氨的固定对土壤微生物氮的测定的影响

The effect of ammonium fixation on the estimation of soil microbial biomass N was studied by the standard fumigation-incubation(FI) and fumigation-extraction (FE) methods,NO3-N content of fumigated soil changed little during incubation,while the fixed NH4^ in soils capable of fixing NH4^ increased with the increase of K2SO4-extractable NH4-N.one day fumigation increased both extractable NH4^ and fixed NH4^ ,However,prolonged fumigation gave no further increase.One day fumigation caused significant loss of NO3-N,while prolonged fumigation caused no further loss.For soils tested,the net increases of fixed NH4^ in fumigated soil equaled to 0-94% of NH4-N flush measured by the FI metod,and 1-74% of extractable N measured by the FE method.depending on different soils.It is concluded that the ammonium fixation was one of the processes taking place in soils during fumigation as well as incubation ofter fumigation and should not be neglected in the estimation of microbial biomass nitrogen by either FI or FE method.     

固定态铵的含量及中国某些耕地土壤NH4+的固定能力

Fixed ammonium contents and NH4^ fixation capacities of some representative cultivated solis collected from 16 provinces of China were studied.Results showed that the contents of fixed ammonium in soils ranged from 35 to 573 mg N kg^-1,with an average of 198mg Nkg^-1.The content of fixed ammonium correlated very significantly with mica content for tropical and subtropical soils,whereas this was not the case for soils in the temperate zone.At the end of K-exhausting experiment the fixed ammonium content increased in most soils studied.However,it decreased in smom temperate soils.Generally,fixation of added NH4^ could not be found either before or after K-exhausting experiment for highly weathered soils,including tropical soils and soils derived from granite-gneiss or Quaternary red clays in the subtropic zone,while for most soils in the Yangtze River dalta the NH4^ fixation capacity was rather high and increased significantly in the K-exhausted soils.     

Natural Nitrogen-15 Abundance of Ammonium Nitrogen and Fixed Ammonium in Soils

The present article deals with the natural nitrogen-15 abundance of ammonium nitrogen and fixed ammonium in different soils.Variations in the natural ^15N abundance of ammonium nitrogen mineralized in soils under anaerobic incubation condition were related to soil pH.The δ ^15N of mineralizable N in acid soils was lower but that in neutral and calcareous soils was higher compared with the δ ^15N of total N in the soils.A variation tendence was also found in the δ ^15N of amino-acid N in the hydrolysates of soils.The natural ^15N abundance of fixed ammonium was higher than that of total N in most surface soils and other soil horizons,indicating that the increase of δ ^15N in the soil borizons beneath subsurface horizon of some forest soils and acid paddy soils was related to the higher δ ^15N value of fixed ammonium in the soil.     

Leaching and Transformation of Nitrogen Fertilizers in Soil After Application of N with Irrigation： A Soil Column Method

A soil column method was used to compare the effect of drip fertigation （the application of fertilizer through drip irrigation systems, DFI） on the leaching loss and transformation of urea-N in soil with that of surface fertilization combined with flood irrigation （SFI）, and to study the leaching loss and transformation of three kinds of nitrogen fertilizers （nitrate fertilizer, ammonium fertilizer, and urea fertilizer） in two contrasting soils after the fertigation. In comparison to SFI, DFI decreased leaching loss of urea-N from the soil and increased the mineral N （NH4^＋-N ＋ NO3^--N） in the soil. The N leached from a clay loam soil ranged from 5.7% to 9.6% of the total N added as fertilizer, whereas for a sandy loam soil they ranged between 16.2% and 30.4%. Leaching losses of mineral N were higher when nitrate fertilizer was used compared to urea or ammonium fertilizer. Compared to the control （without urea addition）, on the first day when soils were fertigated with urea, there were increases in NH4^＋-N in the soils. This confirmed the rapid hydrolysis of urea in soil during fertigation. NH4^＋-N in soils reached a peak about 5 days after fertigation, and due to nitrification it began to decrease at day 10. After applying NH4^＋-N fertilizer and urea and during the incubation period, the mineral nitrogen in the soil decreased. This may be related to the occurrence of NH4^＋-N fixation or volatilization in the soil during the fertigation process.     

