中国黄土高原丘陵沟壑区天然降雨下不同土地利用方式的水土流失效应

The Loess Plateau, which is located in the arid and semi-arid areas of China, experiences significant soil erosion due to intense human activities and soil erodibility. It is necessary to explore and identify the land-use types or land-use patterns that can control soil erosion and achieve certain agricultural production capabilities. This study established runoff plots with two slope gradients (5^O and 15^O) in north of Yan’an, one area of the Loess Plateau, with 3 single land-use types (cultivated land, CL; switchgrass, SG; and abandoned land, AL) and 2 composite land-use types (CL-SG and CL-AL). From 2006 to 2012, we continuously monitored the rainfall characteristics, runoff depth, soil loss, vegetation coverage, and soil physical properties. The results indicated a general trend in the number of runoff and soil loss events for the 5 land-use types: CL = CL-SG > CL-AL > SG> AL. The general trend for runoff depth, soil loss, their magnitudes of variation, and the slopes of rainfall-runoff regression equation was CL > CL-SG > CL-AL > SG > AL, whereas the rainfall threshold for runoff generation exhibited the opposite trend. Results of nonparametric test regarding runoff depth/EI₃₀ and soil loss/EI₃₀, where EI30 is the product of rainfall kinetic energy and the maximum rainfall intensity over 30 min, and the runoff depth-soil loss relationship regression indicated that the effect of CL-AL was similar to that of SG; SG was similar to AL; and CL-AL, SG, and AL were superior to CL with regard to soil and water conservation. Runoff depth and soil loss significantly increased as the slope gradient increased. Runoff depth and soil loss were significantly correlated with the soil particle size composition and bulk density, respectively. The strongest significant correlations were found between runoff depth and vegetation coverage as well as between soil loss and vegetation coverage, which showed that vegetation coverage was the primary factor controlling soil erosion. Therefore, the composite land-use type CL-AL and the artificial grassland (SG) are appropriate options because both soil conservation and a certain degree of agricultural production are necessary in the study area.     

GIS/RS集成技术在叙利亚滨海土壤侵蚀评价和模拟研究上的应用

An integrated remote sensing(RS) and geographic informtion system(GIS) technique was employed to characterize the spatial distribution of the risk of soil erosion by water on Lakaia district ,Syria,The universal soil loss equation(USLE)was used to calculate the annual soil loss rates for Latakia soils ,Mainly,remote sensing data soil survey,land use inventory,elevation data and climatic atlases are used as resource data sets to generate USLE facto values ,The results revealed that integration of GIS/RS with USLE was a practical and effective approach for monitoring soil erosion over large areas.     

镉胁迫下的实验室放线菌种群结构变化的DGGE分析

The actinomycete populations and functions in cadmium (Cd) contaminated soil were investigated by the cultivationindependent molecular methods. The genomic DNA was extracted and purified from soil adulterated with various concentrations of Cd in the laboratory. The partial 16S rDNA genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primers bound to evolutionarily conserved regions within these actinomycete genes. The diversity in PCRamplified products, as measured by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (EGGE), was used as a genetic fingerprint of the population. Principle component analysis and Shannon-Weaver diversity index (H) analyses were used to analyze the DGGE results. Results showed that the two principal components accounted for only a low level of the total variance. The value H in contaminated soil was lower than that in the control at later stages of cultivation, whereas at earlier stages it was higher. Among the six sampling time points, the first, fifth and sixth weeks had the highest values of H. Significantly negative correlations between bioavailable Cd concentration and H values existed in the samples from weeks 2 (R = 0.929, P < 0.05) and 4 (R =0.909, P < 0.05). These results may shed light on the effect of Cd on the soil environment and the chemical behavior and toxicity of Cd to actinomycetes.     

基于SOTER的海南岛土壤水侵蚀模拟

The actual and potential water erosion rates of soils with different land covers in Hainan Island,China,were estimated based on the universal soil loss equation(USLE) and a 1:200000 Soils and Terrain digital Database(SOTER) Ddatabase,from which soil water erosion factors could be extracted.92.8% of the whole island had a current erosion rate of lowerthan 500t km^-2 a^-1.Soil erosion risk was considered to be high because of its abundant rainfall.Without vegetation tcover,the potential soil erosion ratewould be extremely high and 90.8% ofthe island would have a soil erosion rate higher than 2500t km^-2a^-1.Relative erosion vulnerability of different soil zones,landform types,and lithological regions of the island was compared by introducing a relative erosion hazard parameter α.Cambosols developed from siltstone and mudstone in low hill regions were pinpointed as soils with the highest erosion risk in the island.     

