不同土地利用方式下秦王川灌区土壤活性有机碳库的变化

研究了秦王川灌区耕地、果园地、荒草地3种土地利用方式下的土壤有机碳及易氧化碳、微生物量碳、水溶性有机碳。结果表明:3种土地利用方式土壤有机碳及3种活性有机碳含量均表现为耕地果园地荒草地。不同土地利用方式土壤活性有机碳含量均随着土层加深而递减。土壤易氧化碳、微生物量碳、水溶性有机碳分配比例为耕地果园地荒草地,土壤活性有机碳的分配比例随土层加深而降低。不同土地利用方式下,土壤水溶性有机碳的分配比例随土层加深表现出先上升后下降的趋势。耕地和果园地20-40cm土层与0-20cm土层相比,其土壤易氧化碳分配比例有所下降,与40-60 cm土层相比,其分配比例略有升高,而荒草地土壤易氧化碳随土层加深而小幅度下降。微生物量碳的分配比例随土层加深而下降。     

沙地樟子松人工林土壤氮矿化特征

土壤氮(N)的有效性是沙地林生态系统生产力和稳定性的关键限制因子。本研究以科尔沁沙地樟子松人工林为研究对象，分析测定了10~60 a林龄土壤NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N和矿质N含量、氨化速率、硝化速率和N矿化速率的变化规律。结果表明：樟子松人工林土壤NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N和矿质N含量，随着不同林龄在10~60 a内表现出增加的趋势，其中10~30 a增幅较小，40~60 a显著提高；随着土层深度增加而减小，主要集中在0~20 cm，呈现出表聚性。不同林龄樟子松人工林土壤氨化速率、硝化速率和矿化速率均随林龄增加而增加，随土层深度的增加而降低，其中0~40 cm土层明显大于40~100 cm。通过双因素方差分析，得出林龄与土层对各矿化指标影响显著。土壤矿化指标与人工林地上樟子松株高、胸径、冠幅以及土壤有机碳、全氮、碱解氮有显著的正相关关系。通过冗余分析(RDA)表明，影响不同林龄土壤矿化指标的主要环境因子为全氮、全磷、有机碳；影响不同土层土壤矿化指标的主要环境因子为全氮、碱解氮、有机碳。因此，樟子松人工林能够改善沙地土壤N的有效性，幼龄林和中龄林改善效果较小，近成熟林和成熟林改善效果明显；对表层土的改善效果优于深层土；土壤肥力是影响土壤矿化指标的主要环境因子。     

玛曲高寒草地沙化对土壤理化特性的影响

以玛曲高寒草地处于不同沙化发展阶段的潜在沙化地、轻度沙化地、中度沙化地和重度沙化地为研究对象,阶地作为对照,对0～60 cm土壤剖面的机械组成和土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷以及速效钾含量进行了测定,分析结果表明:1)随草地沙化程度的加剧,不同类型沙化草地的黏粒和粉粒含量迅速下降,细砂粒含量逐渐下降而粗砂粒含量逐渐上升。2)随草地沙化程度的加剧,不同程度沙化草地的有机碳和全N含量呈逐渐下降趋势。3)从不同程度沙化草地各层土壤的养分含量来看,阶地和潜在沙化地各土层有机碳和全N含量随土层深度加深逐渐下降,中度沙化地、重度沙化地各土层有机碳和全N含量呈现基本稳定的状态。     

旱地夏闲期间土壤氮素矿化特性的变化

采用间歇淋洗好气培养法测定了黄土区旱地不同土壤及施氮量下夏季休闲前后土壤氮素矿化累积量,分析了旱地夏休闲期间土壤氮素矿化特性的变化。结果表明:与休闲前相比,休闲后土壤氮素矿化累积量显著降低,长武及杨凌试点土壤分别降低了29.52%及7.15%;长期不施氮肥处理休闲后土壤累积矿化氮量显著降低,而长期施用氮肥处理休闲前后土壤累积矿化氮量间的差异未达显著水平。相关分析表明,休闲前土壤氮素矿化累积量与土壤有机质、全氮含量间有显著正相关关系。采用双组分一级动力学方程拟合的土壤易矿化氮矿化势休闲前后长武及杨凌试点土壤分别降低了85%及66%,可见夏季休闲显著促进了旱地土壤易矿化氮的矿化。     