中国湖南省主要水稻土类型的氨固定

The contents, affecting factors, seasonal changes and availability of fixed ammonium in major types ofpaddy soils derived from different parent materials in Hunan Province, China, were studied using the Silva-Bremner method by laboratory and pot experiments. Results showed that the content of fixed ammoniumin the plough horizons ranged from 88.3 mg kg-1 to 388.1 mg kg-1, with 273.2 ± 77.7 mg kg-1 on average,accounting for 11.2% of total soil N on average. Content of fixed ammonium decreased in the order of newlylacustrine clayey paddy soil ＞ alluvial sandy paddy soil ＞ purple clayey paddy soil ＞ newly alluvial sandypaddy soil ＞ yellow clayey paddy soil ＞ reddish-yellow clayey paddy soil ＞ granitic sandy paddy soil. Therewere four distribution patterns of fixed ammonium in the profiles to 1-m depth, i.e., increase with the depth,decrease with increasing depth, no distinct change with the depth, and abrupt increase or decrease in somehorizon. Percentage of fixed ammonium in total N increased with the depth in most of the soils. Fixationof NH4+ by soil was higher at 30 ℃ than at 20 ℃ and 40 ℃, and continuous submergence benefited thefixation of NH4+ in newly alluvial sandy paddy soil, purple clayey paddy soil and alluvial sandy paddy soil,while alternating wetting and drying contributed to the fixation of NH4+ in yellow clayey paddy soil mostly.Fixed ammonium content in the test paddy soils was significantly correlated with ＜ 0.01 mm clay content(P ＜ 0.05), but not with ＜ 0.001 mm clay content, total N, organic N and organic matter. Fixed ammoniumcontent varied with rice growth stages. Application of N fertilizer promoted fixation of NH4+ by soil, and Nuptake by rice plant promoted release of fixed ammonium from the soil. Recently fixed ammonium in paddysoil after N fertilizer application was nearly 100% available to rice plant, while native fixed ammonium wasonly partly available, varying with the soil type and rice type.     

钾对二元和三元系蛭石中氨的固定和吸附的影响

Ammonium fixation and adsorption experiments were conducted to study the effect of potassium on ammonium fixation into interlasyer of vermiculite and ammonium adsorption at the surface of vermiculite both in the binary (NH4^ -Ca^2 ) and ternary (NH4^ -Ca^2 ) ystems.In the ammonium fixation experiment,5 mmol NH4^ kg^-1 was added alone,or after,before of simultaneously with 5 mmol K^ kg^-1 to the vermiculite (Vermiculite:solution=1:1),and the incubation was conducted for 3 days under constant 20℃，In the adsorption experiment ,after addition of 10 mmol Ca^2 L^-1 as matrix ions ,either,NH4^ alone with a concentration series from 0.1 to 5.0 mmol NH4^ L^-1(binary exchange system of NH4^ and Ca^2 )of NH4^ together with 5 mmol K^ L^-1(ternary exchange system of NH4^ ,K^ and Ca^2 ) was added to vermiculte at a vermiculite to solution ratio of 1:10 for 24-h equlibrium.The results of the fixtion experiment showed that the presence of K^ increased NH4^ fixation for all the treatments,regardless of the addition orders.For ammonium adsorption a linear realtionship between activtiy ratios of NH4^ to Ca^2 and Mg^2 in the equilibrium solutions(ARNH4)and incereases of exchangeable NH4^ at the surface of vermiculite after 24 h equilibrium (△Ex-NH4^ )was shown for almost the whole concentration ranges tested.Compared With the binary system ,the slope of the curve of the ternary system was steeper,indicaitng a more intensive adsorption of NH4^ in the presence of K^ ,It was demonstrated that K^ did not reduce the ammonium fixation into the interlayer and ammonium adsorption at the surface of vermiculite ,which indicated that, under the experimental conditions of this study,K^ did neither occupy the sites for NH4^ -fixation in the interlayer nor the sites for NH4^ -adsorption at the surface of vermiculite.     

