小麦茎基腐病病原假禾谷镰刀菌与赤霉病之间的关系

近年来,黄淮地区小麦茎基腐病发生严重,假禾谷镰刀菌是黄淮地区小麦茎基腐病的优势病原菌,同时也可引起小麦赤霉病。为明确假禾谷镰刀菌与小麦赤霉病的关系,本研究从山东省商河县小麦茎基腐病重病田块分别采集苗期和成熟期小麦病株,通过分离鉴定发现,苗期小麦茎基腐病的优势病原菌为假禾谷镰刀菌,且致病性试验结果显示,假禾谷镰刀菌在人工接种条件下能够引起严重的小麦赤霉病;此外,在小麦苗期田间的玉米秸秆上能够观察到尚未成熟的子囊壳,对子囊壳进行真菌分离鉴定,发现其包含禾谷镰刀菌和假禾谷镰刀菌形成的子囊壳。在小麦成熟期,从小麦赤霉病病穗中也分离到了假禾谷镰刀菌。这是山东省首次报道假禾谷镰刀菌引起的小麦赤霉病。综上,在小麦茎基部和穗部均能分离到假禾谷镰刀菌,且假禾谷镰刀菌在人工接种条件下能够引起严重的小麦赤霉病。结合当前黄淮地区小麦茎基腐病严重发生以及普遍秸秆还田的现状,推测假禾谷镰刀菌可能会助推小麦赤霉病的发生流行。     

玉米灌浆期3种鳞翅目害虫的空间分布

采用网格式取样200株玉米,整株剖秆调查亚洲玉米螟、桃蛀螟和棉铃虫在玉米上的数量,用地统计学的方法分析和模拟它们在田间的水平分布;采用生态位理论分析3种害虫在玉米植株上的生态位和种间竞争。结果表明,亚洲玉米螟、桃蛀螟和3种鳞翅目害虫整体在玉米田中的水平分布分别适合球形、高斯、球形模型拟合,均属于聚集分布。Kriging插值模拟图显示,亚洲玉米螟和桃蛀螟为核心分布型;在垂直分布上,雌穗上3种害虫数量最多,占总虫量的69.82%。亚洲玉米螟的基础生态位宽度最大,在整株玉米上都可危害;桃蛀螟则主要在玉米中、上部;棉铃虫基础生态位最窄,只在雌穗附近危害。3种害虫在玉米茎秆上种间竞争激烈,异种害虫无法共存;雌穗上种间竞争程度小于茎秆,异种害虫可以共存。     

Ring rot symptom development on potato cultivars and lines in southern Alberta

Summary Plants were grown in the field from seed pieces of potato cultivars injected with ring rot bacteria (Corynebacterium sepedonicum). Symptoms were produced with both 18 and 180 colony forming units (cfu) on cvs Norchip and Red Pontiac and with 180 cfu on cv. Belrus plants. Tuber symptoms were detected in all cultivars except Belrus and Teton. Tuber progeny produced plants that developed top symptoms on all cultivars except those of cv. Nooksack, Russet Burbank, and Teton. Tuber progeny of the second crop produced both plants and tubers with symptoms developing only in the cv. Nooksack. In another 3-year experiment, variability in the disease response of selected cultivars and lines was examined following knife-inoculation of tuber seed with a high level of ring rot bacteria. Significant correlations between top and tuber symptoms were detected, but they were not high enough to make unnecessary the examination of both top and tuber symptoms in ring rot disease selection studies. Contribution no. 3879111     

Disease assessment of early blight in potatoes in semi-arid zones

Summary Five methods of assessing early blight (Alternaria solani) on potatoes were examined using field trials in Israel in 1986 and 1987. One method (Mean Days) was unrepeatable and therefore unsatisfactory; four others were repeatable and discriminated between the 16 cultivars examined. However, when relationships with natural senescence were examined, two of the methods (Best Score and Mean Percent) were highly correlated with it. Of the two methods that reflected the rate of increase in disease symptoms, the maximum increase in percentage cover observed in a 14 day period (Delta) was found to be more effective than the linear regression coefficient for the relationship between percentage disease cover and number of days from planting (Slope).     

