Zur Wirkung von Dimilin auf die Imagines und Eier des Erlenblattkäfers,Agelastica alni L. (Coleopt., Chrysomelidae)

Effects of Dimilin on adults and eggs of Agelastica alni L. (Coleopt., Chrysomelidae) In consequence of treating adults ofA. alni with Dimilin the median number of egg clusters per female decreased about by a half. The absolute number of eggs was not affected. On the contrary the number of fertilized eggs as well as the number of hatched larvae decreased considerably. In the controlbreedings there were no differences between the quote of fertilized eggs and that of hatched eggs, but the treatment of adults with Dimilin resulted in a great difference between these quotes. The behaviour of male and female adults did'nt show changes. The eggs were susceptible to Dimilin, the young eggs more than the elder ones.     

Utilization of diflubenzuron to controlgelechia senticetella (Stgr.) (Lepidoptera: Geiechiidae), a dangerous pest ofjuniperus excelsa M. B. (Cupressaceae) in Bulgaria

In 1992, experiments were carried out in Bulgaria to controlGelechia senticetella (Stgr.) (Lepidoptera: Geiechiidae), a mining pest on the needles and young shoots ofJuniperus excelsa M. B. by commercial products Dimilin ODC-45 and Dimilin WP-25 based on the insect growth regulator diflubenzuron. Two Ultra Low Volume (ULV) treatments were performed - on March 12^th and April 16^th, during the emerging of the pest larvae out of the infested shoots. Dimilin ODC-45 was applied in a dose of 60-120 ml/ha (27-54 g a.i./ha), dissolved in 5l of diesel oil, and Dimilin WP-25 - in a dose of 200 g/ha (50 g a.i./ha) dissolved in 5l of water. The effect of Dimilin ODC-45 was very high - 92.5-97.6 %. The effect of Dimilin WP-25 was unsatisfactory - 63.4-70.0 %, which was most probably due to the fact that the oil emulsions adhere to the treated plants better than the water solutions, thus ensuring a longer period of action.     

Untersuchungen über Rückstandswirkungen des Häutungshemmstoffes Dimilin im Waldboden mittels eines neuen Biotestverfahrens

A new method for testing Dimilin (Diflubenzuron) residues in forest soils by usingMusca domestica larvae feeding on soil samples contaminated, is described. Laboratory studies showed that Dimilin affected the fly larvae above a limit of 0,0125 ppm. Dimilin (75 g active substance/ha) sprayed directly upon the forest soil resulted in 100% larval mortality when controlled immediately after applying. Two months later no residues of Dimilin were found. Immediately after applying Dimilin (75 g/ha) by helicopter againstDiprion pini only 12% ofMusca larvae in the soil samples died. This makes the extensive filtering of Dimilin-spray by tree-tops clear. The researchs show that control measures using Dimilin against phytophagous insect larvae in forests are not combined with a considerable injury to litter-eating insect larvae.     

Predatory potential of three hunting spiders inhabiting the rice ecosystems

Present study was designed to assess the prey preference behaviour of three most dominant hunting spiders [Lycosa terrestris Butt, Anwar and Tahir 2006 (Araneae: Lycosidae), Pardosa birmanica Siman 1884 (Araneae: Lycosidae) and Oxyopes javanus (Thorell 1887) (Araneae: Oxyopidae)] of rice ecosystems both in the laboratory and in the field. Two types of laboratory experiments, i.e., choice and no choice feeding, were performed using only adult male and female specimens of the spiders. No choice test showed that each of the three hunting spiders readily consumed larvae and nymphs of rice pests offered. Female hunting spiders consumed more prey compared to male hunting spiders. Results of choice feeding test indicated that L. terrestris and P. birmanica preferred nymphs of rice insect pests while O. javanus preferred larvae of rice insect pests. Results of direct observations showed that in August, dipterous insects were the most numerous rice pests consumed by L. terrestris, P. birmanica and O. javanus, comprising over 56.3, 38 and 48% of their respective diets. In contrast, in September, the proportion of dipterous insects decreased dramatically and hoppers become the most numerous pests, comprising over 50, 51 and 41% of all prey and spiders consumed by L. terrestris, P. birmanica and O. javanus, respectively. In October, aquatic Heteroptera were frequently observed in their diets. Predatory potential of these hunting spiders differed statistically in the laboratory as well as in the field. It is concluded from the results of present project that studied species of spiders could successfully be used to control insect pests of rice ecosystems.     