黄绵土与淋溶土含水量与施肥方法对铵固定和肥料氮回收率的影响

Ammonium fixation and the effects of soil moisture and application methods on fertilizer N recovery were investigatedin two soils of Shaanxi Province, China, a Luvisol and an Entisol, through two experiments performed in the laboratoryand in a glass shelter, respectively, by using ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3). The laboratory closed incubationbox experiment was conducted using the Luvisol to study NH fixation rate at soil moisture levels of 10.1%, 22.7% and 35.3% water filled pore space (WFPS). The fixed NH -N increased dramatically to 51% and 66%, 67% and 74%,and 82% and 85% 1, 2 and 36 h after fertilizer incorporation at moisture levels of 10.1% and 22.7% WFPS and 35.3% WFPS, respectively. The rapid NH fixation rates at all moisture levels could help prevent NH losses from ammonia volatilization. In the glass shelter pot experiment, N fertilizer was applied by either banding (in a concentrated strip)or incorporating (thoroughly mixing) with the Entisol and the Luvisol. An average of 74.2% of the added N fertilizerwas recovered 26 days after application to the Luvisol, while only 61.4% could be recovered from the Entisol, due tohigher NH fixation capacity of the Luvisol. The amount of fixed NH decreased with increasing WFPS. The amountof fixed NH in the incorporated fertilizer treatment was, oll average, 10% higher than that in the banded treatment.Higher NH fixation rates could prevent N loss and thus increase N recovery. The results from the Luvisol showed lowernitrogen recovery as soil moisture level increased, which could be explained by the fact that most of the fixed NH wasstill not released when the soil moisture level was low. When the fertilizer was incorporated into the soil, the recovery ofN increased, compared with the banded treatment, by an average of 26.2% in the Luvisol and 11.2% in the Entisol, whichimplied that when farmers applied fertilizer, it would be best to mix it well with the soil.     

钾和碳氮比对铵态土壤转化过程的影响

Two soils, one consisting of 1：1 clay minerals at pH 4.5 and the other containing 2：1 clay minerals at pH 7.0, were used to estimate the conversion of added NH4^＋ under different C/N ratios （glucose as the C source） and the addition of potassium. Under lower C/N ratios （0：1 and 5：1）, a large part of the added NH4^＋ in the acid soil was held in the forms of either exchangeable or water soluble NH4^＋ for a relatively long time and under higher C/N ratio （50：1）, a large amount of the added NH4^＋ was directly immobilized by microorganisms. In the second soil containing appreciable 2：1 type clay minerals a large part of the added NH4^＋ at first quickly entered the interlayer of the minerals under both lower and higher C/N ratios. In second condition, however, owing to microbial assimilation stimulated by glucose the newly fixed NH4^＋ could be completely released in further incubation because of a large concentration gradient between external NH4^＋ and fixed NH4^＋ in the mineral interlayer caused by heterotrophic microorganisms, which imply the fixed NH4^＋ to be available to plants. The results also showed that if a large amount of K＋ with carbon source together was added to soil, the higher K＋ concentration of soil solution could impede the release of fixed NH4^＋, even if there was a lot of carbon source.     

铵、钾同时存在时, 土壤对铵的优先吸附

Ten soils collected from different parts of China were used in a series of experiments to study fixation of NH4^ and K^ by soils.When K^ was added concurrently with or prior to NH4^ ,the soils were found to fix more moles of NH4^ than those of K^ ,irrespective of the mole ratios of NH4^ to ^ that were added.     