川西北草地沙化对土壤可溶性有机氮及酶活性的影响

为探究草地沙化对川西北高寒草地土壤可溶性有机氮及酶活性的影响,采用样地调查方法,研究了不同沙化程度草地可溶性有机氮、脲酶、蛋白酶、硝酸还原酶及精氨酸脱氨酶的变化特征。结果表明:随草地沙化程度加剧,土壤脲酶、蛋白酶、硝酸还原酶及精氨酸脱氨酶活性显著降低。与未沙化草地相比,重度沙化草地0~20cm土层脲酶、蛋白酶、硝酸还原酶及精氨酸脱氨酶活性分别降低了40.54%、30.68%、39.85%和44.00%;土壤可溶性有机氮随沙化程度增加呈下降趋势,相较于未沙化,轻度沙化、中度沙化和重度沙化草地土壤可溶性有机氮含量分别下降了22.36%、48.72%和67.77%,且0~20 cm土层变化最为显著。相关分析结果表明,酶活性与土壤氮素呈极显著正相关;硝酸还原酶与铵态氮、硝态氮、微生物量氮和可溶性有机氮的相关系数最高,分别达到0.868、0.850、0.789和0.701。     

干旱区盐渍化荒地不同开垦年限土壤碳氮储量研究

在天山北坡绿洲区分别选取连续开垦3 a、8 a、15 a盐渍化棉田和未开垦的盐渍化荒地,采集0~10、10~20、20~40、40~60、60~100 cm土层土壤样品,测定土壤有机碳、全氮含量。结果表明:盐荒地开垦后棉田0~100 cm土层土壤有机碳含量随开垦年限呈逐渐增加的趋势;开垦后棉田土壤全N含量随开垦年限的增加而增加,但处理间无显著差异;盐荒地与开垦棉田土壤有机碳、全N含量随土层深度增加而降低,其中盐荒地不同土层间土壤有机碳含量差异显著,0~40 cm土层土壤有机碳、全N含量明显高于40 cm以下土层;开垦棉田土壤C/N随开垦年限的增加呈现增加的趋势,盐荒地和开垦棉田土壤C/N随土壤深度的增加而降低,二者之间差异不显著;开垦棉田土壤有机碳储量随开垦年限的增加呈先减少后增加的趋势。结论:干旱区盐荒地开垦后,棉田土壤有机碳、全N含量均随开垦年限的增加而增加,而土壤有机碳储量随开垦年限的增加先减小后增加。盐荒地与开垦棉田土壤有机碳和全N含量随土层深度增加而减少。     

土地利用方式对东祁连山土壤表层有机碳的影响

在祁连山东段高寒地区,选取天然草地、退耕自然恢复地、坡耕地和人工草地4种土地利用方式,研究了土地利用方式对土壤表层有机碳含量和有机碳密度的影响.结果表明:在4种土地利用方式中天然草地土壤表层有机碳含量最高,坡耕地和退耕自然恢复地土壤表层有机碳含量较低;土壤表层有机碳密度整体上随着土层加深而逐渐降低,在0～30cm土层土...     

不同覆盖措施对塿土碳氮及水分的影响

通过田间试验,研究了陕西关中塿土区地膜覆盖和秸秆覆盖对表层土壤有机碳、全氮和微生物量碳氮,以及0~200 cm土壤剖面水分及硝态氮分布的影响。结果表明:与不覆盖(NM)相比,白色全膜覆盖(WF)、黑色全膜覆盖(BF)和秸秆覆盖(SM)的表层土壤有机碳分别降低了19.8%、26.3%和20.9%,土壤全氮也分别降低了4.8%、9.6%和10.6%。与NM相比,覆盖处理(WF、BF和SM)可以提高表层(0~20 cm)土壤硝态氮的含量,增加0~40 cm土层的硝态氮累积量(BF的差异不显著),降低40~120 cm土层的硝态氮累积量,但120~200 cm土层的硝态氮累积量差异不显著。SM和BF显著降低0~200 cm土层的硝态氮总累积量,而WF没有显著差异。与NM相比,地膜覆盖(WF和BF)和秸秆覆盖(SM)均可以提高表层0~40 cm土壤水分含量和储水量,但SM的效果低于地膜覆盖;WF可以降低深层土壤水分含量和储水量,而SM和BF与NM无显著差异。0~200 cm土层的总储水量,SM显著高于NM,而地膜覆盖则与NM无显著差异。各覆盖处理均显著降低了表层土壤微生物碳(MBC)和微生物氮(MBN)的含量,与NM相比,MBC分别降低了27.4%、55.4%和66.5%,MBN分别降低了4.6%、4.8%和6.8%。地膜覆盖(WF和BF)和秸秆覆盖(SM)均能够加速土壤有机碳的矿化分解,降低土壤微生物,减少土壤硝态氮的深层淋溶,其对塿土碳氮和水分的长期影响值得进一步研究关注。     