Über die Rolle des Häutungshemmstoffes Dimilin im Waldschutz und Waldökosystem

Zusammenfassung Der Häutungshemmstoff Dimilin hat sich im Waldschutz gegen freifressende Schmetterlings- und Blattwespenlarven hervorragend bewährt. Gegen saugende und versteckt fressende Gliederfüßler ist er unwirksam. Er gehört keiner Giftklasse an, ist nicht phytotoxisch und ist bienenungefährlich. Auch ein Teil der Wurzelnematoden kann mit ihm bekämpft werden.Bei phytophagen Insekten-Imagines kann Dimilin zur Verminderung der Reproduktionsrate führen. Gegen frisch abgelegte Arthropoden-Eier wirkt Dimilin ovizid.Den zahlreichen positiven Eigenschaften des Dimilins stehen als unerwünschte Nebenwirkungen vor allem seine Persistenz sowie die Häutungshemmung auch bei indifferenten phytophagen Larven gegenüber. Ob und wieweit unter normalen Bekämpfungsbedingungen Teile der Bodenfauna durch Dimilin beeinträchtigt werden, müssen künftige Untersuchungen zeigen. Die Wahrscheinlichkeit hierzu ist sehr gering.

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On the role of Dimilin a new insecticide inhibiting the chitin synthesis in forest protection and wood ecosystems

In last years Dimilin showed high efficiency against free feeding larvac of Lepidoptera and Tenthredinidae injurious to forests. Arthropods sucking plant sap or living hidden at plants can not be reached by this substance. However some species of nematodes living ectoparasitic on roots are susceptible. Dimilin does'nt belong to a poison-class. It is'nt toxic to plants and to bees.Adult insects are influenced by Dimilin in the direction of decreasing the reproduction. The substance is ovicide against fresh laid insect eggs.Some side effects of Dimilin injuring the ecosystem are the long termed persistence and the destroying of phytophagous larvae which are economic indifferent. Further studies must show wether the soil fauna is affected by control measures using Dimilin.

     

Bioactivities of caffeic acid methyl ester (methyl-(E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate): a hydroxycinnamic acid derivative from Solanum melongena L. fruits

Feeding deterrent and growth inhibitory effects of caffeic acid methyl ester (CME) isolated from the fruit extract of eggplant, Solanum melongena L. along with two known phenolic acids, caffeic acid (CA) and chlorogenic acid (CG) and azadirachtin (taken as active control), were evaluated against Spodoptera litura Fab. and Achaea janata L. (Lep., Noctuidae). The structure of CME was determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic (UV, FTIR, ¹H, and ¹³C NMR) data analysis. CME has exhibited strong feeding deterrent activity against S. litura and A. janata larvae with ED₅₀ values of 52.02 and 41.02 μg/cm² leaf area, respectively. CA and CG were relatively less effective compounds when compared with CME. The results also revealed that the isolated compound CME caused marked larval growth inhibition in S. litura and A. janata larvae after 7 days of feeding on a treated diet. The effect on growth of larvae was concomitant with the reduced feeding and digestibility of ingested food. So the activities of digestive proteases within the midgut of larvae were examined using specific substrates to understand the digestive physiology in the larval guts. The bulk of the activity was associated with serine proteases comprising trypsin-, chymotrypsin-, and elastase-like enzymes, which decreased in diets containing CME, whereas, interestingly increased with CG. From the results, we conclude that CME isolated from S. melongena fruit extract shows feeding deterrent and larval development inhibitory activities that may prove useful in the management of S. litura and A. janata larvae.     

Freilanduntersuchungen zur Wirkung des Entwicklungshemmers Dimilin auf die Honigbiene,Apis mellifica L.