立枯丝核菌RsCAT基因的克隆及在菌核形成中的表达分析

在玉米纹枯病菌Rhizoctonia solani AG-1-IA中克隆CAT基因,利用生物信息学软件推测其理化性质、结构域、二级结构并构建该蛋白的三维模型,分析过氧化氢酶(CAT)在立枯丝核菌菌核形成中的作用。系统进化树分析表明,该蛋白与Laccaria bicolor同源性最高。利用real-time qPCR分析RsCAT在正常情况下和H_2O_2胁迫条件下的表达差异,结果表明,RsCAT在菌核形成过程中表达量持续升高,在第6天时表达量最高然后开始下降。在H_2O_2胁迫条件下,处理组CAT基因的表达量、菌丝生长速率均高于对照组,表明H_2O_2在菌核形成过程中作为一种信号分子促进了CAT基因的表达。初步判断RsCAT参与了玉米纹枯病菌菌核的形成,并且起到清除H_2O_2等自由基的作用。     

Pathogenicity ofFusarium oxysporum f.sp.tuberosi isolates from tubers and potato plants

Summary A study was carried out on eightF. oxysporum f.sp.tuberosi isolates from northern Italy. Six were from rotten tubers and two were from weak, but not wilted plants from seed-growing areas. Greenhouse and laboratory tests were done to assess the pathogenicity and potential spread of the fungus within the plant. All isolates caused dry rot on inoculated tubers. They were also able to infect vascular tissues through roots and leaves, but none caused wilt, stemend rot or other symptoms.F. oxysporum is often not visible in the field, but its propagules can increase under favourable conditions. It may therefore become a potential danger during potato storage.     

6种杀虫剂对玉米穗期主要鳞翅目害虫毒力及防效评价

为明确不同类别杀虫剂对玉米穗期主要鳞翅目害虫的防控应用前景,采用人工饲料混药法测定6种杀虫剂对棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera)、玉米螟(Ostrinia furnacalis)、桃蛀螟(Conogethes punctiferalis)幼虫的毒力,通过田间药效试验评价其对玉米穗期害虫的防治效果。室内毒力测定结果表明,氯虫苯甲酰胺、四氯虫酰胺、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、虫螨腈对棉铃虫、玉米螟、桃蛀螟具有较高的室内毒力,LC₅₀值分别在0.29～0.51、0.17～0.51、0.03～0.20、0.61～8.32 mg/L;辛硫磷毒力最低,对3种害虫毒力分别为127.76、80.57、62.11 mg/L。田间药效试验表明,6种杀虫剂对玉米穗期害虫均表现出一定的防治效果,氯虫苯甲酰胺、四氯虫酰胺、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、虫螨腈各处理对穗虫防治效果较高,防效在73.29%～83.52%,显著高于甲氧虫酰肼、辛硫磷各处理防效,能有效控制玉米穗期害虫危害。综合室内毒力、田间药效试验,氯虫苯甲酰、四氯虫酰胺、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、虫螨腈在玉米穗期害虫防控上具...     

玉米自交系对朱砂叶螨的抗性评价

采用田间罩网接螨和室内盆栽接螨,以叶片危害指数、螨情指数、田间种群密度和种群增长倍数为指标,评价8份自交系玉米对朱砂叶螨(Tetranychuscinnabarinus)的抗性。田间鉴定表明,在苗期和花粒期用叶片危害指数、螨情指数和田间种群密度3种抗性评价指标评价时,自交系HL6044均表现为高抗;用叶片危害指数和螨情指数评价时,自交系ES40在苗期和花粒期均表现为高感;用田间种群密度评价时,ES40在苗期表现为高感,花粒期则表现为中感。室内接螨后20 d,朱砂叶螨种群增长倍数在HL8039和ES40上分别为23.36和24.13倍,在HL6044上仅为2.44倍。8份自交系玉米中,HL6044对朱砂叶螨表现为高抗,叶片危害指数适用于田间玉米抗螨性评价。     

Management of bacterial spot of tomato with phosphorous acid salts

Phosphorous acid salts (PASs) were evaluated alone or in combination with other products for managing bacterial spot of tomato in greenhouse and field experiments in Florida during a 3-year period. Field treatments included a weekly schedule of PAS alone, PAS combined with standard copper-bactericide at full rate or half rate, PAS alternated with a standard copper-bactericide, and PAS every week plus biweekly applications of acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM). Field data showed that disease control with PAS combined with standard copper-bactericide full rate, PAS alternated with a standard copper-bactericide, and PAS every week plus biweekly applications of ASM was similar to that obtained using the standard copper-bactericide program. In greenhouse experiments PAS alone had a similar level of disease compared to the standard program, whereas PAS combined with standard copper-bactericide full rate was significantly better than the standard program. Yields in the field experiments were not affected by any of these treatments. Phytotoxicity was observed when PAS was applied to the foliage of tomato seedlings under greenhouse conditions. These data suggest that PAS combined with standard copper-bactericide full rate and PAS plus ASM could be used for managing bacterial spot of tomato in the field in Florida. The mode of action of PAS is still unclear, as it only slightly affected multiplication of Xanthomonas perforans in vitro, and was also ineffective as a plant activator.     

