马铃薯红外干燥特性研究

以马铃薯为原料,研究其红外干燥特性及数学模型。通过试验收集了不同切片厚度和干燥温度下马铃薯水分比(MR)随干燥时间(t)的变化数据,得到了马铃薯的干燥曲线,并计算了干燥过程中的有效水分扩散系数(Deff)和干燥活化能(Ea)。结果表明,干燥温度(T)与切片厚度(L)对马铃薯红外干燥特性有较大影响,干燥温度越高,切片厚度越薄,马铃薯的干燥速率(DR)越快,干燥时间越短;同时,通过拟合计算发现,在10种干燥模型中Modified Henderson and Pabis的预测值与实测值比较吻合,能够更好地反映干燥过程。在试验条件下,Deff在0.238 4×10-10~12.557 3×10-10m~2·s-1之间,且随着干燥温度和切片厚度的增加而增大。1、3、5、7 mm厚的马铃薯片红外干燥活化能分别为34.386 0、31.041 8、28.783 2、30.060 1 k J/mol。     

切片厚度对柠檬片热风干燥特性及相关品质的影响研究

以新鲜柠檬为原料,研究切片厚度(2,3,4 mm)对柠檬片干燥特性及相关品质的影响,以确定适合柠檬片热风干燥的最佳切片厚度。结果表明,柠檬片整个干燥过程是一个降速阶段,随着切片厚度的增加,干燥速率降低,干燥时间延长,水分有效扩散系数减小。其中,切片厚度为3 mm的柠檬片在室温和高温(75℃)下的复水比都较高且复水后结构完整、色泽好,干制的柠檬片组织较完整、收缩比较低。因此,综合柠檬片热风干燥特性及相关品质,切片厚度为3 mm是适合柠檬片热风干燥的最佳厚度。     

马铃薯片热风干燥特性及动力学模型

为了解马铃薯片的热风干燥特性，以新鲜马铃薯为原料，研究不同装料量、热风温度和切片厚度对马铃薯片热风干燥特性的影响，并建立热风干燥动力学模型。试验结果表明：热风温度、切片厚度和装料量均显著影响马铃薯片的热风干燥特性，热风温度越高，切片厚度越薄，马铃薯片的干燥速率越快，干燥时间越短；马铃薯片热风干燥过程无明显的恒速阶段，主要以降速干燥为主。通过对6种动力学模型拟合发现，Wang-Singh模型具有较高的决定系数R2和较低的卡方(χ2)，试验值和模型预测值能较好地吻合，该模型能够准确地表达和预测马铃薯片热风干燥过程的水分变化规律。     

切片厚度和斜度对怀山药干燥特性的影响

为了制得优良的怀山药干制品,通过改变切片厚度及角度研究怀山药组织结构中轴向微管在干燥过程中暴露的程度和角度对其干燥特性的影响。以有效水分扩散系数为指标,在70℃下对怀山药进行鼓风干燥,通过单因素试验得到最佳切片厚度为5 mm;在此基础上,研究切片角度对怀山药干燥特性影响,以复水比为指标,研究结果表明,在切片厚度5 mm,切片角度45°时怀山药切片的干燥特性最佳。     

胡萝卜微波真空干燥工艺的试验研究

考察干燥因素对胡萝卜微波真空干燥生产率及其品质的影响。采用二次正交旋转组合设计的试验方法,探讨微波功率、真空度、切片厚度对胡萝卜干燥时间的影响规律。利用单、双因素分析法,分析各因素与试验指标的关系,确定各因素在二次非线形模型中的主次顺序。试验结果分析表明,微波功率对胡萝卜制品的干燥时间影响最大,真空度次之,切片厚度的影响最小。在胡萝卜含水率为8%和较好的复水率、干燥速度的情况下,胡萝卜微波真空干燥最佳工艺条件为:微波功率2kW,真空度69.8kPa,物料厚度6.78mm,干燥时间0.912h。     

