冻融循环对南极磷虾虾肉糜滋味成分的影响

以南极磷虾虾(Euphausia superba)肉糜为原料,通过测定南极磷虾虾肉糜在反复冷冻和解冻过程中ATP及其关联产物、游离氨基酸等的变化,分析冻融循环对虾肉糜滋味成分的影响。结果显示,随着冻融循环次数的增加,南极磷虾虾肉糜的ATP及其关联产物降解加剧,呈鲜味的核苷酸含量逐渐减少,呈苦味的核苷酸含量逐渐增加。1次冻融对应的鲜味苦味比为3.32;2次及以上的冻融循环会造成鲜苦比的显著降低(P<0.05),同时K值迅速增大,表明鲜度发生大幅下降;3次冻融循环后,K值显著增大(P<0.05);4次冻融对应的K值为(86.88±3.58)%,南极磷虾虾肉糜已不新鲜。冻融循环次数的增加导致游离氨基酸总含量增加,鲜味氨基酸和甜味氨基酸比例逐渐减小,苦味氨基酸的比例逐渐增大,导致虾肉糜的滋味进一步劣化。研究表明,冻融循环次数控制在2次以内,可较好地保持南极磷虾虾肉糜的滋味。     

草鱼死后常温贮藏过程中的品质变化

为了研究草鱼死后常温贮藏过程中的品质变化,以草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)背肉为研究对象,测定了草鱼死后30 h内质构、pH、乳酸、游离氨基酸、ATP及其关联化合物等指标的变化。结果显示,草鱼肉的硬度和咀嚼性在死后23 h时达到最大值,弹性、内聚性及回复性均随时间的延长而降低。pH呈先降低后升高的趋势,在23 h达到最大值。乳酸含量则先增加后减少。在整个贮藏过程中,鲜甜味游离氨基酸的总含量逐渐减少,而苦味游离氨基酸的总含量则逐渐增加。ATP含量在草鱼死后10 h内显著增加,具有鲜味的IMP含量则迅速减少,呈苦味的HxR和Hx含量逐渐增加。在整个贮藏过程中,K值一直增加。K值的变化情况表明,草鱼死后常温贮藏10 h内可保持较高鲜度,27 h时,K值达到68.99%,表明鱼肉已经腐败。研究表明,草鱼死后室温贮藏时应在10 h内尽快加工。     

我国主要淡水养殖鱼类精浆的氨基酸成分

本试验定量测定了鲤、青,草、鲢、鳙鱼精浆水解液中氨基酸和游离氨基酸成分,讨论了各种氨基酸浓度差异。     

乌鳢消化道蛋白酶脂肪酶的研究

采用Folin-酚法测定了乌鳢消化道胃、肠及幽门盲囊中的蛋白酶、脂肪酶活性,蛋白酶最适pH。结果表明,蛋白酶活性由高到低为：胃〉肠〉幽门盲囊,最适pH依次为2．2、8．2、7．8。脂肪酶的测定通过检测新鲜牛乳中脂肪的降解作用产生的脂肪酸含量变化来进行,结果表明,脂肪酶活性由高到低为：肠〉胃〉幽门盲囊。     

乌鳢细菌性脓疮病的病理研究

观察表明,乌鳢细菌性脓疮病以败血症病变为特征,病鱼内脏遍布细菌性脓疮     

乌鳢细菌性脓疮病病原的研究

从数起患有细菌性脓疮病的乌鳢体内分离到一种Ｇ－ 链球菌,对其形态特征、培养特点、生化反应及药物敏感性以及药物防治方法作了研究,确认其为该病的病原,采用青霉素或氯霉毒治疗效果良好     

豆粕对乌鳢肠道菌群组成及微生物氨基酸代谢酶活性的影响

为研究豆粕替代鱼粉对乌鳢生长、肠道菌群组成和微生物相关氨基酸代谢酶活性的影响,分别用豆粕替代0、25%、50%和75%的鱼粉配制4组等氮等能的饲料饲喂初始体质量为(8.65±0.25) g的幼鱼(分别命名为G1、G2、G3和G4组),养殖实验在室内纤维玻璃钢桶中进行,实验周期为21 d。结果显示,各组间幼鱼成活率无显著性差异;G4组乌鳢幼鱼的生长性能显著低于G1和G2组,而G3组幼鱼生长性能与其余3组差异不显著。厚壁菌门在G1和G2组乌鳢肠道中的比例显著高于G3组,且在G4组中的比例最低;变形菌门在G1和G2组中的比例显著低于G3和G4组;G4组中乳球菌属、杆菌属、假单胞菌属、链球菌属、芽孢杆菌属和不动杆菌属的比例显著低于其余3组。另外,G4组幼鱼肠道微生物谷丙转氨酶、腺苷脱氨酶活性显著高于其余3组,而G1组乳酸脱氢酶的活性最高。研究表明,豆粕替代鱼粉除了对乌鳢幼鱼的生长产生影响外,也显著影响了肠道微生物组成及微生物相关氨基酸代谢酶的活性,本研究结果对于从微生态角度进一步理解豆粕在乌鳢配合饲料中的应用提供了理论依据和参考。     