玉米穗腐病原菌禾谷镰孢的分离鉴定与致病力测试

利用形态学和分子鉴定技术,从玉米穗腐病病穗上分离并鉴定到17个禾谷镰孢菌株。以玉米自交系X178、593和 B73为材料,对其中5个产孢能力强的菌株通过玉米发芽抑制试验进行致病力测试。结果表明,菌株FG14对测试自交系的平均发芽抑制率达54.10%;FG7最低,仅有23.22%,两者相差2.3倍。选用5个菌株在田间分别接种B73和LH59果穗,两个自交系对菌株FG14和FG21的抗性评价均为感,FG7为中抗。种子发芽和田间接种鉴定结果均表明,禾谷镰孢菌株间致病力存在显著差异。试验明确不同菌株对穗腐病抗性鉴定的影响,获得的菌株为玉米种质的穗腐病抗性筛选提供理论参考。     

节节麦pbf基因的克隆、序列分析及原核表达

醇溶蛋白盒结合因子(prolamin-box binding factor,PBF)通过调控籽粒蛋白的表达效率进而影响面粉的加工品质。为给深入研究小麦籽粒PBF对籽粒蛋白质表达调控的分子基础提供参考依据,进而为小麦面粉加工品质的改良提供候选基因资源,利用特异引物组合pbfF1/pbf R1分别从两份节节麦(AS90、AS2386)中克隆出pbf基因后进行序列分析,并进一步构建pbf基因的原核表达体系。结果表明,从两份节节麦中克隆得到了2个不同类型的pbf基因(GenBank登录号分别为KJ544771和KJ544772),其中来源于AS2386的KJ544772与来源于普通六倍体小麦的1个pbf基因序列完全相同。推导的氨基酸序列分析表明,KJ544771和KJ544772所编码的蛋白质均为弱碱性的亲水蛋白,具有典型的DOF蛋白结构域。与其他远缘物种来源的PBF比对结果表明,该类蛋白在NLS核心、DOF结构域及Ser铰链区相对保守,而在C-端调控区变异较大,说明PBF蛋白具有种属特异性。同时,系统演化树显示,来源于节节麦AS2386的pbf基因与迄今已知的全部普通小麦的pbf基因具有高度的相似性,因此推测该种类型的节节麦很可能参与了最初的普通六倍体小麦的形成。此外,本研究成功构建了pbf基因的原核表达体系,可为后续功能验证的开展奠定基础。     

玉米田常用除草剂对苘麻室内除草活性研究

采用盆栽法研究异噁唑草酮、莠去津、硝磺草酮、苯唑草酮等常用除草剂单用及混剂对苘麻的除草活性及对玉米的安全性。结果表明，异噁唑草酮 75.98 g/hm²+莠去津 900.00 g/hm²混用进行土壤封闭处理对苘麻的抑制率最高，药后 14 d的鲜重抑制率为 91.61%，显著高于两种药剂单一使用的除草活性；苯唑草酮 20.20 g/hm²+莠去津 900.00 g/hm²混用进行茎叶处理对苘麻的抑制率最高，药后 14 d的鲜重抑制率为 91.20%，显著高于两种药剂单一使用的除草活性，所有处理对玉米生长无影响。除草剂混用对苘麻的除草活性均高于单一除草剂，且达到除草剂使用减量增效的作用。因此，玉米 3～4叶期喷施异噁唑草酮 75.98 g/hm²+莠去津 900.00 g/hm²或苯唑草酮 20.20 g/hm²+莠去津 900.00 g/hm²组合在生产上能有效防除苘麻。     

基因型和环境对以色列野生二棱大麦籽粒营养品质的影响

为探讨基因型和生长环境对野生二棱大麦营养性状的影响,对源自以色列不同地区的9个群体60个基因型野生二棱大麦材料在3个环境条件下的籽粒可溶性蛋白质、氨基酸、植酸、无机磷和淀粉含量及粒重进行测定,并对检测数据进行了单因素方差分析(One-Way ANOVA)、相关性网络分析(correlation-based network analysis,CNA)和斯皮尔曼秩相关分析(Spearmanp’s Rho Correlation)。结果表明,野生二棱大麦各被测性状与生长地土壤成分存在显著相关性(P0.01);以色列野生二棱大麦籽粒中无机磷、总淀粉含量和粒重受生长环境和基因型的共同影响,而植酸、可溶性蛋白质、氨基酸含量等性状则主要受生长地环境的影响。     

Inheritance of resistance toFusarium sulphureum in crosses betweenS. tuberosum potato cultivars measured on field and glasshouse grown tubers

Summary Solanum tuberosum potato cultivars with differing levels of resistance to dry rot caused byFusarium sulphureum were hybridised in a half diallel crossing programme. Glasshouse grown tubers from true seedlings and field-grown tubers of the resulting progenies were assessed for their resistance toF. sulphureum. Statistical analysis revealed differences between the progenies forF. sulphureum resistance on both field and glasshouse grown tubers. On the field grown tubers, differences between progenies were due to differences in the general combining ability (GCA) of the parents. Parental phenotypes and GCA values were highly correlated. Overall. GCA was consistent for resistance or susceptibility, and glasshouse grown progenies showed a good correlation for GCA between years (r=0.85^***), and with the results of the field grown progenies (r=0.61^* in 1998 and r=0.69^** in 1999). It appears that resistance toF. sulphureum is heritable, and that this heritability is better assessed on field grown rather than glasshouse grown tubers, although the two are largely in agreement.     

Acquisition of potato leafroll virus byMyzus persicae from secondarily-infected potato plants of different genotypes

Summary The acquisition of potato leafroll virus (PLRV) byMyzus persicae nymphs from the top leaves of potato plants was studied throughout a growing season in relation to the antigen titre in those leaves and the feeding behaviour of the aphid. Secondarily-infected plants of eight potato genotypes with different levels of field resistance served as virus sources. Early in the growing season, plants were efficient sources for virus acquisition. The amount of viral antigen detected inM. persicae nymphs fed on the top leaves was strongly correlated with the titres of viral antigen in these leaves. Virus acquisition from the top leaves of older potato plants was markedly impaired and could not be correlated with their virus titre. With increasing age of the potato plants and the development of virus symptoms, the virus titre in the leaves declined and the initial weak correlation between the virus titre and field resistance ratings disappeared. Thus, screening secondarily-infected potato plants for field resistance to PLRV based on the concentration of viral antigen in leaves or in aphids fed on them should be avoided later in the growing season. The feeding rate ofM. persicae, measured by the number of honeydew droplets excreted, did not account for the reduced uptake of virus from older plants since it was not influenced by the age of the plant. Throughout the growing season, the feeding rate ofM. persicae nymphs on PLRV-infected plants was higher on genotypes with low levels of field resistance to PLRV than on genotypes with high ones.     

九种杀菌剂对Fusarium verticillioides和F.graminearum毒力及玉米穗腐病的防治效果

采用含毒介质法分别测定玉米穗腐病菌禾谷镰孢菌和拟轮枝镰孢菌对9种药剂的敏感性,在田间进行防治玉米穗腐病的药效试验,综合评价化学和生物药剂以及不同施药处理对玉米穗腐病的防治效果。室内毒力测定结果表明,9种药剂在一定浓度下对玉米穗腐病均有毒力作用,10%苯醚甲环唑、70%甲基托布津对禾谷镰孢菌毒力较强;70%甲基托布津对轮枝镰刀菌毒力较强,10%苯醚甲环唑次之。田间药效试验结果表明,50%异菌脲可湿性粉剂防效为92.3%,5%井冈霉素为80.64%;且先接菌后喷药的防治效果优于先喷药后接菌处理。     

