQTL 5软件检测到4个稻米垩白QTL,分别命名为qC-5 a、qC-5 6、qC-5 c和qC-5d.这4个QTL的LOD值分别为4.02、4.09、3.94和4.1,对表型变异的解释率分别为11.6％、11.8％、11.2％和11.8％,且这4个QTL抗性等位基因都来自高垩白亲本V20B.     

利用染色体单片段代换系定位水稻垩白QTL

为了鉴定和定位水稻垩白相关QTL,分析其遗传效应,利用籼稻品种广陆矮4号为受体,粳稻品种日本晴为供体构建的84个染色体单片段代换系群体为试验材料,通过单因素方差分析和Dunnett's多重比较,对代换片段上垩白相关QTL进行鉴定。以P≤0.001为阈值,共检测到36个垩白相关QTL。其中,垩白度QTL共19个,其加性效应值为-6.44~12.86,加性效应百分率为-34.04%~68.02%。垩白粒率相关QTL共17个,其加性效应值为-7.32~3.63,加性效应百分率为-8.07%~4.00%。这些QTL的鉴定为进一步精细定位并克隆相应QTL,提高稻米外观品质奠定了基础。     

影响水稻穗部性状及籽粒碾磨品质的QTL及其环境互作分析

利用优质恢复系测258为轮回亲本与粳型糯稻新品系IR75862杂交创制的BC₁F₇回交导入系群体,在广西南宁和海南三亚定位了产量相关性状(二次枝梗数、穗总粒数、穗实粒数、粒重和穗重)、粒型(粒长、宽、厚)和碾磨品质(糙米率、精米率和整精米率)的主效QTL并剖析其环境互作效应。双亲在穗实粒数、千粒重、粒长和粒宽及整精米率等性状上存在显著差异。各产量相关性状间呈极显著正相关,而与千粒重和粒长呈极显著负相关。多数产量及粒型相关性状与3种碾磨品质相关不显著。在南宁和三亚环境下检测到影响产量相关性状、粒型及碾磨品质的主效QTL共计57个,包括二次枝梗数的6个,穗实粒数4个,穗总粒数、粒重和穗重各5个,粒长9个,粒宽7个,粒厚1个,糙米率4个,精米率5个和整精米率6个,分布在除第11染色体外的所有染色体上。多数影响枝梗数、穗粒数和粒重的QTL成簇分布,而且与影响BR、MR和HR的QTL分布在不同染色体区域。在第2、第3、第4、第5和第6染色体上鉴定出影响穗粒数、粒重、粒型及碾磨品质的重要QTL,这些QTL在以往不同遗传背景和环境下被多次检测到。在第8染色体RM152~RM310区间鉴定到1个影响粒长和粒宽的新的QTL,能同步增加粒宽和粒长。鉴定出的这些稳定表达的QTL具有标记辅助选择育种的应用价值。整精米率是受环境影响最大的性状,其QTL的环境互作效应明显。对QTL的环境互作效应特点及其在品种标记辅助改良中的作用进行了深入探讨。     

Improvement of Appearance Traits of elite Rice Zhenshan 97B by Molecular Introgression of Targeted about 800 kb Interval from Indica Rice Jiafuzhan Genome

