脂肪酸功能及其在养猪生产中应用的研究进展

脂肪酸是猪饲料中的一种重要营养成分,包括短链脂肪酸、中链脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸等多种类型,它们除了提供能量外还对猪的肠道微生态、机体代谢、免疫机能、繁殖性能等具有调节作用。文章简述了不同饲料原料中脂肪酸的含量、脂肪酸的主要生物学功能及其在养猪生产中的应用效果,以期为养猪生产中合理应用油脂和脂肪酸提供依据。     

结肠微生物氮代谢与机体健康研究进展

动物肠道中存在的大量微生物,不仅能够利用和降解来源于食物和内源性蛋白质的一些氨基酸,也能够合成部分氨基酸,可见微生物与宿主之间可进行氨基酸的交换。结肠中微生物的密度很高、内容物通过的时间较长,对肠腔中残留的未消化蛋白质和肽的降解更为彻底。虽然其中的大部分氨基酸不能被结肠上皮吸收,但可作为结肠微生物生成氮、硫化氩、生物胺、一氧化氮、吲哚和酚类化合物、短链／支链脂肪酸和有机酸等多种代谢产物的前体物。在这些代谢产物中,生物胺、短链脂肪酸和有机酸等物质是结肠粘膜和外周组织的能量底物,而氨、硫化氢、吲哚和酚类等物质却可影响结肠上皮细胞的形态与功能。肠道微生物对机体氮代谢的影响以及微生物氮代谢对宿主肠道和机体健康的影响,已成为动物营养学研究的热点问题。文章从结肠中的含氮化合物来源、氨基酸发酵细菌与蛋白酶、微生物对含氮化合物的利用途经、微生物代谢产物及其对宿主的影响等方面对国内外相关研究进展进行了综述,以期对该领域研究有所帮助。     

猪的肠道微生物与宿主营养代谢

肠道中栖息着数量庞大复杂多样的微生物菌群,肠道微生物在宿主健康中发挥着重要作用,既影响着饲料消化、营养物质吸收和能量供应,又调控着宿主正常生理功能及疾病的发生与发展.动物胃肠道不仅是消化器官,还是感应器官,肠道对营养物质的感应可以通过脑肠轴调节机体生理活动.肠道微生物还能代谢蛋白质产生宿主细胞不能合成的肽类物质,并通过小肠上皮的肽类转运系统影响机体代谢,因此可能存在微生物-肠道-大脑轴.肠道微生物还可以与机体形成宿主-微生物代谢轴,对动物机体营养物质代谢和免疫稳态起重要作用.饲粮对宿主代谢的改变,常伴随有肠道微生物区系的变化,肠道微生物的代谢可能通过微生物-肠道-大脑轴以及宿主-微生物代谢轴调节宿主很多生理过程,进而影响机体整体代谢.本文概述了猪肠道微生物区系与宿主肠道营养物质代谢的关系,以加深关于肠道微生物对机体代谢贡献的认识.     

肠道菌群及其代谢产物调节动物线粒体功能的研究进展

线粒体是动物细胞生产能量的主要场所，可参与三磷酸腺苷的产生、细胞线粒体Ca²⁺稳态的维持，在调节动物机体能量代谢方面发挥重要的作用。目前，研究发现肠道微生物及其代谢产物可影响细胞线粒体代谢水平和功能，参与调节机体营养物质代谢周转速度，最终影响畜禽生长发育及饲料转化效率等。本文在总结线粒体生物学功能的基础上，重点阐述了肠道微生物及其代谢产物对线粒体功能的调节作用及影响因素，旨在为饲粮营养手段介导肠道微生物-宿主线粒体途径调节动物生长发育和肠道健康提供理论参考。     

肠道微生物及代谢产物对动物肠道免疫的研究进展

动物肠道内栖息着大量微生物,肠道微生物及其代谢产物积极参与肠道免疫稳态的建立,对防控肠道疾病具有积极影响,在动物健康中发挥不可或缺的调节作用。本文对肠道微生物及其代谢产物对宿主肠道免疫的影响进行综述,旨在为调控肠道免疫、治疗动物疾病及保障机体健康提供思路和参考。     