土壤结构组成对K+运移障碍因子的定量研究

With six packed columns composed of <1 μm and 5 μm~0.25 mm fractions from an Eum-Orthic Anthrosol (Columns 1~6) and one column of the Eum-Orthic Anthrosol (Column 7), K⁺ transport experiments under the condition of saturated steady water flow were conducted to qualify the effects of soil texture composition on the retardation factor (R) of K⁺ transport. The results showed that the retardation factor of K⁺ transport in the tested soil columns greatly increased with increasing clay contents. In an attempt to use pedo-transfer function (PTF) approach in the solute transport study, a preliminary PTF was established through the six packed columns (Columns 1~6) with soil basic data including soil bulk density, volumetric water content and clay content to predict the retardation factor, and proved valid by the satisfactory prediction of R in Column 7.     

Variability in pattern and hydrogen isotope composition (δ2H) of long-chain n-alkanes of surface soils and its relations to climate and vegetation characteristics: A meta-analysis

The average chain length (ACL), carbon preference index (CPI), and hydrogen isotope composition (δ²H) of long-chain n-alkanes in sediments have been used to retrieve information about the paleoclimate. Despite their importance as in-between media from leaves to sediments, n-alkanes of surface soils have not been systematically analyzed at large scale. Such an investigation of the spatial variation of n-alkane properties in soil and their dependence on climatic and botanic (e.g., vegetation type) factors could provide a rationale for a better estimation of the past environment. We synthesized the patterns and δ²H of long-chain n-alkanes in soil (δ²H^n-alkanes) with regard to vegetation types (cropland, grassland, shrubland, and woodland) and environmental factors using data from peer-reviewed papers. Our results showed that the ACL and CPI of soil C₂₇–C₃₃ n-alkanes were not suitable indicators for differentiating vegetation types at large scale; instead, ACL significantly correlated with water conditions such as mean annual precipitation (MAP) and Palmer drought severity index (PDSI), and CPI significantly correlated with temperature without significant influence of vegetation type. The variation (i.e., standard deviation) of fractionation between the δ²H values in annual precipitation and in soil n-alkanes (ε_rain-soil) was smaller than that reported in leaves; therefore, soils were better suited to quantifying the general growing conditions of plants at a certain site. The fractionation ε_rain-soil correlated with climatic conditions as described by the PDSI and relative humidity (RH). This correlation agreed with the change in leaf water enrichment with changing RH taken from the literature and was independent of the vegetation type at large scale. This meta-analysis may provide useful information for the variations of the patterns and δ²H_n-alkanes values in surface soils.     

氯离子在土壤中的扩散: Ⅱ.动力学及热力学性质

The amounts of chloride ions diffused in four soils of different textures at the same water content under different temperature and at varied time were measured by the diffusion cell method using ³⁶Cl-labelled CaCl₂ solution. Five kinetic models were used to fit the dynamic process of the diffusion of chloride ions in the soils. It was found that Elovich equation or power function equation was the best model to describe the process. The pseudothermodynamic parameters, i.e. the net reaction energy, the activation entropy, activation enthalpy and activation free energy of the diffusion, were derived from the absolute reaction-rate theory. The results showed that these parameters decreased in the order of loessal soil > black lu soil > lou soil > yellow cinnamon soil, which indicated that the force and the heat-energy barrier to be overcome for diffusion decreased, the diffusion rate increased and the disorder of the soil-solution-ion system due to diffusion decreased successively with the texture becoming heavier in the four soils.     

大型蒸渗仪和径流小区中红壤的水量平衡

The daily soil water budgets in the red soil areas of central Jiangxi Province, southern China, were investigated with a large-scale weighing lysimeter and runoff plots. From 1998 to 2000, peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) and rape (Brassica napus L.) were planted in the lysimeter and in 1999, peanuts were planted in the runoff plots. The soil water budget components including rainfall, runoff, percolation and evapotranspiration were measured directly or calculated by Richards' equation and water balance equation. The results showed that most rainfall, including rainstorms, occurred from March to July, and induced the greatest soil water percolation during the year. The evapotranspiration was still large from July to September when rainfall was minimal. Thus, the lack of synchronization in soil water inputs and losses was disadvantageous to crops growing in this region. Among the soil water losses, percolation was the largest, followed by evapotranspiration, and then soil runoff. Runoff was very small on farmland with crops. It was significantly different from the uncultivated uplands where large-scale runoff was usually reported. The soil water storage fluctuated sinusoidally, with a large amplitude in the rainy season and a small amplitude in the dry season.     