贝加尔针茅草原土壤原位矿化过程中碳氮转化耦合特征

依托在贝加尔针茅草原建立的长期模拟氮沉降试验平台(始于2010年),运用PVC顶盖埋管法进行原位培养试验,研究不同氮添加下贝加尔针茅草原土壤碳氮组分、净硝化速率、净氨化速率、有机碳转化速率的变化特征及碳氮耦合关系。试验处理包括:对照N0,低氮添加(15、30、50 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1))记为N15、N30和N50,高氮添加(100、150、200、300 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1))记为N100、N150、N200和N300。结果表明:培养期间,N15、N30、N50和N100处理的净硝化速率显著高于对照N0(P0.05),分别增加了40.80%、110.31%、206.83%和202.04%;N30、N50和N100净氨化速率显著低于对照N0(P0.05),分别降低了16.88%、169.60%和150.67%;N15和N30处理的净矿化速率高于对照N0,分别增加了150%和50%;N50、N100、N150和N200处理的净矿化速率低于对照N0,分别降低了254.52%、161.50%、33.90%和79.85%。土壤有机碳与土壤全氮呈极显著正相关,土壤可溶性有机碳与土壤可溶性有机氮呈极显著正相关,土壤微生物生物量碳与土壤微生物生物量氮呈极显著负相关。有机碳转化速率显著影响微生物生物量氮转化速率,且符合一元线性回归方程。连续高氮沉降会降低土壤净氮矿化速率和有机碳转化速率,对土壤碳氮循环产生负面影响。     

陕北中部黄土区不同种植年限水稻田有机碳矿化对温度的响应

为了探讨陕北中部黄土区不同种植年限水稻田有机碳矿化对温度的响应,以陕北南泥湾水稻种植基地不同种植年限(3、30、78 a)的稻田土壤为研究对象,基于室内35 d培养试验与矿化动态模型研究方法,解析温度对土壤有机碳矿化的影响。结果表明：土壤有机碳累积矿化量和矿化速率均表现为78 a水稻田>30 a水稻田>3 a水稻田>玉米田。土壤累积矿化量、矿化速率、潜在可矿化有机碳含量(C₀)和潜在可矿化有机碳占总有机碳的比值(C₀/SOC)均表现为30℃处理>20℃处理>10℃处理。水稻田矿化累积量均表现为10℃处理(2 015.14 mg·kg^-1)显著低于20℃(2 799.20 mg·kg^-1)和30℃处理(3 078.47 mg·kg^-1)(P<0.05),但20℃与30℃处理之间无显著差异。玉米田累积矿化量在不同培养温度间没有达到显著差异水平。0～20 cm土层累积矿化量是20～40 cm土层的1.18倍。供试土壤在温度从10℃升高到20℃时的温...     