短链脂肪酸的生理功能及其在畜禽生产中的应用

短链脂肪酸(SCFAs)是指碳原子数目不大于6的脂肪酸,在肠道中以乙酸、丙酸和丁酸含量居高。在生物体内SCFAs具有提供能量、调节免疫、调控肠道细胞代谢、维持水电解质平衡、改善肠道菌群结构等多种重要的生物学功能。本文就机体内SCFAs的产生、SCFAs的生理功能及其在畜禽生产中的应用研究进展进行综述,旨在为SCFAs的开发利用提供理论依据。     

肠道微生物及其代谢产物对动物免疫机能的影响

肠道微生物被认为是动物机体的共生体,在营养物质代谢、免疫调控等方面发挥重要作用,有助于维持肠道稳态。本文就肠道微生物及其代谢产物对动物免疫机能的影响进行了综述,并对动物肠道微生物研究进行了展望,以期为肠道微生物及其代谢产物功能研究提供新的视角和思路。     

肠道微生物及其代谢产物对动物免疫机能的影响北大核心CSCD

肠道微生物被认为是动物机体的共生体,在营养物质代谢、免疫调控等方面发挥重要作用,有助于维持肠道稳态。本文就肠道微生物及其代谢产物对动物免疫机能的影响进行了综述,并对动物肠道微生物研究进行了展望,以期为肠道微生物及其代谢产物功能研究提供新的视角和思路。     

基于肠道微生物探讨蛋鸡脂肪肝出血综合征的研究进展

蛋鸡脂肪肝出血综合征(FLHS)是常发生于高产蛋鸡的营养代谢病,其临床表现主要为蛋鸡脂质代谢紊乱引起的肝脏脂质沉积、产蛋量骤降及急性死亡,造成严重经济损失,是当前集约化养殖需要重点关注的疾病。肠道微生物作为参与机体生长发育、免疫代谢的重要角色,参与宿主的脂质合成与转运,保持肠道屏障的完整性以避免有害物质通过血液循环损伤肝脏并影响其功能,同时肠道微生物代谢产物的丰减与转化方向也会对肝脏健康产生或好或坏的影响。目前认为FLHS的发病机制主要包括营养、遗传、激素、肠道微生物等多种因素,“肠-肝轴”也受到当前治疗肝脏疾病的广泛关注。作者以肠道微生物为切入点,通过对蛋鸡常见肠道微生物及其与脂质代谢相关的功能进行总结,回顾了肠道微生物在脂质代谢与FLHS方面的相关研究,着重介绍了肠道微生物及其代谢产物在FLHS发生发展过程中可能产生的作用机理,以期从肠道微生物的角度解释FLHS的可能发病机制,并在生产实践中找到通过调节肠道微生物预防或治疗FLHS的方法,推动养禽业的发展。     

单胃动物肠道气体的代谢、生理功能及营养调控

单胃动物肠道内的气体主要来自微生物发酵过程,主要包括氢气、二氧化碳、硫化氢和甲烷等。虽然大量研究已证明一些微生物代谢产物,如短链脂肪酸在介导机体代谢和健康等方面有重要作用,但作为另一大类微生物代谢产物,肠道气体与膳食/饲粮营养物质代谢和宿主生理功能的关系一直被忽视。肠道气体的组成、分布及其对膳食/饲粮结构变化的响应,可以在一定程度上反映肠道微生物活性和机体健康状态。本文系统综述了单胃动物肠道气体的代谢过程、生物学特性、检测方法、营养调控等方面的研究现状,探讨了不同种类肠道气体与机体健康的关系,讨论了肠道气体作为生物标记物判断微生物功能和活性的可行性,为更好地理解肠道微生物与养分的互作机制、提高单胃动物饲料利用率、降低规模化养殖过程的废弃物排放、促进精准营养手段的研发提供新思路。     

Carbohydrates effects on nutrition and health functions in pigs

The greatest improvement in carbohydrates studies on pig nutrition and health is that carbohydrates are classified more clearly, which is based not only on their chemical structure but also on their physiological characteristics. Besides its primary energy source, different types and structures of carbohydrates are a benefit for nutrition and health functions in pigs, which are involved in promoting growth performance and intestinal functions, regulating the community of gut microbiota, and modulating the lipids and glucose metabolism. The underlying mechanism of carbohydrates regulates the lipids and glucose metabolism through their metabolites (short-chain fatty acids [SCFAs]) and mainly via the SCFAs-GPR43/41-PYY/GLP1, SCFAs-AMP/ATP-AMPK, and SCFAs-AMPK-G6Pase/PEPCK pathways. Emerging research had evaluated an optimal combination in different types and structures of carbohydrates, which could enhance growth performance and nutrient digestibility, promote intestinal functions, and increase the abundances of butyrate-producing bacteria in pigs. Overall, compelling evidence supports the notion that carbohydrates play important roles in both nutrition and health functions in pigs. Moreover, identifying the carbohydrates combinations will be of both theoretical and practical values for developing the technology of carbohydrates balance in pigs.     