微波真空干燥处理对铁棍山药多糖得率和干燥特性影响

研究微波真空干燥处理操作参数(微波功率、真空度和切片厚度)对铁棍山药多糖得率及其干燥特性的影响。以多糖得率为试验指标,采用3因素3水平正交试验,对铁棍山药的微波真空干燥工艺参数进行优化。试验结果表明,铁棍山药微波真空干燥过程中干燥阶段特征明显。所获取的铁棍山药多糖的最佳微波真空干燥操作参数为:微波功率1 200 W,真空度0.04 MPa,切片厚度8 mm。此工艺条件下铁棍山药多糖实测得率为10.01%。     

胡萝卜热风干燥多指标综合分析

为了研究不同因素对热风干燥特性的影响,以胡萝卜为研究对象进行热风干燥试验,分析干燥后胡萝卜的外观品质、复水时间、VC保存量、能耗等指标。对上述指标值进行加权平均,结果表明,热风干燥胡萝卜的最优参数为切片厚度4 mm,装载量100 g,干燥温度80℃。     

山楂真空干燥特性及动力学模拟

为了探求山楂真空干燥过程中失重率的变化情况和失重动力学,提高干燥速率,实现山楂规模化干燥,对不同真空干燥条件（山楂切片厚度、温度、真空度）下山楂干燥特性进行了研究。对厚度分别为0.15、0.30、0.50 cm的山楂切片的失重率进行计算机拟合,建立了山楂干燥数学模型,并进行拟合验证对比检验。结果表明：干燥温度越高、真空度越低、山楂切片厚度越小,山楂的干燥速率越快;山楂干燥失重的动力学模型为Page模型,模型的拟合验证表明该拟合在误差范围内。     

切片厚度对苦瓜片热风干燥特性及相关品质的影响研究

以新鲜苦瓜为原料,研究切片厚度分别为2,4,6 mm的苦瓜片在65℃热风干燥后,其热风干燥特性及理化品质的变化。结果表明,切片厚度对苦瓜片干燥特性和理化品质具有重要影响。在65℃热风干燥下,切片厚度从6 mm减至2 mm,干基含水量和水分比下降增快,干燥速率增快,有效扩散速率减小。同时,随着切片厚度减小,干制苦瓜片复水比越大,收缩比越小,干制品色泽越好。因此,结合苦瓜片热风干燥特性及品质变化,切片厚度为4 mm是进行苦瓜片热风干燥的适宜厚度。     

巨尾枝干燥特性研究

研究巨尾桉木材的干燥特性并制定干燥基准,为实际生产中制定合理的干燥工艺提供理论依据.采用百度试验法,在(100±2)℃恒温干燥条件下对巨尾桉试件进行干燥试验,根据干燥过程中巨尾桉试件的初期开裂、内裂、截面收缩等干燥缺陷制定出巨尾桉木材的干燥基准.巨尾桉试件的初期开裂、内部裂纹、截面变形、扭曲变形和干燥速度分别为1级、2级、3级、2级和2级;体积干缩率为19.04％,弦向干缩率为9.60％,径向干缩率为6.65％,纵向干缩率为0.33％.巨尾桉的干燥初期温度为60℃,干燥初期干湿球温度差为3～5℃,干燥终期温度为75℃.厚度为25 mm的巨尾桉板材在强制循环干燥窑内干燥至10％所需的时间为10(8)天(括号内为硬基准条件下的干燥时间).巨尾桉试件主要缺陷是内裂和截面变形,在实际生产过程中要尽量使用软基准,干燥中、后期适时进行调湿处理.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Relation between wheat-rye crossability and seed set of common wheat after pollination with other species in the Hordeae

Summary Cultivars of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) of high wheat-rye (Secale cereale L.) crossability set more seed with pollen of other related species than did wheats of low wheat-rye crossability. This was found to be true for pollen parents from the genera Triticum, Aegilops, Secale, Agropyron and Elymus.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Evolution under domestication involving disturbance of genic balance

Summary An hypothesis is developed that the rapid change from wild plants into domesticated crops principally involves the selection of alleles with non-functional gene products which leads to reduced control of the highly integrated metabolism and morphogenesis previously accumulated by lengthy natural selection. Such disturbance of the genome produces altered physiological and morphological development which, although deleterious in nature, serves mankind better and has been selected.