Effects of glyphosate on soil microbial communities and its mineralization in a Mississippi soil

Transgenic glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] has enabled highly effective and economical weed control. The concomitant increased application of glyphosate could lead to shifts in the soil microbial community. The objective of these experiments was to evaluate the effects of glyphosate on soil microbial community structure, function and activity. Field assessments on soil microbial communities were conducted on a silt loam soil near Stoneville, MS, USA. Surface soil was collected at time of planting, before initial glyphosate application and 14 days after two post-emergence glyphosate applications. Microbial community fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were analyzed from these soil samples and soybean rhizospheres. Principal component analysis of the total FAME profile revealed no differentiation between field treatments, although the relative abundance of several individual fatty acids differed significantly. There was no significant herbicide effect in bulk soil or rhizosphere soils. Collectively, these findings indicate that glyphosate caused no meaningful whole microbial community shifts in this time period, even when applied at greater than label rates. Laboratory experiments, including up to threefold label rates of glyphosate, resulted in up to a 19% reduction in soil hydrolytic activity and small, brief (<7 days) changes in the soil microbial community. After incubation for 42 days, 32-37% of the applied glyphosate was mineralized when applied at threefold field rates, with about 9% forming bound residues. These results indicate that glyphosate has only small and transient effects on the soil microbial community, even when applied at greater than field rates.     

Photocatalytic Degradation of Lindane in Aqueous Solution

Photolysis of lindane in aqueous solution, using near-visible and UV light (λ >320 nm) and in the presence of the polyoxometallate PW₁₂O₄₀^3-, results in its conversion to CO₂ and HCl. Initial photodecomposition takes place within a few minutes both in the presence and absence of dioxygen. The effective mineralization in the absence of dioxygen suggests that OH radicals act as the primary oxidant in this case.     

Spatial variability in herbicide degradation in the subsurface environment of a groundwater protection zone

The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial variability in degradation and mineralization of atrazine and isoproturon in subsurface samples taken from sandy loam soils overlying gravel terraces which form part of a groundwater protection zone. Percussion drilling was used to obtain samples from 11 boreholes (maximum depth 3 m). Unlabelled atrazine or isoproturon, and ring-14C-labelled atrazine or isoproturon were added to samples, incubated at 25 degrees C for up to 16 weeks, and analyzed for the residual herbicide or [14C]carbon dioxide. All samples showed the potential to degrade these herbicides, although the percentage degradation decreased by a factor of 2-3 from the surface soil to a depth of 3 m. This was associated with a decrease in organic matter content, but there was no change in the potential to mineralize acetate, indicating that specific changes in the catabolic ability of the microbial population occurred with depth. The capacity of samples to mineralize atrazine and isoproturon to carbon dioxide decreased markedly with depth, with no mineralization potential observed at a depth of 80 cm.     

唐山西部地区地下水水环境特征

通过对唐山西部地区的水文地质条件的研究 ,分析了研究区内各含水层中地下水的化学组分特征及各组分之间的相关关系 ,同时对地下水的同位素进行了分析研究 ,认为该区内的地下水的补给主要是大气降水补给 ,并确定了各含水层间的相互关系。     

Accelerated Degradation and Mineralization of Atrazine in Surface and Subsurface Soil Materials

In surface soils, atrazine is considered to be a moderately persistent herbicide, with half-lives ranging generally from one to two months. In subsoils, however, its degradation is generally slower. This paper reports the degradation of atrazine in soil and subsoil samples taken from six Belgian maize fields. Rapid degradation can take place in some samples taken from surface and in some from subsurface soils. Subsoil samples were found to degrade atrazine either very strongly or not at all. Experiments with [ring-U-¹⁴C] atrazine showed that the micro-organisms responsible for the rapid degradation cleave the triazine ring and extensively mineralize the molecule. © 1997 SCI.     

Mineralization of 2,4‐D,mecoprop, isoproturon and terbuthylazine in a chalk aquifer

The potential to mineralize 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D), mecoprop, isoproturon and terbuthylazine was studied in soil and aquifer chalk sampled at an agricultural field near Aalborg, Denmark. Laboratory microcosms were incubated for 258 days under aerobic conditions at 10 °C with soil and chalk from 0.15–4.45 m below the surface. The [ring‐U‐¹⁴C]‐labeled herbicides were added to obtain a concentration of 6 µg kg^?1 and mineralization was measured as evolved [¹⁴C]carbon dioxide. The herbicides were readily mineralized in soil from the plough layer, except for terbuthylazine, which was mineralized only to a limited extent. In the chalk, lag periods of at least 40 days were observed, and a maximum of 51%, 33% and 6% of the added 2,4‐D, mecoprop and isoproturon, respectively, were recovered as [¹⁴C]carbon dioxide. Large variations in both rate and extent of mineralization were observed within replicates in chalk. No mineralization of terbuthylazine in chalk was observed. As a measure of the general metabolic activity towards aromatic compounds, [ring‐U‐¹⁴C]‐benzoic acid was included. It was readily mineralized at all depths. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

