再生水灌溉水质安全性分析与评价研究

对北京市主要污水处理厂出水的再生水常规(农田灌溉水质标准涉及的)水质指标、持久性有毒有机污染物进行了监测,结合国外再生水灌溉作物类型、发达国家的水质标准进行分析,得出北京市再生水的水质指标符合相关标准,持久性有毒有机污染物的毒性较小,风险极低。应制定与完善适合我国国情的再生水灌溉水质标准、再生水灌溉技术规范、再生水农业利用区划导则、再生水灌区环境影响评价规程、再生水灌区工程管理规范等标准规范,实现再生水安全利用。     

深圳特区再生水现状分析及利用对策探讨

再生水利用是目前解决城市水资源短缺、建设节水型城市的有效途径.通过对深圳特区内主要污水处理厂实地调查、数据收集,归纳总结了特区内当前再生水处理概况及再生水利用现状,从政策、价格等6个方面分析了影响再生水推广利用的主要因素;并结合深圳市出台的节水政策,从近期(2010年前)和中远期(2020年前)城市发展规划的角度,提出了深圳特区市政园林系统再生水利用的对策及建议.     

再生水灌溉对冬小麦产量和品质的影响

以龙口市污水处理厂(90%以上都是生活污水)处理后的再生水为灌溉水源,采用清水当地灌溉定额、75%(再生水)当地灌溉定额、100%(再生水)当地灌溉定额、125%(再生水)当地灌溉定额4种处理方案,以龙口市污水处理厂附近的农田为试验基地进行试验.通过对小麦中常规养分和重金属元素的检测、分析,确定再生水灌溉对小麦产量和品...     

银川市市区再生水利用潜力测算与配置研究

针对银川市水资源紧缺、再生水利用率低的问题,结合银川市再生水利用现状及相关规划,采用定额法测算银川市再生水利用潜力,并根据再生水利用量设置配置方案,提出再生水利用建议。经测算到2020年银川市再生水利用潜力为7 080万m3,其中城市杂用水、工业及景观环境利用潜力分别为1 682、3 898、1 500万m3。再生水配置时以银川市再生水利用条件为基础,提出2020年银川市三个尺度的再生水配置方案,为银川市再生水安全利用提供依据。     

城市再生水农业利用技术经济分析

水资源严重短缺已经成为制约我国经济社会可持续发展的瓶颈,再生水回用于农业是污水资源化的有效途径。在分析再生水利用现状的基础上,建立了再生水灌溉优化模型,利用优化模型分析了用水组成、再生水质及农作物组成的相关指标。最后,以郑州市为例,对再生水农业回用进行了技术经济分析,研究成果对于我国城市污水处理回用和再生水灌溉具有一定指导意义。     

国外污水灌溉新技术

实行污水资源化是提高水资源持续和循环利用的主要途径之一。随着城市化的迅速发展 ,城市生活用水量日益增加 ,国外已十分重视对城市生活污水的处理和再利用 ,积极开发污水资源 ,以用于农业灌溉。本文简要介绍若干个国家的污水处理技术以及用于灌溉农作物的效果。1　日本利用处理过污水灌溉水稻田日本很少直接利用处理过的污水作为灌溉水源 ,而是将其排入河流作为河流的基流或排入灌排系统中 ,进行淡化后再度用于水稻灌溉。利用污水灌溉 ,对其水质要求甚为严格 ,必须不伤害作物和土壤。日本在乡镇建有许多小型污水处理厂 ,利用处理过的生活…     

基于供需平衡的城市污水再生利用潜力预测

城市污水再生回用潜力预测是再生水安全利用及优化配置的前提,根据银川市再生水利用的现状及规划,按照再生水的来源及处理能力计算出银川市再生水的供水能力,根据再生水可利用的途径计算出再生水的利用能力,进行供需平衡分析,从而确定出银川市再生水利用的潜力,为银川市城市再生水回用提供指导。     

管道输送过程中污染物的降解及污水厂进水水质预测

污水处理厂进水水质是城市污水处理工艺选择的关键环节,影响污水厂进水水质的因素众多,污染物在管渠输送过程中不断降解是因素之一.根据对选定管段上下游的水质水量监测结果,推求得到在管渠输送过程中污染物的降解常数;以南太子湖污水处理厂为例,运用指标分析法预测主干管起端的污水中各污染物指标初始值,根据各指标在干管中的降解规律,预测南太子湖污水处理厂进水水质指标.     