西藏高原自然生态系统转化为农田后提高了土壤的净矿化和净硝化

A comparative study was conducted to determine the NH4^＋ and NO3^- concentrations in soil profiles and to examine the net nitrogen （N） mineralization and nitrification in adjacent forest, grassland, and cropland soils on the Tibetan Plateau. Cropland soil showed significantly higher inorganic N concentrations in soil profiles compared with forest and grassland soils. NO3^- -N accounted for 70%-90^ of inorganic N in cropland soil, while NH4^＋ -N was the main form of inorganic N in forest and grassland soils. The average net N mineralization rate at 0 20 cm depth was approximately twice in cropland soil （1.48 mg kg^-1 d^-1） as high as in forest （0.83 mg kg^-1 d^-1） or grassland soil （0.72 mg kg^-1 d^-1）. Cropland showed strong net nitrification, with the net rate almost equal to the total net N mineralization. Urea addition stimulated soil respiration, particularly in forest soil. Most urea-N, however, remained as NH4^＋ in forest and grassland soils, while NO3^- was the main form of inorganic N to increase in cropland soil. Higher rates of net nitrification in cropland soils suggest that land use change on the Tibetan Plateau may lead to high N losses through nitrate leaching.     

西南喀斯特地区典型石漠化阶段土壤氮素变异研究

我国西南喀斯特地区的石漠化问题已经严重制约了当地社会经济发展,揭示土壤养分变化规律对该区域生态系统适应性修复具有重要意义。以贵州省荔波县和普定县为研究区,通过野外采样和实验室分析,对西南喀斯特地区典型石漠化阶段土壤的铵态氮、硝态氮变异状况进行了研究。结果表明：（1）非石漠化的黑色石灰土中铵态氮、硝态氮的含量分别高达11．61和38．01mg·kg^-1.随着石漠化程度的加深,土壤中氮素含量逐渐减少。统计表明非石漠化土壤与轻度石漠化土壤铵态氮含量呈显著差异,硝态氮含量呈极显著差异。（2）土壤铵态氮含量表现为表土层高于心土层,而硝态氮在剖面中分布规律不一致。（3）土壤氮素含量随时间有明显变化。铵态氮和硝态氮含量均在7月达到峰值,然后呈现出下降趋势,至11月或翌年1月又逐渐增加。（4）土壤有机质与铵态氮和硝态氮含量呈一元二次线性相关,相关系数分别为0．7671和0．9493,均达到极显著水平;铵态氮和硝态氮含量也呈极显著的线性相关,相关系数为0．7743。喀斯特地区通过封山育林等措施增加有机质积累可提高土壤氮素含量,对防治石漠化具有重要意义。     

川中丘陵区涪江流域土壤矿质氮空间分布特征

采用GPS、地统计及地理信息系统（GIS）相结合的技术和方法研究了川中丘陵区涪江流域土壤矿质氮含量的空间分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明,研究区内土壤硝态氮（NO3^--N）和铵态氮（NH4＋-N）含量分别为（79.21±24.34）mg·kg^-1和（8.89±2.47）mg·kg^-1,在不同土壤类型中,土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量存在极显著差异（P〈0.01）。土壤硝态氮含量以许家沟和中河沟区域为中心向北部和南部递增;土壤铵态氮含量以赵家湾、中河沟和任家沟为低值中心（〈8.00mg·kg^-1）向两旁逐渐增加。从低海拔到高海拔土壤硝态氮含量呈先增加后降低的趋势,土壤铵态氮含量持续降低;在丘体下部和平坝土壤中硝态氮和铵态氮含量均高于其他3种地形土壤中其含量;土壤硝态氮在不同坡度中均值比较为缓坡地〉坡地〉陡坡地〉平地,从平地到陡坡地土壤铵态氮含量呈显著降低趋势;土壤硝态氮含量在小麦与其他作物轮作方式中明显低于油菜与其他作物轮作方式中其含量,土壤铵态氮则相反。     

Chloroform fumigation and the release of soil nitrogen: A rapid direct extraction method to measure microbial biomass nitrogen in soil