甘肃省民勤盆地地下水环境变化及原因探讨

民勤盆地地下水化学特征具有明显的水平与垂直分带特征 ,沿水流方向 ,自西南的SO42 --Na -Mg2 型逐渐过渡为Cl--SO42 --Na 型 ,湖区浅层水则完全为Cl--Na 型水。垂直向上表现为上咸下淡的趋势。随着进入盆地地表水量的减少与地下水开采量逐年增大 ,地下水环境日益恶化 ,咸水入侵深度达 6 0m ,TDS普遍增高。特别是湖区局部浅层地下水矿化度 ,由 2 0世纪 70年代的 3g/L发展到现在的 16g/L。据此 ,增加淡水资源和减少地下水的超采量 ,发展节水高效农业是保护该盆地地下水环境的最基本措施。     

内蒙古岱海水质咸化过程分析

岱海是我国北方半干旱地区的一个内陆湖,近几十年来,由于受到人类活动的强烈干预,湖泊水位持续下降,湖水水质出现恶化,2004的水质调查数据显示,目前岱海湖水矿化度4 658.6mg/L,已接近咸水湖标准。从近50年的变化历程来看,岱海呈现出明显的咸化趋势,且咸化速度不断加快。利用流域内的水文、气象数据,并结合湖泊及河流的水化学特征,建立岱海盐量平衡方程,对岱海湖水矿化度进行模拟计算,恢复了近50年岱海湖水矿化度的变化序列。依此序列对岱海水质咸化的影响因子进行量化计算,结果显示:湖泊萎缩对水质咸化的影响占到86.5%,而由入湖径流与降水所带入的盐分对水质咸化的影响仅占到13.5%。     

旱地土壤氮素矿化的动力学研究

通过对有机质、全氮、Ｃ／Ｎ比差异较大的１０种土壤进行盆栽和培养试验，用对数方程、指数方程、幂函数方程对土壤氮素矿化过程进行了摸拟。结果表明：幂函数模型能很好地描述土壤Ｎ素矿化过程；并建立了土壤氮素矿化的一级动力学模式，求出了不同模型中的参数；最后探讨了影响土壤氮素矿化动力学模型参数的土壤因子——有机质、全氮、土壤机械组成、Ｃ／Ｎ。     

Bromoxynil degradation in a Mississippi silt loam soil

BACKGROUND: The objectives of these laboratory experiments were: (1) to assess bromoxynil sorption, mineralization, bound residue formation and extractable residue persistence in a Dundee silt loam collected from 0–2 cm and 2–10 cm depths under continuous conventional tillage and no‐tillage; (2) to assess the effects of autoclaving on bromoxynil mineralization and bound residue formation; (3) to determine the partitioning of non‐extractable residues; and (4) to ascertain the effects of bromoxynil concentration on extractable and bound residues and metabolite formation. RESULTS: Bromoxynil K_d values ranged from 0.7 to 1.4 L kg^?1 and were positively correlated with soil organic carbon. Cumulative mineralization (38.5% ± 1.5), bound residue formation (46.5% ± 0.5) and persistence of extractable residues (T_1/2 < 1 day) in non‐autoclaved soils were independent of tillage and depth. Autoclaving decreased mineralization and bound residue formation 257‐fold and 6.0‐fold respectively. Bromoxynil persistence in soil was rate independent (T_1/2 < 1 day), and the majority of non‐extractable residues (87%) were associated with the humic acid fraction of soil organic matter. CONCLUSIONS: Irrespective of tillage or depth, bromoxynil half‐life in native soil is less than 1 day owing to rapid incorporation of the herbicide into non‐extractable residues. Bound residue formation is governed principally by biochemical metabolite formation and primarily associated with soil humic acids that are moderately bioavailable for mineralization. These data indicate that the risk of off‐site transport of bromoxynil residues is low owing to rapid incorporation into non‐extractable residues. Published 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd