鲜乳及发酵乳中SOD和T-AOC的活性变化

对10份鲜牛乳以98℃煮沸5 min消毒后用乳酸杆菌发酵制作酸乳,测定了发酵前后乳中SOD的活性和T-AOC的变化.结果发酵前SOD活性和T-AOC分别为54.44 U/mL±10.37 U/mL,4.86 U/mL±2.06 U/mL;发酵后SOD活性和T-AOC分别为:66.96 U/mL±6.45 U/mL,7.97 U/mL±3.51 U/mL.发酵乳SOD活性升高了23%,T-AOC升高了64%(均P《0.01).     

绿原酸对猪精液冷冻保存效果的影响

为探究绿原酸对猪精液冷冻保存效果的影响,分别在TCG稀释液中添加不同浓度(15、30、50、80和100μg/mL)的绿原酸,通过测定冷冻-解冻后精子的活率、顶体完整率、质膜完整率、DNA完整率、超氧化歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性来判定对保存效果的影响。结果表明,当添加剂量为50μg/mL时,保护效果最好,精子的活率、顶体完整率、质膜完整率、SOD、CAT和GSH-Px活性等参数均高于对照组(P<0.05);在不同处理组中,冻后精子活率和SOD活性在添加剂量为30和50μg/mL时,较其他处理组差异显著(P<0.05);质膜完整率、CAT和GSH-Px活性在添加剂量为15和50μg/mL时,较其他处理组差异显著(P<0.05)。试验结果表明,TCG稀释液中添加50μg/mL绿原酸对猪精液冷冻保存效果最佳。     

牛乳中GSH-Px、GST及其热稳定性研究

用去蛋白和不去蛋白两种处理方法对8头成年黑白花乳牛的乳中GSH-Px和GST的活性进行了测定;并研究了这两种酶的热稳定性。结果表明:新鲜乳和75℃消毒15s、98℃煮沸1min后的乳中GSH-Px的活性分别为118.56±97.08、25.67±23.19,0(GSH-Px活力单位);GST的活性分别为52.71±20.46、25.85±18.59,15.76±6.58(U/mL)。GST有更高的耐热性;去蛋白和不去蛋白两种处理方法对两种酶活性无显著影响(P>0.05)。     

鲜乳及发酵乳中SOD和T-AOC的活性变化

对10份鲜牛乳以98℃煮沸5min消毒后,用乳酸杆菌发酵制作酸乳,测定了发酵前后乳中SOD和T-AOC的活性变化。结果发酵前SOD活性和T-AOC分别为：54.44±10.37（U/mL）,4.86±2.06（U/mL）;发酵后SOD活性和T-AOC分别为：66.96±6.45（U/mL）,7.97±3.51（U/mL）。发酵乳SOD活性升高了23%,T-AOC升高了64%（P〈0.01）。     

温度骤升和窒息胁迫对青蛤抗氧化酶活性的影响

本试验研究了不同暴露时间下温度骤升和窒息胁迫对青蛤肝胰腺中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力的影响.结果表明:32℃高温条件下.经过不同时间的处理,青蛤肝胰腺中SOD和CAT的活力变化显著(P＜0.05),均表现出先升高后降低并逐渐稳定的趋势.SOD和CAT的活力均在3 h达到最大值(730.00±24.49)U/mg和(107.48±0.424)U/g.不同时间的窒息胁迫显示,0～5 h内SOD的活力显著升高,5～9 h内SOD的活力变化平缓,9～13 h又显著升高,并达到最大值(176.8±0.2.548)U/g,13 h后呈明显下降趋势.而窒息胁迫下青蛤CAT的活力与SOD差异较大,CAT活力表现为0～5 h内无显著变化(P＞0.05),5～9 h下降,9～15 h显著升高,并在15 h达到最大值[(85.28±1.488)U/mg]和最后下降期的变化特征.     