A new “direct extraction” method for measuring soil microbial biomass nitrogen (biomass N) is described. The new method (fumigation-extraction) is based on CHC1₃ fumigation, followed by immediate extraction with 0.5 M K₂SO₄ and measurement of total N released by CHC1₃ in the soil extracts. The amounts of NH₄-N and total N extracted by K₂SO₄ immediately after fumigation increased with fumigation time up to 5 days. Total N released by CHC1₃ after 1 day fumigation (1 day CHC1₃-N) and after 5 days fumigation (5 day CHC1₃-N) were positively correlated with the flush of mineral N (F_N) in 37 soils that had been fumigated, the fumigant removed and the soils incubated for 10 days (fumigation-incubation). The regression equations were 1 day CHC1₃-N = (0.79 ± 0.022) F_N and 5 day CHC1₃-N = (1.01 ± 0.027) F_N, both regressions accounting for 92% of the variance in the data.In field soils previously treated with ¹⁵N-labelled fertilizer, the amounts of labelled N, measured after fumigation-extraction, were very similar to the amounts of labelled N mineralized during fumigation-incubation; both were about 4 times as heavily labelled as the soil N as a whole. These results suggest that fumigation-extraction and fumigation-incubation both measure the same fraction of the soil organic N (probably the cytoplasmic component of the soil microbial biomass) and that measurement of the total N released by CHC1₃ fumigation for 24 h provides a rapid method for measuring biomass N.     

Influence of <Superscript>15</Superscript>N-labeled ammonium sulfate and straw on nitrogen retention and supply in different fertility soils

Microbial immobilization/mineralization and mineral fixation/release of ammonium are important for N retention and supply. However, the rates of such processes vary among different fertility soils and fertilization management practices. Three long-term different fertilized soils were used to simulate a range in soil fertility level and incubated with different N amendments for 144 days. The dynamics of ¹⁵N derived from ammonium sulfate (AS) or straw in different soil N pools and the ammonium sulfate-N or straw-N retention and supply were studied. In the absence of straw, the amount of ammonium sulfate-N present as fixed ammonium was 1.1–3.5-fold higher than that present as soil microbial biomass N (SMBN), although ammonium sulfate-derived SMBN and its mineralization increased by increasing soil fertility level. Straw addition significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced the relative importance of the SMBN pool on ammonium sulfate-N retention and supply compared with the fixed ammonium-N pool, and the former exceeded the latter in higher fertility soils. Regardless of soil fertility levels, straw addition significantly blocked the release of ammonium sulfate-N from the fixed ammonium-N pool. The SMBN pool was more important in straw-N retention and supply than the fixed ammonium-N pool, confirming that straw-N cycling depended more on biotic processes. The percentage of mineralized ammonium sulfate-N or straw-N from SMBN was higher than that released from fixed ammonium, indicating the higher availability of SMBN. Generally, the mineral fixation/release of ammonium was the main process for mineral fertilizer N retention and supply in the low fertility soil with or without straw addition, whereas microbial immobilization/mineralization became the main process in the high fertility soil with straw addition. Our results gave insights on the ammonium sulfate-N or straw-N retention and supply in different fertility soils, providing suggestions for optimizing straw management and synchronizing N supply with crop demand.     

Transformations of nitrogen fertilizers in soil

The effects of ¹⁵N-labelled urea, (NH₄)₂SO₄ and KNO₃ on immobilization, mineralization, nitrification and ammonium fixation were examined under aerobic conditions in an acid tropical soil (pH 4.0) and in a neutral temperate soil (pH 6.8). Urea, (NH₄)₂SO₄ and KNO₃ slightly increased net mineralization of soil organic nitrogen in both soils. There was also an apparent Added Nitrogen Interaction (ANI) i.e. added labelled NH₄-N stood proxy for unlabelled NH₄-N that would otherwise have been immobilized. So far as immobilization and nitrification were concerned, urea and (NH₄)₂SO₄ behaved very similarly in each soil. Immobilization of NO₃-N was negligible in both soils. Some of the added labelled NH₄-N was rapidly fixed, more by the temperate soil than by the tropical soil. This labelled fixed NH₄-N decreased during incubation, in contrast to labelled organic N, which did not decline.     