环境温度对动物肠道微生物菌群影响的研究进展

温度是一个重要的非生物环境变量,能够驱动动物谱系的适应轨迹和动物群落的组成。环境温度作为影响动物肠道微生物菌群变化的众多因素之一,能够影响肠道微生物菌群的组成及丰度,进而调控宿主生长、发育、繁殖、免疫等生物学过程及功能。动物肠道核心菌群的组成及其代谢产物在不同温度下存在显著差异,在单胃动物、反刍动物等中都有相应的报道。极端温度主要通过诱导肠道微生物菌群产生结构和功能上的差异,进而对宿主表型产生影响。目前,对于温度如何影响动物肠道菌群的了解仍非常有限。本文针对不同环境温度条件下,肠道微生物菌群结构和功能的差异及相关研究进行了总结及综述。探讨由环境温度引起的肠道微生物菌群与宿主适应机制之间的关系,包括对宿主产热机制、消化系统和免疫系统等其他方面的影响并开展研究,将为肠道微生物对宿主健康的调节提供参考和思路。     

Dietary fatty acids in gut health: Absorption,metabolism and function

In biological responses, fatty acids (FA) are absorbed and metabolized in the form of substrates for energy production. The molecular structures (number of double bonds and chain length) and composition of dietary FA impact digestion, absorption and metabolism, and the biological roles of FA. Recently, increasing evidence indicates that FA are essentially utilized as an energy source and are signaling molecules that exert physiological activity of gut microbiota and immune responses. In addition, FA could serve as natural ligands for orphan G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), also called free fatty acid receptors (FFAR), which intertwine metabolic and immune systems via multiple mechanisms. The present review explores the recent findings on FA absorption and its impact on gut health, particularly addressing the mechanism by which dietary FA potentially influences intestinal microbiota and epithelial functions. Also, this work attempts to uncover research ideas for devising future strategies for manipulating the composition of dietary FA to regulate gut health and support a normal immune system for metabolic and immune disorders.     

宏基因组学在哺乳动物肠道微生物中的应用

哺乳动物的肠道内栖息着庞大复杂的微生物群体，其微生物群体与宿主的消化吸收、物质的营养代谢和免疫功能密切相关，是影响机体健康的重要因素之一。随着分子生物学技术在肠道微生物领域的应用，特别是新一代测序技术的快速发展，使得人们对复杂的肠道微生物的研究更加深入。基于宏基因组学技术不仅能够研究肠道微生物组的多样性、揭示消化道微生物对宿主生理代谢的影响，还能进一步深入挖掘新的功能基因，并揭示宿主基因与微生物组间的互作关系和共同进化。作者综述了宏基因组学技术在哺乳动物肠道微生物中的主要应用和存在的不足，并展望了其在肠道微生物研究中的广阔应用前景，从而加深人们对肠道微生物影响宿主肠道健康作用的认识。     

Research Progress on the Effects of Gut Microbiota and Its Functional Metabolites on Fat Metabolism and Intramuscular Fat Deposition

The meat quality is influenced by many factors, among which intramuscular fat (IMF) is one of the most prominent factors. IMF content is closely related to the tenderness and flavor of meat. Numbers of studies suggested that gut microbiota and its functional metabolites (such as short fatty acids, bile acids, lipopolysaccharides, trimethylamines, tryptophan and their derivatives) played an important role in host fat metabolism. In this review, we present the role of gut microbiota and its functional metabolites in regulating fat metabolism and IMF deposition. This paper would provide new insights and feasible ways through nutrition regulation to increase IMF deposition and improve meat quality.     