不同胎次草地藏系绵羊乳营养成分、酶活力及蛋白组分的研究

对不同胎次草地藏系绵羊乳营养成分含量、乳酶活力及乳蛋白组分进行了研究.结果表明草地藏系绵羊乳蛋白平均含量为48.45±13.21 g/L,乳糖平均含量为41.93±5.06 g/L,乳脂肪平均含量为69.43±11.41 g/L.乳蛋白含量第二胎显著高于第一胎(P＜0.05),第四胎极显著高于第一胎(P＜0.01);不同胎次间乳糖含量差异不显著(P＞0.05);乳脂含量随着胎次增加呈下降趋势,第一胎乳脂含量显著高于第四胎(P＜0.05).乳中γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-GT)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、过氧化物酶(LP)和淀粉酶(AMY)的活力分别为268.25±89.18 U/100 mL、231.85±107.38 U/100mL、3.97±3.68 U/mL和80.65±73.91 U/100 mL;γ-GT的活力在不同胎次间未见明显变化(P＞0.05),而AKP和LP的活力在不同胎次间虽有的变化,但差异不明显(P＞0.05).乳蛋白主要包括α-乳清蛋白(α-La)、β-乳球蛋白(β-Lg)、酪蛋白(CN)、免疫球蛋白(IgG)等组分.其中酪蛋白的相对含量约50%～52%,优势明显;α-La相对含量较低.不同胎次间主要蛋白组分相对含量差异不显著(P＞0.05).对乳上皮粘蛋白(MUC1)研究发现它有4种分子量类型,分子量分别为214 kD、209 kD、207 kD、205 kD.     

藏绵羊乳中酶活力的研究

对40只藏绵羊脱脂乳中4种酶的活力进行了检测,结果显示,乳中酶活力存在较大个体差异。γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(γ-GT)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、乳过氧化物酶(LP)和淀粉酶(AMY)的活力分别为268.25±89.18U/100mL、231.85±107.38U/100mL、3.97±3.68U/mL、80.65±73.91U/100mL。其中,头胎和第2胎乳中的淀粉酶活力显著高于第3、4胎,乳中其他酶的活力未见明显的胎次变化。研究发现,藏绵羊乳中的乳过氧化物酶和γ-谷氨酰转肽酶活力较牦牛乳和藏山羊乳的低得多,尤其是乳过氧化物酶活力极低。     

小尾寒羊和青海本地杂种绵羊3项血清酶活性的测定

对引入青海乐都17只小尾寒羊和24只本地杂种绵羊血清中淀粉酶(AMY)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)的活性进行了测定。结果:两组羊AMY为(140.63±17.24)和(124.26±14.62)U/L,LDH为(703.7±84.6)和(821.9±136.8)U/L,AKP为(312.0±20.2)和(348.8±23.7)U/L。2组羊的3项血清酶活性均无显著差异(P>0.05)。     

麦洼牦牛初乳和常乳中超氧化物歧化酶活力的研究

研究了麦洼牦牛脱脂乳中超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)的活力。结果显示 :牦牛初乳 (泌乳第 1～ 7天 )中SOD活力(Nu/mL)分别为 31 4 6 3± 39 5 1、35 5 73± 39 1、36 4 4 9±2 2 1 7、32 4 73± 30 6、31 3 96± 1 8 0 0、31 6 6 5± 1 9 5 1、31 7 5 2± 1 0 6 8,常乳中的活力为 2 92 4 9± 6 96Nu/mL。与常乳相比 ,泌乳第 3天的初乳中SOD活力显著高于常乳 ,其余各天差异不显著。半奶牦牛和犏牛乳中SOD活力分别为 1 89 75± 1 1 71和 1 2 5 6 5± 2 2 9,均极显著低于常乳     

橙皮素对铅致大鼠脑组织氧化损伤的保护效应

为研究铅暴露所致大鼠脑组织氧化损伤和橙皮素的保护作用机制,大鼠用醋酸铅(500mg Pb/L)和橙皮素(50mg/kg)处理。处理结束后测定大鼠脑组织中丙二醛(MDA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)含量。结果表明,铅可显著提高大鼠脑组织中MDA含量(P<0.05),极显著降低GSH含量(P<0.01)和显著降低SOD和CAT活性(P<0.05);与铅处理组相比,橙皮素却能显著降低铅处理脑组织MDA含量(P<0.05),极显著提高GSH含量(P<0.01)和显著提高SOD和CAT活性(P<0.05)。说明铅可导致大鼠脑组织脂质过氧化损伤,橙皮素对铅致脑损伤具有一定保护作用。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.