我国高尔夫球场再生水灌溉现状分析

再生水相比其他水源,具有以下几个方面的优点:水量较稳定、有增肥作用、价格低廉、需水量大,能够形成规模效益等。再生水的水源一般是城市污水,包括生活污水、部分工业废水和截流的雨水。但是部分工业废水未经达标排放到城市污水系统后,会引入一些化学物质,对污水的生化处理产生不利影响,如果利用这种水源进行灌溉会带来一系列的水土环境和生态安全问题。高尔夫球场对水源要求较为苛刻,由于再生水管道基础设施建设不足、再生水处理率低和水质不达标等几个方面的限制,现阶段我国利用再生水灌溉高尔夫球场还有一定难度。     

广东某城镇污水处理厂工艺设计

新建某镇污水处理厂,处理规模为2×104 m3/d,二级处理采用改良氧化沟工艺,深度处理采用D型滤池工艺。详细介绍了处理工艺流程,主要构筑物的工艺参数及技术特点。该工程出水水质满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB 18918-2002）的一级A标准。     

Assessing environmental impacts of reclaimed wastewater irrigation in paddy fields using bioindicator

Irrigation water quality influences many aspects of agroecosystems, but less is known about how complex microbial and biological communities respond to changing water quality due to causes such as reuse irrigation. The objectives of this study are to monitor and assess the environmental impacts of reclaimed wastewater irrigation on water quality and soil that might cause potential health hazards and to assess its agro-environmental effects. Two sites, which are irrigated by filtered wastewater after UV (Ultraviolet) treatment and from an agricultural reservoir that satisfied the agricultural water quality standards of Korea, were selected as treatment and control, respectively. The environmental impacts of irrigation water quality on paddy soil, microorganisms, and arthropods were investigated. Monitoring results for water, soil, health risks, and eco-environments of the reclaimed wastewater irrigation site demonstrated no adverse effects in the paddy field. This research showed that reclaimed wastewater irrigation did not present significant environmental risks for the rice paddy agroecosystem, although long-term monitoring is needed to fully characterize its effects.     

中水微灌系统生物堵塞特性探讨

使用中水微灌作为缓解农业水资源危机的一种灌溉方式，可以将污水灌溉对环境和农作物造成的污染减轻到最小，但中水微灌溉将会加大灌溉系统堵塞的可能性。通过对造成中水微灌系统生物堵塞的水质、堵塞原因及堵塞的严重程度的分析认为，中水中的有机污染物和微生物会造成微灌系统的堵塞，但中水中的无机颗粒是造成灌水器堵塞的首要原因。微灌系统的堵塞取决于污水的处理工艺及中水水质标准，其中主要与灌溉水的pH值，TSS和BOD5等参数有关，这3个水质参数可以用来对微灌系统的堵塞的危险性进行评估。对于微灌系统堵塞问题，可以通过改善水质，合理配置过滤设备及使用大流量灌水器和具有自冲洗功能的灌水器等方法来解决。     

再生水灌溉对小白菜生长发育与品质的影响研究

为了合理利用城市污水处理后的再生水资源,采用天津市纪庄子污水处理厂二级出水作为再生水,以自来水为对照进行叶菜类蔬菜小区种植试验,通过对蔬菜生长性状、微量元素和重金属含量等项目的测定分析,对再生水灌溉情况下的蔬菜生长及品质进行研究。结果表明:再生水灌溉对小白菜后期生长有促进作用,可显著提高小白菜产量;对小白菜维生素C含量、粗蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量无显著影响;在微量元素方面,再生水灌溉对Na在小白菜茎、叶中的影响同对照差异不显著,Mg和Ca有不同程度的下降,Zn在小白菜茎、叶中显著增加,根中Na、K、Mg含量显著增加,而Zn在根中含量同对照差异不显著;小白菜茎、叶和根中重金属镉、砷、铬、铅含量虽均低于国家卫生标准规定,但小白菜地上部中As、Cr含量随再生水灌溉表现出一定程度的累积现象。     

Water reuse for irrigation in Jordan: Perceptions of water quality among farmers

The reuse of treated wastewater (reclaimed water) for irrigation is a valuable strategy to maximise available water resources, but the often marginal quality of the water can present agricultural challenges. Semi-structured interviews were held with Jordanian farmers to explore how they perceive the quality of reclaimed water. Of the 11 farmers interviewed who irrigate with reclaimed water directly near treatment plants, 10 described reclaimed water either positively or neutrally. In contrast, 27 of the 39 farmers who use reclaimed water indirectly, after it is blended with fresh water, viewed the resource negatively, although 23 of the indirect reuse farmers also recognised the nutrient benefits. Farmer perception of reclaimed water may be a function of its quality, but consideration should also be given to farmers’ capacity to manage the agricultural challenges associated with reclaimed water (salinity, irrigation system damage, marketing of produce), their actual and perceived capacity to control where and when reclaimed water is used, and their capacity to influence the quality of the water delivered to the farm.     