戴云山自然保护区森林土壤氮转化特点研究

利用~(15)N稳定同位素成对标记法并结合MCMC数值模型,研究了戴云山国家级自然保护区天然毛竹林(BF)及其邻近黄山松–杉木林(NF)土壤氮素初级转化速率,以评估该地区森林生态系统土壤氮状态,并分析其保氮机制。结果表明:BF土壤NH_4~+-N的总产生速率(以N量计,13.16μg/(g×d))是NF土壤的2倍(6.25μg/(g×d)),其中黏土矿物对NH_4~+-N的解吸作用是BF产生NH_4~+-N的主要过程(55%),而NF主要以有机氮的矿化作用为主(56%)。BF土壤氮素初级矿化速率为5.56μg/(g×d),显著高于NF的3.40μg/(g×d)。土壤氮素初级矿化速率与土壤全氮含量显著正相关(P0.05),而与C/N比表现显著负相关(P0.05)。BF与NF土壤NH_4~+-N总产生量的90%均被土壤微生物的同化作用以及黏土矿物的吸附作用所消耗。两种土壤的硝化作用微弱,BF土壤总硝化速率(以N量计,0.23μg/(g×d))与NF土壤(0.26μg/(g×d))相差不大。两种林地土壤硝化作用均以有机氮的异养硝化为主,自养硝化过程可忽略不计。BF与NF土壤中NO_3~–-N消耗速率均超过了产生速率,表明BF与NF土壤均能有效降低NO_3~–-N的潜在淋失风险,其中BF土壤中NO_3~–-N的消耗以微生物的同化作用为主(58%),而NF土壤以NO_3~–-N异化还原为NH_4~+-N过程为主(68%)。戴云山国家级自然保护区两种亚热带森林土壤的氮转化过程均以NH_4~+-N转化为主,产生的绝大多数NH_4~+-N会迅速通过微生物对NH_4~+-N的同化作用以及黏土矿物对NH_4~+-N的吸附作用固持到有机氮库中;自养硝化过程微弱,使得无机氮主要以NH_4~+-N的形式保存于土壤中,同时酸性土壤环境有效削弱了NH_4~+-N的挥发损失。此外,相对较高的NO_3~–-N微生物同化速率以及异化还原为NH_4~+-N速率,进一步有效降低了NO_3~–-N的淋溶损失以及反硝化作用的气态损失风险,使该地区森林土壤能够在多雨的条件下有效保持氮素,满足植物的生长需求。     

上海郊区园艺土壤氮素的生物形成动态变化

Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) represents a significant pool of soluble nitrogen (N) in soil ecosystems. Soil samples under three different horticultural management practices were collected from the Xiaxiyang Organic Vegetable and Fruit Farm, Shanghai, China, to investigate the dynamics of N speciation during 2 months of aerobic incubation, to compare the effects of different soils on the mineralization of ¹⁴C-labeled amino acids and peptides, and to determine which of the pathways in the decomposition and subsequent ammonification and nitrification of organic N represented a significant blockage in soil N supply. The dynamics of N speciation was found to be significantly affected by mineralization and immobilization. DON, total free amino acids, and NH₄⁺-N were maintained at very low levels and did not accumulate, whereas NO₃^--N gradually accumulated in these soils. The conversion of insoluble organic N to low-molecular-weight (LMW) DON represented a main constraint to N supply, while conversions of LMW DON to NH₄⁺-N and NH₄⁺-N to NO₃^--N did not. Free amino acids and peptides were rapidly mineralized in the soils by the microbial community and consequently did not accumulate in soil. Turnover rates of the additional amino acids and peptides were soil-dependent and generally followed the order of organic soil > transitional soil > conventional soil. The turnover of high-molecular-weight DON was very slow and represented the major DON loss. Further studies are needed to investigate the pathways and bottlenecks of organic N degradation.