乌鳢血液指标的研究

对乌鳢的红、白细胞数、血红蛋白等血液指标进行了研究。结果如下:乌鳢的红细胞数为(369.83±51.03)万个/mm3;白细胞数为(5.88±1.27)万个/mm3;血红蛋白为(9.54±0.61)g/100ml;白细胞分类计数中淋巴细胞占(58.23±5.67)%;嗜中性细胞占(28.10±4.36)%;单核细胞占(9.10±4.02)%;嗜碱性细胞和嗜酸性细胞观测到的数目很少;血沉为(1.50±0.12)mm/h;红细胞膜最大抵抗值为(0.38±0.02)%;红细胞大小为(10.02±0.52)μm×(7.01±0.24)μm(长径×短径);红细胞核为(4.22±0.27)μm×(1.96±0.18)μm(长径×短径)。     

乌鳢鱼种的网箱培育关键技术研究

在池塘中设置网箱,把1组亲鱼繁殖的全部鱼种放入1只网箱,进行培育,根据鱼种生长情况,及时更换2次更大体积的网箱,从规格为3cm的小鱼种到育成50g以上的大规格鱼种,鱼种规格均匀,体质健壮,总成活率达到60％以上,技术成熟,操作管理方便,获得了良好的经济效益。     

乌鳢的食性与摄食率的研究

分析了天然水域中乌鳢的食物组成及摄食强度，并在实验室条件下，对乌鳢的摄食习性（包括日摄食率、饱食率、摄食频度、饵料动物规格以及对食物的选择性）进行了试验观察     

月鳢和乌鳢肌肉营养成分的比较研究

比较分析了月鳢和乌鳢肌肉的营养成分。月鳢的蛋白质含量,氨基酸总量,必需氨基酸含量和鳝示氨基酸含量均高于乌鳢。从营养学的角度提示了月鳢食用价值优于乌鳢。     

乌鳢和斑鳢EST序列微卫星信息分析

乌鳢(Channa argus,♂)、斑鳢(Channa maculatus,♀)是杂交鳢"杭鳢1号"的亲本。利用高通量测序技术对乌鳢和斑鳢的肝脏进行转录组测序获得大量EST序列后,利用MISA软件进行微卫星信息分析,结果表明,通过转录组测序获得乌鳢EST序列59 959条,长度45 mb,发现15 428个SSR,出现频率为25.73%;获得斑鳢EST序列44 337条,长度27 mb,发现8 439个SSR,出现频率为19.03%。在乌鳢和斑鳢EST-SSR中,重复单元以1~2碱基重复为最多,并以长度小于16 bp的短重复序列为主,间隔SSR和复合SSR的EST序列RPKM均值要低于单纯型SSR的EST序列RPKM均值,且在单纯型SSR中SSR长度越长,其RPKM均值则越低。     

食盐添加对乌鳢鱼头汤熬煮过程营养物质溶出与微纳米颗粒稳定性的影响

在鱼头汤熬制过程中,食盐添加后会与汤中物质发生相互作用,进而影响产品品质。本文研究了NaCl添加时机对乌鳢(Channa argus)鱼头汤中营养物质迁移以及微纳米颗粒(micro and nano particles, MNPs)稳定性的影响。结果表明,鱼头汤加盐前的熬煮时间和加盐后Na+、Cl–与各组分间的相互作用对物质的迁移具有重要影响,同时还会影响体系中微纳米颗粒形成,并最终影响体系的稳定性。在熬煮至60 min时加盐时机最佳。此条件下制得的汤中营养物质和呈味物质的溶出和迁移达到最大程度,所形成的微纳米颗粒为大小均匀的双层球状小颗粒,甘油三酯自组装形成球形颗粒,蛋白质分子分散在其周围或与之结合附着在表面,体系呈现出良好的稳定性。研究结果可以为乌鳢鱼头汤制品的生产提供参考。     

Diet of non‐native northern snakehead (Channa argus) compared to three co‐occurring predators in the lower Potomac River,USA

Abstract – Introductions of large, non‐native, carnivorous fishes continue to occur worldwide and represent a substantial management concern to global biodiversity. One of the most recent non‐native fishes to successfully establish in North America is the northern snakehead (Channa argus), found in the lower Potomac River catchment. Dispersal of the northern snakehead throughout this system has been well documented since its original discovery in May 2004; however, little is known about the foraging habits of this species and its interactions with co‐occurring predators. Here, we quantify northern snakehead diet in comparison with the diets of naturalised largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), and native American eel (Anguilla rostrata) and yellow perch (Perca flavescens) collected from tidal freshwaters bordering Virginia and Maryland near Fort Belvoir, Virginia. Over 97% of northern snakehead gut contents were fishes, with fundulid and centrarchid species consumed most frequently. Dietary overlap was biologically significant only between northern snakehead and largemouth bass. Aquatic invertebrates were >10 times more common in native predator diets, reducing dietary overlap with northern snakehead. Ontogenic shifts in adult northern snakehead diet were also detected, which may be explained by optimal foraging rather than true prey specificity. Northern snakehead may be occupying a novel niche based on a piscivorous diet, therefore limiting competition with resident predators in the lower Potomac River. Further research into interactions between largemouth bass and northern snakehead is needed to inform management decisions and understand the ecological impacts of this non‐native species.     

