Game Analysis of Vertical Cooperative Advertising with Price Discount

This paper studies the problem of cooperative advertising of two-echelon supply chain when the manufacturer offers a price deduction to consumers. And the equilibrium outcomes in a two-stage game and a coordinated co-op game are discussed and compared respectively. The results demonstrate that, under a certain condition, the retailer will increase local advertising effort if the manufacturer offers more price discount to customers directly. For any given price discount, the total profit for the supply chain with cooperative scheme is always higher than that with the non-cooperative scheme, and we find that the price discount will only be suitable for the merchandise with price sensitive demand. Then the Nash bargaining model is utilized to determine the allocation of the entire system profit gain. Finally, a numerical example is given to confirm the above conclusion.     

Application of Shadow Profit in the Quoting of Logistic Company

Quoting price is an important technology in the process of logistic company. The degree of the price has direct effect on the enterprise's profit, and whose correctness influences whether an enterprise can hold its client. In the operation of ship, due to the phenomenon of empty container, it is difficult to decide the quoted price to use the traditional quoting method based on the cost, because if the price is too high, the client can't accept it, but if the price is too low, it can't ensure an enterprise's profit. In this article, we will apply the economy meaning of shadow profit in the corresponding theory to resolve the problem of quoting price in the phenomenon of empty containers in operation of ship. The profit model and correspond opposite model are built, the theory and meaning of shadow benefit are discussed, and some classified formulae and quoting guide lines based on shadow profit are proposed. An example will be used to prove that the quoting theory based on shadow profit can validly direct the quoting price of logistic company for the added goods in the phenomenon of empty container.     

The State‐Level Impacts of Enforcing Sales Taxes for E‐retail Purchases

The Marketplace Fairness Act (S. 743) recently passed by the U.S. Senate may portend a national move toward states imposing sales taxes for business‐to‐consumer e‐retail purchases. While much of the policy debate surrounding this question has focused on trade creation versus diversion, there are likely distinct compositional effects at the state level, which will affect both economic activity and tax revenue. Consumers are clearly hurt by an online sales tax. However, such a policy would seemingly benefit state tax coffers, as well as traditional brick‐and‐mortar retailers and their employees. This paper uses a computable general equilibrium model approach to get a better understanding of the state‐level income, employment, and tax revenue effects of such a policy shift, in particular the likely tradeoffs between these three traditional economic targets across reasonable ranges of price elasticities.     

Operation of Debt-to-equity Swaps in State-owned Enterprise: a Game Theory''s Viewpoint

Operation of Debt to equity Swaps are thought to be a game process of conflict of interest when concerned interest groups seek furthest uses of them and dispute eminent domain of financial resources if state owned enterprise's property right configuration is not to be changed. That is to say, operation of swaps of debt to equity is one game between commercial bank and state owned enterprise firstly, and then it is another game of actualizing contract between AMC and stated owned enterprise. So the corresponding models are constructed according to game theory. The result indicates that enterprise and bank can compass an equilibrium and come to an agreement of swaps of debt equity. Nay, AMC must build up hawkish visualize to supervise and control enterprise's financial affairs and management in order to gain dividend and rights of section is bought back.     

Compensation trust evaluation model of grid service

It is difficult to distinguish the cheating and other malicious behaviours in the grid service trust evaluation. A trust evaluation model for grid service based on compensation is proposed.With market mechanism, service provider and demander present the expected profit and compensate price for their behaviours to maximize their own profit. The game theory is applied to balance the expected profit and compensate price. Based on the game theory, evaluation trade strategy achieves perfect Bayesian equilibrium. Service provider and demander can choose their own trade strategy to maximize profit. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the service demanders can abandon the cheating motivation voluntarily, while the service providers can make right decision to choose trust evaluation. Compared with the existing model, the precision and security of the trust evaluation is enhanced greatly, while the calculating and communication cost is reduced remarkably.     

Nash Equilibrium Mechanic of Environmental and Human Capital

The externality of surrounding is introduced into the 2-capital of economical increasing models, which includes human factors, to explore the influences of circumstances contradiction on the human capital formation. The normal and special nash equilibrium of environmental and human capital is presented through a limited boundary model of overlapping generations. The character of equilibrium trail and its economical meaning are examined. The study on the model shows that laissez faire economy will be either stagnant,growing,or collapsing in the long-run,depending on the returns of the learning technology with respect to the two kinds of capital,the initial state of economy,and the relative price of the environmental and consumption goods.     