肠道菌群及其功能代谢物对脂肪代谢及肌内脂肪沉积影响的研究进展

肌内脂肪含量是影响肉品质的重要因素之一,其含量与肌肉的嫩度和风味密切相关。大量研究表明,肠道菌群及其功能代谢物,如短链脂肪酸、胆汁酸、脂多糖、三甲胺类、色氨酸及其衍生物等影响宿主脂肪代谢。本文对肠道菌群及其产生的功能代谢物对脂肪代谢及肌内脂肪沉积的影响及其机制进行了综述,为通过营养调控提高肌内脂肪含量、改善动物肉品质提供新的研究思路。     

Mutual interaction between gut microbiota and protein/amino acid metabolism for host mucosal immunity and health

In recent years, many studies have shown that the intestinal microflora has various effects that are linked to the critical physiological functions and pathological systems of the host. The intestinal microbial community is widely involved in the metabolism of food components such as protein, which is one of the essential nutrients in diets. Additionally, dietary protein/amino acids have been shown to have had a profound impact on profile and operation of gut microbiota. This review summarizes the current literature on the mutual interaction between intestinal microbiota and protein/amino acid metabolism for host mucosal immunity and health.     

猪肠道微生物及其代谢产物与肠道屏障研究进展

肠道微生物参与营养物质代谢，影响猪的健康和发育，当肠道微生物发生紊乱，会造成猪腹泻并引起炎症反应，因此肠道微生物对猪的健康起着至关重要的作用。本文从肠道微生物在仔猪不同发育阶段的分布、肠道微生物的代谢产物对肠道健康的影响机制和肠道微生物与肠道屏障之间的关系进行阐述，并探讨了目前肠道健康研究的进展以及今后的研究方向，旨在为猪肠道健康调控提供理论参考。     

Effect of dietary folate level on organ weight,digesta pH,short-chain fatty acid concentration,and intestinal microbiota of weaned piglets

Folate is increasingly thought to promote gastrointestinal health and regulate the diversity of gut microbiota to alleviate weaning stress in piglets. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of folate on organ weight, digesta pH, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) concentration, and intestinal microbiota in weaned piglets. A total of 28 piglets (6.73 ± 0.62 kg) were allocated to four dietary treatments consisting of a control group, 3, 9, and 18 mg/kg of folate supplementation in a 14-d feeding trial. The results showed that piglets fed with 9 and 18 mg/kg of folate supplementation had greater (P < 0.05) average liver and spleen weight than the control group. Folate supplementation (9 and 18 mg/kg) can significantly increase (P < 0.05) the stomach pH and tend (P < 0.10) to decrease the cecum pH. Folate treatment (9 and 18 mg/kg) had a positive effect on the metabolism of SCFAs in piglets, in particular, compared with the control group, and the content of acetic acid (AA) and valeric acid was markedly increased (P < 0.05) in the cecum and colon, respectively. Moreover, isobutyric acid, butyric acid, and isovaleric acid were tended (P < 0.10) to increase in the colon. Cecum contents samples were used to determine bacterial community diversity by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. At the genus level, in the cecum, there was a higher (P < 0.05) relative abundance of Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus salivarius, and Lactobacillus mucosae in the 9 mg/kg folate supplementation group. The functional pathways analysis predicted that folate may modify nutrient metabolism by changing the gut microbiota function of weaned piglets. Furthermore, the data showed that Lactobacillus was positively correlated with AA in the cecum. Overall, these findings suggested that folate treatment could increase the organ weight and the stomach pH of weaned piglets and had beneficial effects on gut health, which might be attributed to the alteration in intestinal microbiota induced by folate and the interaction of the intestinal microbiota with SCFAs.     

中链脂肪酸在仔猪营养中的生理功能研究进展

中链脂肪酸(MCFAs)由含有单羧酸的脂肪酸组成,6~12个碳原子不等,包括己酸(C6)、辛酸(C8)、癸酸(C10)和月桂酸(C12)。MCFAs可以通过胃黏膜被吸收,中链脂肪酸甘油三酯(MCTs)可以被完整地吸收进入肠上皮细胞,然后被微粒体脂肪酶水解。MCFAs是一种很容易获得的能量来源,不仅能够改善肠上皮黏膜结构,还因其能够穿透细菌的半透膜并破坏细胞内部结构而具有很强的抗菌活性。因此,MCFAs可以作为断奶仔猪饲料的良好补充剂,提高仔猪的生长性能,是一种潜在的饲料抗生素替代品。本文将从MCFAs对仔猪生长性能、肠道微生物平衡、肠道发育及免疫调节作用进行综述,为MCFAs在养猪业中的科学应用提供参考。