Zusammenfassung Anläßlich einer Bekämpfungsaktion 1979 gegen die Nonne (Lymantria monacha L.) mit Dimilin (75 g Wirkstoff in 40 l Wasser/ha) in Fichtenbeständen bei Mainburg wurde die Wirkung von Dimilin auf 3 Bienenvölker beobachtet. Es zeigten sich keine Schäden an der Bienenbrut im Vergleich zu 3 Kontrollvölkern, die 8 km Luftlinie vom bekämpften Waldgebiet entfernt aufgestellt waren.Bei Freilandfütterungsversuchen wurde bei Konzentrationen von 1 und 10 ppm Wirkstoff keine Larvensterblichkeit beobachtet. 100 ppm verursachten dagegen 65 und 72% Larvenmortalität. Eine so hohe Konzentration ist jedoch bei Bekämpfungsaktionen aus der Luft nicht möglich.

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Field studies on effects of Dimilin on the honey bee, Apis mellifica L.

On the occasion of aerial controlling the nun moth,Lymantria monacha L., by spraying Dimilin (75 g active agent+40 l water) in spruce stands 1979 in Bavaria, three apiaries within the control aerea were compared with three apiaries out of this aerea. The results showed no damages to bee larvae. Also the weight of bee population was not influenced by Dimilin.Feeding experiments in the field using 1 and 10 ppm of active agent did'nt result in larval mortality.

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Mit 2 Abbildungen und 3 Tabellen     

Zur Wirkung des Entwicklungshemmers Dimilin auf Gespinstmotten (Yponomeuta ssp.) und ihre Parasiten

Effect of Dimilin prohibiting the moulting of insects on larvae of Yponomeuta ssp. and their parasites Field and laboratory studies made in 1974 showed that Dimilin [1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl)uera] prohibited the moulting ofYponomeuta larvae and caused 100% mortality of L₁-L₃ at a concentrration of 0.06 ppb. Compared with this the L₄ and L₅ were very less susceptible.All of the pupae growing out of L₅ treated with Dimilin in the field died. But from these puape a considerable number of parasitic Hymenoptera and Diptera emerged, in the course of which the spectrum of species emerging, from treated and unterated hosts was nearly the same one.     

Über die Wirkung des Entwicklungshemmers Dimilin auf Forstinsekten

Effects of Dimilin, a new selective insecticide, on forest insects Dimilin (PH60-40 (1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-2,6-difluorobenzoyl)urea) is a new insecticide prohibiting the moulting of insect larvae. In last years studies were made in Munich in laboratory and under field conditions, partly by using of aeroplanes, to test the effects of Dimilin on several forest pests as well as on predatoring insects and parasites. The mortality of the phytophagous insects taking up the hormonoid by food reached 100% in all experiments. On the contrary the predators and parasites were spared. Solely some problems are included in the longevity of the substance.     

Infleence of some organic manures as soil amendments on development and reproduction ofRotylenchulus reniformis infecting eggplant andHirschmanniella oryzae infecting rice

The effect of amended soil with rabbit, camel, poultry, quail, pigeon, horse, buffalo and duck manures to manage the rice root nematode, Hirschmanniella oryzae on Giza 171 rice plants, and effects of the first five manures in management of the reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis on Balady eggplants was studied under greenhouse conditions. All treatments significantly (p<-0.01) reduced final populations, rate of build-up and reproduction of both nematodes than in unamended soil. The reduction in such parameters greatly varied according to the type of the tested organic manure and the host plant. Generally, pigeon manure was highly effective against R. reniformis on eggplant followed by quail, poultry and rabbit manures, while camel treatment occupied the least potent manure. Consequently a corresponding statistical increase in eggplant growth resulted. As for managing H. oryzae on rice plants, buffalo dung was very potent inhibitor to its build-up followed by camel, horse, poultry, duck, quail, rabbit and pigeon manures. Percentages increase in the rice growth showed more values when applying duck and pigeon manures followed by quail, rabbit and buffalo. Horse dung improved, to some extent, the growth of rice plants although, none of the other organic manures succeeded in improving the rice plant growth. An explanation has been submitted to discuss the role of both pigeon droppings and buffalo dung on both R. reniformis on eggplant and H. oryzae on rice. This type of control of phytonematodes was considered economical, easy and pollution free.     