Option-game Analysis on the Investment Decision of Enterprise

In the analysis on the investment decision of enterprise under uncertainty, NPV is not applicable. From the view of the real option, uncertainty makes the monopoly enterprise delay the investment. This paper analyses the problem of investment decision under different assumptions in the option-game framework, taking the uncertainty and competition into account. Delay is not optimal for the non-monopoly enterprise. The symmetry and the information completeness of the enterprises will affect the investment strategic and equilibrium of the game.     

人民币汇率升值对中国粮食安全影响的一般均衡金融模型分析

通过构建一般均衡金融模型,分析了汇率变化对中国粮食安全的影响。模拟结果显示,现有中国经济增长条件下,人民币升值5%、10%、20%,对中国经济增长产生了较为持久的负面影响。与工业部门一样,人民币升值对农业部门也产生了产出、就业、投资及产出价格下降的严重影响,这种影响关系到农产品生产和供给,与中国的粮食安全息息相关,自2005年以来,人民币实际升值22%,过去的几年中,除粮食生产外,中国农产品生产遭受诸多价格风险,理论上,隐藏在农产品价格风险背后的因素,人民币升值有一定的作用。所以,人民币升值进程中,必须密切关注中国的农产品生产特别是粮食生产的安全。     

Study on Compensation Standard of the Urban House Dismantlement Based on Game Theory

It is a hot question in recent years in China about the urban house dismantlement and development, and the low compensation standard of the urban house dismantlement has been thought to be the main reason that cause dispute of the urban house dismantlement. After a two-player game model is built, the paper solves mix-strategy Nash equilibrium of game and analyzes the influence of improving compensation to game equilibrium. It is concluded that, if government only improve policy of compensation standard to issue, the resident ready to move with their house to be dismantled can enjoy the great benefit shortly, but the long-term policy result is to reduce the incidence of the urban house dismantlement and slow down paces that the old city transforms.     

中国豆粕市场的价格博弈分析

分析了豆粕价格波动现状及对饲料行业和畜牧业的不利影响，构造了n个博弈方的伯特兰德（Bertrand）价格博弈模型，通过求解方程组得出以下结论：异质产品的Bertrand博弈只有一个均衡。对2人情形，得出了均衡对称条件下的市场价格。     

国际农产品价格波动对中国宏观经济影响效应研究-基于CGE模型

摘要：为定量把握进口农产品价格波动对中国宏观经济各个指标及各行业的影响效应,本文基于2007年的投入产出表编制社会核算矩阵,建立多部门的CGE模型,在整个宏观经济的背景下量化分析进口农产品价格冲击对于中国经济的影响。研究表明：进口农产品价格上涨对宏观经济有一定的负效应,对实际GDP的影响效应非常小,且对国民经济各行业产生了紧缩作用。     

包含双边金融期权的农村电价古诺模型研究

打破电力市场垄断,提高农村电力市场效率,以及抑制市场力滥用是当今农村电力市场改革的主要方向之一。本文基于非合作博弈理论,提出了一种含买卖双边金融期权的、按照古诺竞争模式在现货市场和期权市场进行2阶段博弈的模型。由多家独立发电商与惟一的电网公司首先在期权市场中签订双边合同,决策出各自售出的最优期权数量;之后在现货市场进行产量竞争,在各自拥有期权头寸已知的情况下,选择其发电出力使自身期望收益最大。利用反向推倒方法求解模型,分析了模型中不同参数的变化对市场均衡结果的影响。通过理论研究和算例分析证明,与现有模型相比较,本文提出的含双边金融期权模型能够更大程度上降低市场出清价格以及提高发电量,可为电力监管机构与市场决策者引导参与者有序竞争提供一种新思路。     

四川省第一产业从业人员变化及其驱动力分析

农业人口是四川省农业发展的重要基础之一,探明四川省第一产业从业人员变化的关键驱动因子,对于区域政策的制定具有重要的现实意义。基于此,本研究从人员从业结构、经济发展水平、医疗教育资源、农业科技进步、人口质量、迁移成本、空间位置和耕作条件等8个方面选择了25个潜在驱动因子,采用人口测度法、逐步回归分析法和结构方程模型,以1999—2008年和2008—2018年两个时期四川省5个经济区共计21个地市（州）为研究对象,分析了第一产业从业人员数量的变化特征及影响其变化的驱动因子。结果显示：①1999—2018年内,80.95%的地市（州）第一产业从业人员持续减少,9.52%的地市（州）第一产业从业人员在增加后持续减少。②1999—2018年内第一产业从业人员的改变与地形密切相关。③除地形外,1999—2008年的主要驱动因子还有人口出生率、中学生数量和三产产值的变化,2008—2018年的主动驱动因子则还有房价和农业机械化水平。④在1999—2008年中,区域平均坡度对第一产业从业人员年变化率的影响以通过影响中学生数量的年变化率和出生率的年变化率的间接效应为主,但直接效应不可忽视。⑤在2008—2018年中,农用电机数量的年变化率直接有效影响第一产业从业人员年变化率。农业机械的推广和应用可以促使更多的人口从事第一产业的生产劳动。上述研究结果暗示了农业劳动力流失的内在机制存在明显的时间分异。目前,虽然农业劳动力的地域分异特征明显,但农业科技的直接效应已经进一步凸显,未来将有望依赖农业科技打破第一产业从业人员的地域分异规律。     