植被覆盖和雨强对附着在沉积物上的养分流失, 泥沙颗粒组成及体积分形维数的影响

Vegetation and rainfall are two important factors affecting soil erosion and thus resulting in nutrient loss in the Chinese Loess Plateau.A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of rainfall intensities(60,100 and 140 mm h-1) and vegetation(Caragana korshinskii) coverages(0%,30% and 80%) on soil loss,nutrient loss,and the composition and volume fractal dimension of eroded sediment particles under simulated rainfall conditions.The results showed that vegetation cover,rainfall intensity and their interaction all had significant effects on sediment transport and the sedimentbound nutrient loss.Higher rainfall intensity and lower coverage led to higher sediment and nutrient losses.Positive linear relationships were observed between soil loss and nutrient loss.The treatments showed more significant effects on the enrichment ratio(ER) of nitrogen(ERN) than organic matter(EROM) and phosphorus(ERP).Compared with the original surface soil,the eroded sediment contained more fine particles.Under the same coverage,the clay content significantly decreased with increasing rainfall intensity.The ER of sediment-bound nutrients was positively correlated with that of clay,suggesting that the clay fraction was preferentially eroded and soil nutrients were mainly adsorbed onto or contained within this fraction.There were increments in the fractal dimension of the sediment particles compared to that of the original surface soil.Moreover,the fractal dimension was positively correlated with clay,silt,and sediment-bound OM,N,and P contents,whereas it was negatively correlated with sand content.This study demonstrated that fractal dimension analysis can be used to characterize differences in particle-size distribution and nutrient loss associated with soil erosion.     

Rainfall erosivity map for Brazil

Rainfall erosivity is the potential ability for rainfall to cause soil loss. Erosivity can be quantified by means of the R factor calculation of the universal soil loss equation (USLE). The purpose of this study was to investigate the spatial distribution of annual rainfall erosivity in Brazil. For each of eight Brazilian regions covering the whole of the territory of Brazil, one adapted equation was applied using pluviometric records obtained from 1600 weather stations. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to interpolate the values and to generate a map showing spatial variations of erosivity. The annual values of erosivity ranged from 3116 to 20,035 MJ mm ha⁻¹ h⁻¹ year⁻¹. The region with highest annual values was the extreme northwestern, while the northeastern region showed the lowest annual values of erosivity. For the most part of the Brazilian territory, December and January revealed the highest erosivity values, while the lowest values were observed from June to September.     

贵州省降雨侵蚀力时空分布规律分析

降水是导致土壤侵蚀的主要动力因素,降雨侵蚀力反映了降雨对土壤侵蚀的潜在能力。贵州省是我国典型的生态环境脆弱区之一,水土流失十分严重。以全省19个气象台站1951—2001年逐日降雨资料,利用日降雨侵蚀力模型,估算了贵州省降雨侵蚀力,分析了其时空分异规律。结果显示近50a来贵州省降雨侵蚀力呈增加趋势,即由降雨引起的土壤水蚀潜在能力增加。降雨侵蚀力年内分配主要集中在夏季,占年均降雨侵蚀力的68.48%。在空间分布上,降雨侵蚀力由南向北递减,并且在西南部和东南边缘形成侵蚀力高值中心,在西北部形成低值中心。根据年降雨侵蚀力的季节分配特征,可以将贵州省划分为3个类型区。     

Rainfall erosivity and erosivity density through rainfall synthetic series for São Paulo State,Brazil: Assessment,regionalization and modeling

Rainfall is the main cause of erosion of Brazilian soils, which makes assessing the rainfall erosivity factor (RE) and the erosivity density (ED) fundamental for soil and water conservation. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: i) to estimate the RE and ED for São Paulo State, Brazil, using synthetic series of pluviographic data; ii) to define homogeneous regions regarding rainfall erosivity; and iii) to generate regression models for rainfall erosivity estimates in each of the homogeneous regions. Synthetic series of pluviographic data were initially obtained on a sub-daily scale from the daily rainfall records of 696 rainfall gauges. The RE values were then estimated from the synthetic rainfall data, and ED was calculated from the relationship between erosivity and rainfall amounts. Monthly and annual maps for RE and ED were obtained. Hierarchical clustering analysis was used to define homogeneous regions in terms of rainfall erosivity, and regionalized regression models for estimating RE were generated. The results demonstrate high spatial variability of RE in São Paulo, where the highest annual values were observed in the coastal region. December to March concentrate approximately 60% of the intra-annual erosivity. The highest values of annual ED were observed in regions with intense agricultural activity. The definition of five homogeneous regions concerning the rainfall erosive potential evidenced distinct seasonal patterns of the spatial distribution of erosivity. Finally, the high predictive accuracy of the regionalized models obtained characterizes them as essential tools for reliable estimates of rainfall erosivity, and contribute to better soil conservation planning.     