月鳢年龄与生长的研究↑（*）

月鳢鳞片可作为年龄鉴定的依据,其年轮形成时期在4～6月。鳞长与体长呈直线关系,体长和体重呈幂函数关系。月鳢2龄以前生长较快,2龄以后生长逐渐减慢,其生长适合于VonBertalanffy生长方程。为有效保护月鳢资源,应限制捕捞体重在200g以下的个体。     

Changes of proximate composition and extractive components in narezushi, a fermented mackerel product, during processing

ABSTRACT:   During the processing of mackerel narezushi , the fish body was strongly dehydrated by permeation of salt, the low pH of fish meat, and pressure applied to the fish and rice mixture. In the proximate components, moisture, protein and lipid flowed out from the fish meat into the rice mixture, and sugar permeated from the rice mixture into the fish meat. That the total amount of outflow was larger than that of permeation into the fish is thought to contribute to the decrease in fish body weight during processing. In the extractive components, although the nucleotides completely decomposed, free amino acids and peptides increased remarkably because of the decomposition of proteins in fish meat during processing. Especially, six kinds of free amino acid, Glu, Asp, Gly, Ala, Leu, and Ile, which are thought to be the taste components in marine resources, increased. Organic acid increased remarkably because of the fermentation of rice and permeation into the fish meat. The marked increase of the extractive components is thought to contribute to the umami taste and the sour taste of narezushi .     

不同发育时期月鳢消化酶活性的研究

对月鳢(Channa asiatica)稚鱼、幼鱼和成鱼的主要消化酶活性及分布进行了研究。结果表明,随着鱼体的发育和生长,月鳢消化系统各器官组织的各种消化酶活性逐渐增强,尤其是蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性的增强更为明显。月鳢幼鱼蛋白酶活性以肠组织最大、肝胰脏次之、胃组织最小,且肠组织和肝胰脏中该酶活性显著高于胃组织;胰蛋白酶活性以肝胰脏最大,胃组织和肠组织均表现较小;淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性均以胃组织最大,且显著大于肠组织和肝胰脏。月鳢成鱼蛋白酶活性以中肠粘膜组织和后肠粘膜组织最高,前肠粘膜和肝胰脏次之,胃粘膜最低;胰蛋白酶活性以中肠粘膜组织和前肠粘膜最高,胃粘膜组织次之,肝胰脏小于胃粘膜,后肠粘膜组织的胰蛋白酶活性最小;淀粉酶活性以后肠粘膜组织和中肠粘膜组织最大,肝胰脏次之,胃粘膜组织和前肠粘膜组织最小;脂肪酶活性以胃粘膜组织最大,其它器官组织该酶活性均表现较小。     

Comparison of extractive components in muscle and liver of three Loliginidae squids with those of one Ommastrephidae species

Extractive components were determined for the mantle muscle and liver of three species of Loliginidae squid, Sepioteuthis lessoniana, Loligo bleekeri, and L. edulis, and one species of Ommastrephidae, Todarodes pacificus, as a control. Total free amino acid levels and the major free amino acids in muscle, taurine, proline, glycine, alanine, and arginine, were significantly higher in Loliginidae squids than in T. pacificus. The main nucleotide was adenosine 5′-monophosphate, which did not differ significantly between species. Malate was the organic acid found in muscle in highest concentrations. The muscle of these species contained a large amount of trimethylamine oxide. A large amount of glycine betaine was also detected in the muscle, but showed no large species difference. From these results, the muscle of Loliginidae species is considered to have a much sweeter taste than that of T. pacificus. Compared with muscle, squid liver was characteristic with high contents of taurine, glutamate, bitter amino acids, succinate, propionate, trimethylamine, and glycine betaine, and with low contents of sweet amino acids, arginine, nucleotides, malate, and trimethylamine oxide. These results suggest that squid liver is characterized by a complicated taste containing umami, bitterness, sourness, fishy flavor, and less sweetness.     

Comparative chemical,taste, and functional components in different tissues of giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus)

The chemical composition, nutrition, and flavor components of various giant grouper tissues were determined. The muscle protein content was about 20%, and the muscle fat content was in the range of 3.9–6.4%, which is higher than that of most other groupers. The bone had the highest fat value (12.5–14.2%). The major nucleotide-related compound in the tissues was inosine monophosphate (IMP); whereas in the skin, adenosine monophosphate (AMP) was predominant. The predominant free amino acid (FAA) in the tissues was taurine (Tau), followed by arginine (Arg), lysine (Lys), and glycine (Gly). Tau content was higher in chin meat, and lower in bone. The total peptide content was in the range of 660–1,390 mg/100 g, which was much higher than that observed in other fish species. Muscle was rich in C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, and omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).