Empfindlichkeit der Raupen vonLymantria dispar L. (Lep., Lymantriidae) gegenüberBacillus thuringiensis und 2 Häutungshemmstoffen,allein und in Mischung

Field trials were made on the efficacy of the new inhibitor of chitin synthesis in insects, Nomolt 15 SC with teflubenzuron as an effective substance, to larvae ofLymantria dispar, using Nomolt pure or in combination withBacillus thuringiensis. In further experiments another moulting inhibitor, Dimilin, was tested pure or in combination with the Bacillus. The mixture of Bathurin 82 S (Bac. thuring. var.kurstaki), 16 BIU/ha and Nomolt, 10 or 50 ml/ha proved to be very efficacious even during cold and rainy weather, when it showed 20% higher efficacy than the pure biopreparation. The combination with Nomolt as stressor proved to have higher selectivity and efficacy against the pest larvae than those with Dimilin.     

Eine Methode zur erfolgreichen Bekämpfung der kleinen Fichtenblattwespe,Pristiphora abietina (Christ.) (Hym., Tenthredinidae)

Three moulting inhibitors, Dimilin, Nomolt and Alsystin, were tested against the sawflyPristiphora abietina by helicopter-application. The hatched larvae showed a low susceptibility to these bioinsecticides; in all cases the mortality ran up to 20% max. only, and the damage of the buds could not be prevented. The eggs of the sawfly were much more susceptible. Dimilin and Nomolt caused an oocidal effect of about 35–40%, whereas after application of Alsystin the mortality of the eggs increased up to 80–100%. Areas sprayed with Alsystin during the egg period ofP. abietina showed no damage at all.     

我国不同森林立地带Bt分离株杀虫晶体蛋白及基因分析

利用苏云金芽孢杆菌cry基因的PCR RFLP鉴定体系和SDS PAGE方法分析了来自我国不同森林立地带土壤中的 72株苏云金芽孢杆菌的cry1、cry2、cry3、cry4、cry5、cry8、cry9、cry10、cry11、cry1I等 10类基因类型和表达蛋白 ,并进行了杀虫活性的生物测定。研究表明 :同时含有cry1,cry2 ,cry1I 3类基因的有 2 1株菌 ,6株菌含有cry1,cry2类基因 ,4株菌含有cry1和cry1I类基因 ,只含有cry1基因的有 1株 ,cry2类基因的 4株 ,36株菌不含所鉴定的 10类cry基因。同时证明 ,绝大多数含有cry1基因的菌株表达了 130kDa蛋白 ,含有cry2基因的菌株表达了 6 0kDa蛋白。生物活性测定表明 ,共同含有cry1Aa、cry1Ac和cry2基因的菌株对棉铃虫幼虫具有较强的杀虫活性 ,只含有单一基因和不含上述基因的菌株杀虫活性较弱。     

Über die Wirkung von Bacillus thuringiensis in Kombination mit dem synthetischen Pyrethroid Ambusch auf Operophthera brumata,Tortrix viridana und die Insektenfauna eines Eichenbestandes

In order to increase the effect of the biopreparation Thuricide HP, we mixed it with pyrethroid Ambusch, a substance highly effective against insects possessing satisfactory parameters as regards toxic residua. Using aerial application, we tested Thuricide HP as a 0.5% suspension in a dose of 1 kg in 200 l water per one ha, the same dose of the preparation combined with a sublethal dose of Ambusch (8 ml/ha, i. e., 2 g of effective substance), and Ambusch in a dose of 120 ml/ha, i. e., 30 g of effective substance/1 ha. The mortality of larvae ofO. brumata andT. viridana attained 61% after the application of Thuricide HP, 83% after Thuricide HP combined with Ambusch, 96% after treatment with Ambusch. As indicated by our results, the biopreparation killed only larvae of Lepidoptera, while pyrethroid effected the entire spectrum of insect species colonizing the crowns of the treated stand. A combination of the biopreparation with a sublethal dose of pyrethroid was sufficiently effective against the pest, with a decreased effect on the remaining insect species.     