湖北省侵蚀性降雨时空分布特征

侵蚀性降雨是南方红壤区剧烈水蚀的原动力,因此分析其时空分布特征对于区域内水土保持相关研究有十分重要的意义。选取国家气象数据网站数据(2014—2020年)、结合水土保持监测站点人工观测数据(2016—2019年),对湖北省4个水土保持分区24个监测站点的侵蚀性降雨标准及降雨侵蚀力进行了分析、计算,并用克里格模型进行插值。结果表明：湖北省整体的降雨侵蚀力从西北到东南逐渐增加,与降雨量的空间分布表现出相同特征,同时降雨量与侵蚀性降雨量表现出高度协同性。全省年平均降雨量813.88～1 590.15 mm(2014—2020年),多年平均年降雨量为1 201.98 mm,多年平均侵蚀性年降雨量为603.53 mm。多年平均侵蚀性年降雨量占多年平均年降雨量的50.21%,多年平均侵蚀性降雨频次(天数)为14次,平均次侵蚀性降雨量为46.88 mm。根据多年平均半月侵蚀力计算结果分析可知,湖北省全省多年平均年降雨侵蚀力值为6 650.10 MJ·mm/(hm²·h·a)。省内年内降雨侵蚀力时间分布基本符合正态分布。4—10月总降雨侵蚀力值为6 202.10 MJ·mm/(h...     

珠江流域1960―2012年降雨侵蚀力时空变化特征

降雨侵蚀力反映了降雨对土壤侵蚀的潜在能力,研究其时空变化特征对流域土壤侵蚀监测、评估、预报和治理等工作具有重要意义。根据珠江流域43个气象站1960-2012年逐日降雨资料计算各站点降雨侵蚀力,采用线性回归,Mann-Kendall方法,小波分析和Kriging插值等方法对流域降雨侵蚀力进行了时空变化分析。结果表明:珠江流域多年平均降雨侵蚀力值的分布范围为1 858.0~14 656.6 MJ·mm/(hm2·h),平均值为7 177.1 MJ·mm/(hm2·h),与多年平均降雨量极显著相关(相关系数0.952,P0.01),空间分布规律与多年平均降雨基本一致,即总体上均呈从东到西逐渐递减的规律,被统计站点的降雨侵蚀力随着经度增加而增加,但随纬度增加而减少;流域年、季节、汛期和非汛期降雨侵蚀力变化趋势均不显著,均没有发生显著的突变,其中春、秋两季降雨侵蚀力呈下降趋势,其余时间段呈上升趋势;珠江流域大部分地区年降雨侵蚀力呈上升的趋势,其中韶关站点上升显著,沾益站、风山站、河池站、百色站、柳州站、融安站和桂林站的冬季降雨侵蚀力同样上升显著,这些地区面临的水土保持压力较大;流域年均降雨侵蚀力变化主周期为3.8 a,且存在2.0~7.0 a的振荡周期。研究结果可为珠江流域的水土保持、农业和生态保护,灾害控制等工作提供科学决策依据。     

基于日降雨的沂蒙山区降雨侵蚀力时空变化研究

降雨侵蚀力是水土流失最为重要的外部驱动力,是土壤侵蚀相关领域的研究重点。以沂蒙山区及周边38个气象台站1971—2008年逐日降雨量资料为数据源,利用基于日降雨信息的月降雨侵蚀力模型,估算了研究区多年月、年降雨侵蚀力,并初步分析了降雨侵蚀力的时空分布规律。结果表明:沂蒙山区降雨侵蚀力总体趋势为西北、中南高,北部低,泗水县、曲阜市东部一带是研究区降雨侵蚀力的高值中心;R值与年降雨量和年侵蚀性降雨量的年际变化趋势基本一致,但也有部分异常年份;沂蒙山区降雨侵蚀力年内主要集中分布在6—9月份,占全年的97.07%,其中最大月降雨侵蚀力出现在7月份,占年降雨侵蚀力的51%。研究结果可为该区域水土流失预报、农业面源污染状况预报等提供理论依据。     