Surface topographic characteristics of suspended particulates in reclaimed wastewater and effects on clogging in labyrinth drip irrigation emitters

Drip irrigation is the most effective and reliable method for reclaimed wastewater irrigation. Emitter clogging is the major problem for extending the drip irrigation technology. The existence of suspended particulates in irrigation water is the main reason for the emitter clogging. However, the reclaimed wastewater quality is extremely complex, and there is a series of physical, chemical, and biological reactions between suspended particulates and other materials contained such as microorganisms, which make the characteristics of suspended particulates in reclaimed wastewater complicated. In this paper, two types of widely used wastewaters treated with fluidized-bed reactor (FBR) and biological aerated filter (BAF) processes respectively were selected. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) technology and fractal theory were used to quantitatively describe the characteristics of the surface topography of suspended particulates. The results showed that the suspended particulates in two reclaimed wastewater were flocculent and porous. The pore system mainly consisted of solid suspended particulates, and most areas between the particulates were filled with microbes and extracellular polymers (EPS). The complex structure of biofilms was formed. That the biofilms grew and detached in irrigation system and deposited continuously at the inlet and outlet of labyrinth path was the major reason for the emitter clogging. The surface topography of suspended particulates in both reclaimed wastewaters showed fractal and multifractal characteristics, and the fractal dimension could not characterize the local and microsingularity of particulates but multifractal dimension could. The uniformity of the distribution of sediment pores increased with the size. Comparatively, the uniformity of suspended particulates in reclaimed wastewater treated by FBR was lower. With operation of reclaimed wastewater irrigation system, the average discharge of emitters decreased continuously with obvious fluctuations. The clogging degree of emitters was low during the first 256 h, and the clogging degree of the two types of reclaimed water was similar. But then, the degree of clogging increased greatly, and the FBR treatment on the emitters discharge were more obvious than BAF. It was closely related to the growth, detachments and sediment of biofilms in the irrigation system. Hence, using the reclaimed wastewater treated by BAF for drip irrigation is more suitable.     

再生水在不同灌溉方式下对玉米生长的影响

采用北京市高碑店污水处理厂生产的二级水、三级水,以纯灌、混灌、轮灌等方式灌溉盆栽玉米,设置7种处理研究对玉米生长的影响。结果表明:不同水质的再生水在不同灌溉方式下对玉米生殖生长阶段的株高、叶面积、干重、产量和水分利用效率影响差异不显著,影响主要体现在营养生长阶段。苗期再生水轮灌比混灌和纯灌较好,二级水相对于清水和三级水对玉米苗期的干重有一定影响。同一水质在纯灌、混灌和轮灌不同方式下对玉米生殖生长和产量影响很小。     

再生水灌溉对草坪草生长的影响

在北京市北小河污水处理厂进行了再生水灌溉草坪草试验,选用3种再生水(二级处理水、一般三级处理水超滤、深度三级处理水反渗透)灌溉6种草坪草(草地早熟禾、高羊茅、多年生黑麦草、匍匐翦股颖、结缕草、野牛草),再加上自来水灌溉作为对比。研究表明：在草坪草生理方面,与自来水对比,二级处理水和一般三级处理水超滤灌溉能显著促进草坪草的生长,较明显地增强草坪草抗性,而深度处理的三级处理水反渗透则不显著,这表明草坪草在再生水灌溉中有非常良好的优势;在草坪草矿质元素含量上,自来水灌溉与再生水灌溉差异很小。土壤中有害的矿质元素,如重金属、氯化物、氟化物等被草坪草大量吸收,通过修剪被移走,从而有效地减轻有害矿质元素对土壤和环境的不良影响。这表明草坪草在修复污染土壤上可能有良好的应用前景。     

全国城市污水处理回用调查评价与发展对策研究

结合全国城市污水处理回用调查评价与发展规划项目,重点介绍了全国城市污水资源开发利用工程设施;城市再生水厂与再生水管道投资;城市污水资源开发利用途径和污水资源开发利用量等调查成果。在此基础上,对调查成果进行了科学评价。最后提出了我国城市污水资源化发展对策。研究成果对于全国城市非常规水资源开发利用、改善城市和区域水环境具有十分重要的参考价值。