针叶小爪螨-寄主植物-芬兰钝绥螨相互关系的研究Ⅲ.寄主植物的化学组成与针叶小爪螨生长发育的关系

用海绵水盘法饲养针叶小爪螨Oligonychusununguis (Jacobi) ,观察其在未受害板栗、麻栎、栓皮栎和槲树叶片及受害板栗、麻栎叶片上的生长发育状况 ,并测定了这些植物叶片中某些化学物质的含量。结果发现 ,危害槲树者 ,其发育历期最长 ,雌成螨寿命最短 ,平均单雌产卵量最少 ;危害板栗、麻栎、栓皮栎者生长发育状况无明显差异 ,但危害板栗者幼螨期明显缩短 ;叶片受该螨危害后 ,游离氨基酸的总量、全氮含量减少 ,可溶性总糖、粗脂肪、单宁的含量增加。与板栗、麻栎、栓皮栎相比 ,槲树叶片中游离氨基酸的总量、全氮含量、可溶性总糖的含量最低 ,单宁含量最高     

4种生物农药对枸杞蚜虫的室内毒力测定

在室内条件下采用浸渍法测定了4种生物农药对枸杞蚜虫的毒力,其结果显示,供试药剂对枸杞蚜虫的毒力顺序为2.5%鱼藤酮、0.5%绿农宝、Bt、歼年虫菜蛾特,其中2.5%鱼藤酮的毒力最高,LC50为3.05~3.11mg/kg,0.5%绿农宝、Bt毒力水平接近,而歼年虫菜蛾特毒力水平最低。     

不同肥料对蓝花楹幼树生长量的影响试验

在云南保山市施甸县开展了5种不同肥料对蓝花楹幼树生长量的影响试验。结果表明,树高、胸径的生长量均以A处理(羊粪200 g/株)为最好,其次是氮磷钾复合肥,再次是牛粪,最差的是F(对照,不施肥)处理。A处理在树高和胸径生长量上分别高出F(对照)处理的82.6%和44.7%。不同肥料处理间存在极显著差异。     

Side effect of some fungicides on the mite population in an apple orchard in Croatia

The research into the side effect of fungicides used in the control of the most serious disease in apples (Venturia inaequalis) i. e. the research into the influence of fungicides on the population of phytophagous mites, was carried out at Nedeli??e (North-West Croatia) during 1997 and 1998. The study is related to the population of the mites most present in apple orchards, such as red spider mite (Pananychus ulmi) and other mites (Aculus schlechtendali andTetranychus urticae). Fungicides which are known to be effective against scab, i. e.Venturia inaequalis, and used in fruit production in Croatia, were tested in order to investigate their secondary properties which have not yet been studied. The following fungicides were used: cyprodinil, dodine, dichlofluanid + bitertanol (as tank mix), and kresoxim-methyl. The tests were repeated three times; the application time was determined by monitoring the conditions for infection. The treatments were done curatively, i. e. up to 96 h after the onset of infection conditions. The mite population was estimated by the pressing method, which yielded the average number of mites per leaf. All the results were statistically processed by variance analysis and by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test, and are presented graphically and in tables. The paper also presents graphically the climatic conditions, scab infections and application time. The research over two years have shown a pronounced suppressive effect of dichlofluanid + bitertanol on populations of phytophagous mites, while the other fungicides used in the research had a neutral effect on the mite papulation.     

The toxicity of selected acaricides against five stored product mites under laboratory assay

In laboratory tests, the toxicity of acaricides targeted against house dust mites was tested on five species of stored product mites (Acarus siro, Aleuroglyphus ovatus, Carpoglyphus lactis, Lepidoglyphus destructor, and Tyroborus lini). The formulations of benzyl-benzoate, benzyl-benzoate/permethrin/pyriproxyfen, and neem were diluted in water and applied to filter paper in an unventilated chamber. The mortality of mites was observed after 24 h of exposure to acaricide-impregnated filter paper. All of the tested acaricides were toxic to all of the mite species. There were significant differences in mortality among the species and the acaricides. Benzyl-benzoate/permethrin/pyriproxyfen was the most effective, followed by benzyl-benzoate and neem. L. destructor (LD₅₀ 0.01–0.11 μg) was the most sensitive mite species, followed by A. siro (LD₅₀ 0.04–0.12 μg), T. lini (LD₅₀ 2–21 μg), A. ovatus (LD₅₀ 3–18 μg), and C. lactis (LD₅₀ 4–64 μg). Based on the highly toxic effects of the tested acaricides against the stored product mites, the acaricides should be considered as a potential tool in the control of stored product mites, although next screening is necessary.