1951-2018年韶关不同量级降雨侵蚀力变化

降雨是引起土壤水蚀的主要动力因子之一,为探讨韶关市不同量级降雨对土壤水蚀特征造成的影响,选取1951—2018年韶关市逐日降雨量数据,采用日降雨侵蚀力模型计算降雨侵蚀力,利用变异系数、趋势系数分析不同时间尺度各量级降雨侵蚀力的变化。结果表明:(1)68年来韶关市年均降雨侵蚀力为9 314(MJ·mm)/(hm~2·h·a),变异系数为0.29,属于中等变异;(2)年降雨量、降雨日数、侵蚀性降雨量和降雨日数均呈上升趋势,而非侵蚀性降雨量和降雨日数则呈下降趋势,且暴雨量和暴雨侵蚀力呈较明显上升趋势,说明韶关市降雨更为集中,降雨侵蚀力增加;(3)大雨以上量级的降雨日数和降雨量占总降雨日数和总降雨量的比例分别为43.91%,51.15%,而其引起的降雨侵蚀力占总降雨侵蚀力比例却高达77.05%。研究结果为韶关市的土壤侵蚀的监测和水土保持工作提供参考。     

赣北红壤坡地土壤流失方程关键因子的确定

土壤流失方程是开展水土流失监测,指导水土流失防治的重要技术工具。针对红壤坡地土壤流失方程因子算法和取值研究薄弱的问题,基于野外径流小区观测资料,采用80%经验频率法确定了赣北红壤区侵蚀性降雨标准为降雨量10.0 mm、平均雨强1.3 mm/h、最大30 min雨强5.0 mm/h,区内次降雨侵蚀力采用总动能和最大30 min雨强乘积计算最佳。通过建立基于年降雨量的逐年侵蚀力简易算式,测算土壤可蚀性因子以及6种生物措施因子、5种工程措施因子取值,选定适宜的地形因子算式,构建了赣北红壤坡地土壤流失方程体系。经检验,模型能良好预报赣北红壤坡地多年平均土壤侵蚀强度;年际尺度预报的精度整体较高,但对于降雨较多年平均水平浮动较大或地表出现沟蚀等侵蚀类型时,预报精度将有所降低。有关因子的确定可为土壤流失方程在南方红壤坡地水土流失监测和水土保持规划中的应用提供技术支撑。     

长江流域降雨侵蚀力时空变化及成因分析

基于1961－2017年均一化逐日降水资料，采用线性回归及Mann-kendall 显著性检验、Spearman秩偏相关、广义极值分布等方法对长江流域年降雨侵蚀力及侵蚀性的降雨特征时空分布特点、变化趋势和成因、10年一遇次降雨侵蚀力极端变化进行分析，并从总体趋势和极端变化角度综合探讨导致土壤水蚀加剧的气候危险性格局，为长江流域生态环境保护、可持续发展及制定针对性精细化水土保护措施和流域治理提供参考。结果表明：1）1961－2017年，长江流域年降雨侵蚀力和年侵蚀性的降雨量、降雨日数、雨强变化速率增加，雨强增加趋势明显；2）流域和大部分分区年降雨侵蚀力增加主要受年侵蚀性降雨量和雨强增加变化的影响，多数分区因雨强的显著增加起主导作用；3）71.6%的站点年降雨侵蚀力变化速率增加，10年一遇次降雨侵蚀力1961－2017年相对1961－1990年时段增加的站点比例为61.2%；4）1961－2017年年降雨侵蚀力增加趋势和/或10年一遇次降雨侵蚀力后一时段增加，均可能造成土壤水蚀加剧的危险，长江流域水蚀气候危险性增加的站点范围广，比例多达81.5%，对水土流失预防和治理十分不利。     

基于重心模型的西南山区降雨侵蚀力年内变化分析

降雨-植被耦合特征是决定土壤侵蚀的关键性要素,研究降雨侵蚀力的年内变化特征对于揭示不同区域降雨-植被的耦合特征、判定土壤侵蚀的危险期具有重要意义。该文利用中国西南山区439个气象站、水文站的逐日降雨量资料,估算了每个台站逐月降雨侵蚀力,并应用重心模型分析了西南山区降雨侵蚀力的年内变化特征。研究结果表明:西南山区春、夏、秋、季四季降雨侵蚀力变化明显,夏季最高,冬季最低。各季节的降雨侵蚀力空间分布与降水量相似,都表现出东南向西北逐渐递减的趋势。降雨侵蚀力年内分配曲线主要有"单峰型"和"双峰型"2种,绝大多数地区降雨侵蚀力年内分配曲线是"单峰型",峰值出现在6月、7月或8月份,青藏高原区域降雨侵蚀力年内分配曲线是"双峰型",有6月和9月2个峰值。从东南部向西北部,降雨侵蚀力峰值出现的月份不断推后。西南山区降雨侵蚀力重心年内先向北迁移,然后向南迁移,形成一个循环,这展示了季风气候影响下的西南山区降雨侵蚀力年内变化特征。