Rice appearance trait is mainly mean grain length (GL), grain width (GW), ratio of length and width (L/W), chalkiness (CH) and transparence (TR). Appearance is the first impression, and rice appearance traits effect significantly the value of commodity. Hybrid rice is relatively low quality, especially on rice appearance quality,which restricts partially its extend and badly export of hybrid seed and rice in China.Shanyou 63, the most famous hybrid rice combination of China, could not be also sustainable application because of its poor qualities. In this studies, We attempt to improve appearance quality of the elite rice maintainer of Zhenshan 97B by using molecular approach of genomic interval targeted introgression. Three F2 populations were constructed to study the classical and molecular genetic of rice appearance traits, at the same time, molecular marker-asisted toimprove the main maintainer line, Zhenshan 97B were performed. There some following results:Three F2 populations were constructed based on crosses of Guangluai 4×Jiafuzhan (GJ popu.), Minghui 86×Jiafuzhan (MJ popu.) and Zhenshan 97B×Jiafuzhan (ZJ popu.). ZJ popu and GJ popu were produced to reconstruct the linkage maps related with rice appearance traits based on BSA, and detect QTL of target traits based on IM.In ZJ popu, 9 QTLs of target traits were detected. The interval, RM169～RM516 on Chromosome 5, was genetic locus of GW, L/W, CH and BW, and the explained variances were 10.9%, 14.9%, 12.0% and 14.2%, respectively.RM214 on chromosome 7, RM339 on chromosome 8 were genetic loci if CH and BW, and the explained variances were 9.4%, 10.0%, 11.0% and 12.1%. besides there is a genetic locus, RM347, of G/W on chromosome 3, and the explained varance was 10.3%. In GJ popu, 5 QTLs of rice appearance traits were detected. The interval, RM169-RM516 on Chromosome 5, were also the genetic loci of GW, CH and BW, and the explained variances were 9.0%, 12.5%, and 13.6%, respectively. RM264～RM80 on chromosome 8 was the genetic loci of GW amd L/W,and the explained variances were 14.7% and 13.4%. The genotypes of all QTLs, except RM214, from Jiafuzhan contributed to improving riee appearance traits.The research was to improve the rice appearance quality of Zhenshan 97B by introgressing QTLs of rice appearance traits from Jiafuzhan, a donor parent, by means of MAS in the process of recurrent backcrossing, 4 SSR markers were used to detect the target genotypes from donor parent, and 70 SSR primers to identify the genetic background of recurrent parent. Consequently, there were 19 target individuals in BC3, in which the mean value of GL, GW, L/W, CH and BW were 6.06±0.04mm, 2.50±0.02mm, 2.43±0.02, 29.5±2.7 and 29.4±2.7%, respectively,and the mean homologous degree (HD) to recurrent parent is up to 98.22%. Compared to Zhenshan 97B, GL, CH and BW decreased 0.17 mm, 34.9% and 34.5% respectively and however L/W increased 0.19. which accounted separately for 25.37%, 54.79%, 54.57% and 10.50% of thedifference of every trait between two parents. It is very luckly to find a individual, 13BC2-3BC3 line, whose GL, GW, G/W, CH and BW were 6.04 mm, 2.43 mm, 2.49,2.5% and 2.5% separately, There is very important signification for it to be used in hybrid rice breeding improving appearance traits. In the research, MAS efficiency of 3 loci (with 4 markers ) was 5.68% and coincident degree was 73.08%.     

水、旱栽培条件下稻谷粒型和粒重的相关分析及其QTL定位

为了解水、旱栽培条件下水稻粒形和粒重的表型及QTL变化,以陆稻品种IRAT109和水稻品种越富构建的双单倍体群体为材料,系统分析了稻谷粒长、粒宽、粒重及长宽比在水、旱栽培条件下的相关性,并进行了数量性状基因位点的比较定位。结果表明,水、旱条件下,粒长与长宽比和粒重均呈极显著正相关;粒宽与长宽比呈极显著负相关,与粒重极显著正相关,4个性状在水、旱条件间相关性都达极显著正相关。其中粒长的相关系数最高,达0.817,粒宽的相关系数最低,为0.457。表明粒长受水分影响最小而粒宽受水分影响较大。粒重、长宽比介于二者之间。两种条件下共检测到14个QTLs,分布于水稻1、5、6、7、10和12染色体上,其中控制粒长的5个,LOD值为1.93~5.11,贡献率为5.97%~28.85%;控制粒宽的1个,LOD值为2.39,贡献率为12.76%;控制长宽比的3个,LOD值为2.08~4.6,贡献率为7.78%~21.89%;控制粒重的5个,LOD值为2.68~9.45,贡献率为4.1%~14.8%。其中控制粒长的qGL-5及控制粒重的qGWt-1a和qGWt-1b在水、旱条件下均能检测到,在抗旱育种中可用于分子标记辅助选择籽粒性状。QTL分析的结果进一步验证了表型分析结果,粒宽相对易受土壤水分影响,粒长、粒重和长宽比,受水分胁迫影响较小,遗传比较稳定。     

Quantitative trait loci for grain-quality traits across a rice F2 population and backcross inbred lines

Improving grain-quality is an important goal in rice breeding programs. One vital step is to find major quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for quality related traits and then investigate the relationships among them. We crossed ‘N22’, an indica variety with good appearance but low grain weight, to a japonica variety, ‘Nanjing35’, with superior grain yield but poor appearance. This enabled us to construct an F₂ population and a set of backcross inbred lines (BILs) for QTL-mapping for the traits related grain appearance. In all, 37 QTLs were identified for grain length (GL), grain width (GW), grain thickness (GT), thousand-grain weight (TGW), and the percentage of grains with chalkiness (PGWC). Of these, 17 QTLs detected from 184 plants in the F₂ population explained 4.97–27.26 % of the phenotypic variance, another 20 QTLs were identified using BILs from 2009 to 2010. Quantitative trait loci for major effects were detected in different populations and across years. A new QTL hot spot (marker interval RM504–RM520) was found on Chromosome 3, which harbored QTLs for GL, GW, GT, and TGW. Among our five examined traits, grain shape was significantly correlated with TGW and PGWC. The PGWC values of two heavier grains BILs, L93, and L145 are much lower than Nanjiing35, the analysis of genotype showed that this greater weight may due to the locus for GL occurring within RM504–RM520 on Chromosome 3. Therefore, those two lines will allow us to develop a long-grain high-yield rice variety with less chalkiness.     