Analysis of the Effect of Industrial Difference on the Level of Cooperation

The models of static game and repeated game in which industrial difference is considered are built. The degree of the industrial difference's effects on the level of optimal cooperation and the change of other factor's effect on the level of the optimal cooperation with the change of the industrial difference are analyzed. Some profound results on cooperation are obtained. These results are momentous current significance to explaining some recent economic behavior of Chinese enterprise and leading them to further deepen reform.     

中国三大区域农业经济结构的现状及其未来走向

2003年中国农业经济结构的现状是:GDP为117251.9亿元（当年价）,一、二、三产业之比14.6:52.2:33.2;农林牧渔业产值为16997.2亿元（1990年不变价）,农、林、牧、渔业产值之比48.6:5.0:33.8:12.6;作物总播种面积为152414.9千hm2,粮作、经作、其他面积之比65.2:16.2:18.6。根据三大区域农业经济结构的现状及其水资源禀赋条件的差异,分析了结构调整的近期走向:在2010年前后,东、中、西部GDP年增长率将分别为8.2%、7.1%、6.8%;农林牧渔业产值年增长率分别为4.6%、4.3%、5.7%;作物总播种面积年增长率极小。     

Empirical Sudy on Loyalty Education Solution Model for Enterprise Employees

Loyalty is a good character that a person is loyal to his enterprise's goal,symbol and aim.The employee who has high loyalty is a very important basement to efficiency and competency to the development for the enterprises.The authors use ingredient analysis method to deal with the data collected from questionnaires done by 225 enterprise employees,and put forward Eight-factor model of loyalty education solution to enterprise employees.Based on this model,the study compares the differences of the eight factors to enterprise male and female employees and employees in both state-owned enterprise and privately owned enterprise,but also discovers the differences between the employees mentioned above.     

食品物流对食品行业的影响

食品物流水平对食品行业的发展有着非常重要的意义。从食品安全、食品价格、食品企业效益、食品企业出口和食品服务五个方面说明了食品物流的重要性。     

基于GRNN算法的潜在产出与产出缺口估算模型

基于神经网络学习性、非参数估计的优势,建立估算经济潜在产出和产出缺口的广义回归神经网络（GRNN）模型,对中国产出缺口和潜在产出增速的1978—2015年数据进行估算、2016—2020年数据进行多步预测,实证分析较好地克服了生产函数法中由于事先假设确定的函数形式及选择不同函数结果不同的问题,并且所估算的潜在产出增速与经济增速具有较高的契合度。模型分析得出：中国经济增长速度大致维持在潜在产出增长率水平附近,便可实现通货膨胀率维持在合理水平,且较好地实现总体供需平衡的目的。     

Comparison between Calibration Procedure and Econometric Estimation

The two methods of estimating parameter in computable general equilibrium(CGE) model are introduced and compared:the calibration procedure and econometric estimation. The conclusions are:the estimation of parameter in CGE model must use the calibration procedure coupled with the econometric estimation method;the elasticity of output with respect to labor input,the marginal expenditure share for households and price elasticity of export demand are estimated by econometric estimation method;and other parameters of the CGE model can be get by calibration procedure.     

Information Structures in Portfolio Selection

This paper gives a brief presentation of the influence of different information structures on portfolio selection and some simple examples to demonstrate their basic algorithms. The first is the familiar mean_variance model. The model does not need more hypotheses on the motion of the asset price along the full continuous time axis,but sometimes many unanticipated computation problems may be involved because of the difficulty in computing the inverse of some matrices with high dimension. The second is the stochastic optimal control model. It is to solve a stochastic optimal control problem,which is often related to Hamilton_Jacobi_Bellman eqution.It results in solving partial differential equations of Riccati matrix differential equations. Their closed_form solutions are usually very hard to obtain. The last is the differential game model. The existence,uniqueness,and the computation for its equilibrium solution are all very difficult mathematical problems.