日本晴/R1126水稻重组自交系群体粒形性状QTL定位

为阐明大穗型籼稻品系R1126稻谷籽粒性状的遗传机制,以其与粳稻日本晴构建的重组自交系F10为材料,通过连续2年田间种植并测定各株系的籽粒粒长、粒宽和粒厚等表型性状,结合利用SSR和SFP等分子标记构建的遗传图谱,对控制该群体的稻谷粒形性状进行了QTL分析。2年试验共检测到10个控制粒长、粒宽和粒厚性状的QTL,其中q GL3-1、q GL3-2和q GL9这3个粒长QTL,以及q GW2和q GW5这2个粒宽QTL在2年试验中能被重复检测;而粒厚性状在2年试验中检测到5个QTL,但均只在1年试验中出现。根据连锁的分子标记信息,q GL3-2、q GW2和q GW5可能分别与已报道的主要粒形基因GS3、GW2和GW5等位;而q GL3-1和q GL9可能为新的粒长QTL,且在2年试验中具有很好的重演性和稳定性,两者的加性效应均能使粒长增加0.2 mm以上,对于改善稻谷外观品质性状具有较好的潜在应用价值。     

水稻粒型和粒重的QTL定位分析

利用以两个籼稻品种H359和Acc8558为亲本杂交建立的重组自交系群体及相应的分子标记连锁图，对水稻粒长、粒宽和粒重进行了QTL定位分析。检测到15个与粒长有关的QTL、17个与粒宽有关的QTL及16个与粒重有关的QTL，它们可分别解释75．91％、76．20％和81．40％的表型变异。其中在5号染色体上检测到1个控制粒宽的主效QTL，可解释26．65％的表型变异。粒长和粒宽之间虽然相关显著，但相关系数很小(r=0．180)。而QTL分析结果也显示，两者的QTL位置很少相同。这说明粒长和粒宽有不同的遗传基础。粒长和粒宽与粒重的相关系数分别为0．781和0．461，直接通径系数分别为0．7220和0．3299。QTL定位结果也显示，粒长与粒重的QTL位置相近或重叠的较多。因此，粒长对粒重的贡献较大。     

Mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) for grain size in rice using a RIL population from Basmati × indica cross showing high segregation distortion

Grain size is one of the three productivity related traits in rice and hence a major target for genetic improvement. Since understanding genetic variation in grain size between Basmati and indica genotypes is important for rice improvement, a recombinant inbred population was developed from a traditional aromatic cultivar ‘Basmati 370’ and a non-aromatic indica genotype ‘IRBB60’. This population was phenotyped in two locations for grain length (GL), grain breadth (GB), GL/GB ratio (LBR) and grain weight (GW). Though the RIL population reported in the current study exhibited segregation distortion (SD) for 54 % of the markers, they were utilized in analysis using an appropriate statistical package, PROC QTL in the SAS environment. Interval mapping revealed a total of 15 QTLs for GL, seven for GB, 15 for LBR and two for GW. Among them 13 were not reported earlier and thus novel. For a known major QTL identified in the study, GW8 for GB, a PCR based functional marker was designed and validated. This is the first report wherein a very high proportion of markers (>50 %) exhibiting SD have been successfully used for QTL mapping.     

增加穗粒数的水稻染色体代换系Z747鉴定及相关性状QTL定位

增加穗粒数对水稻高产品种培育至关重要。其遗传基础复杂,由多基因控制。水稻染色体片段代换系可以将多基因控制的复杂性状分解,因而是理想的遗传研究材料。本研究通过高代回交和自交结合分子标记辅助选择方法,鉴定了一个以日本晴为受体、西恢18为供体亲本的、含有15个代换片段的增加穗粒数的水稻染色体片段代换系Z747,平均代换长度为4.49 Mb。与受体日本晴相比, Z747的每穗总粒数、一次枝梗数、二次枝梗数、穗长和粒长显著增加,粒宽显著变窄、结实率显著降低,但结实率仍为81%。进一步以日本晴和Z747杂交构建的次级F2群体鉴定出46个相关性状的QTL,分布于水稻1号、2号、3号、5号、6号、9号、11号和12号染色体上。其中qGPP12、qPH-3-1、qPH-3-2等12个QTL可能与已克隆的基因等位, qSPP9等34个可能是新鉴定的QTL。Z747的每穗总粒数由2个具有增加粒数效应的QTL (qSPP3和qSPP5)和1个具有减少粒数效应的QTL (qSPP9)控制。研究结果对主效QTL的精细定位和克隆、以及有利基因的单片段代换系培育有重要意义。