几种生物制剂对小麦根腐病菌的毒力

为探索生物制剂对小麦根腐病的防控效果,采用菌丝生长法测定了6种生物制剂对禾谷镰刀菌、刺腐霉菌和小麦离蠕孢菌的毒力。结果表明,申嗪霉素、乙蒜素和春雷霉素具有良好的抑菌效果,其中申嗪霉素的毒力最强,对禾谷镰刀菌、刺腐霉菌和小麦离蠕孢菌的EC₅₀值分别为0.350 2 mg·L^-1、0.864 5 mg·L^-1和0.134 1 mg·L^-1,乙蒜素对刺腐霉菌和小麦离蠕孢菌的EC₅₀值分别为2.957 3 mg·L^-1和2.342 7 mg·L^-1,春雷霉素对刺腐霉菌和禾谷镰刀菌的EC₅₀值分别为0.864 5 mg·L^-1和5.090 9 mg·L^-1。室内盆栽试验表明,申嗪霉素和乙蒜素对禾谷镰刀菌的防治效果显著优于春雷霉素,防治效果分别为75.73%和74.68%;乙蒜素对刺腐霉菌的防治效果最好,防效为86.28%;申嗪霉素和乙蒜素对离蠕孢菌的防效分别为87.68%和83.25%。综上所述,申嗪霉素和乙蒜素能有效抑制禾谷镰刀菌、刺腐霉菌和小麦离蠕孢菌三种病原菌的生长,对小麦根腐病防治具有很大应用潜力。     

玉米CYP基因家族全基因组鉴定及进化与表达分析

利用NCBI中多物种基因组信息以及多种生物软件或在线工具,对玉米CYP基因进行生物信息学分析。结果表明,共鉴定得到23个玉米CYP基因,这些基因不均衡的分布在玉米1～8号染色体上。亚细胞定位分析表明,23个ZmCYPs定位于细胞的不同部位。多物种CYP蛋白进化树将CYP家族蛋白分为9个分支,玉米与高粱中的CYP蛋白多聚类在一支。基因家族内系统进化树联合基因模式图分析表明,处于同一进化分支上的ZmCYPs基因存在基因结构相似而组织表达模式不一致的现象,说明ZmCYPs基因在玉米中功能既存在保守性也存在分歧。对玉米CYP家族蛋白进行motif分析,结合蛋白多序列比对后发现,只有部分ZmCYPs保留了完整的活性位点。启动子顺式作用元件的分析表明,ZmCYPs可能参与光响应及多种非生物胁迫信号通路。对ZmCYPs进行高光强表达谱分析发现,部分ZmCYPs基因表达在高光强环境下受到诱导,表明部分ZmCYPs可能参与玉米在高光强下的适应过程。     

可溶性硅和杀菌剂对禾谷镰孢活性影响及田间药效试验

以禾谷镰孢菌为研究对象，在室内测定不同浓度可溶性硅和不同杀菌剂及其互配对禾谷镰孢菌生长的影响。结果表明，可溶性硅浓度越大，对禾谷镰孢菌的抑制率越高，1 666.7 mg/L硅处理后对禾谷镰孢菌的抑制率达30.3%。40%咯菌腈·氟唑菌酰羟胺(0.008 mg/L)对禾谷镰孢菌的毒力最强(EC₅₀=0.008 mg/L)，可溶性硅与40%咯菌腈·氟唑菌酰羟胺混配可明显降低对禾谷镰孢菌的抑制率，降幅为8.7%～12.87%；可溶性硅与5%香芹酚按不同比例混配对禾谷镰孢菌互作效应不同；可溶性硅与其他四种杀菌剂混配都能促进对禾谷镰孢菌的抑制。田间药效试验表明，除40%咯菌腈·氟唑菌酰羟胺外，其他5种杀菌剂与硅肥混合喷施防效和产量都高于单喷，其中，混合喷施2 000 mg/L可溶性硅肥+25%吡唑醚菌酯防效最好，增产最高。     

Influence of essential oils onPhytophthora infestans

Summary The effect of up to 19 essential oils (EOs) isolated from different types of plant species against potato late blight,Phytophthora infestans has been studied in vitro and under greenhouse conditions. Two isolates ofP. infestans were in a first screening exposed to an inhibition test using the EOs in a standard plate assay measuring the diameter of the development fungal zone. Representative oils selected from this first screening were then applied to susceptible potato plants and both the fungicidal and phytotoxic effects were examined. While most of the EOs tested in the fungus plate assay showed no desirable inhibitory action against the pathogen, four of the EOs produced an inhibition zone of 80%. EOs from thyme had e.g. an 89% inhibitory effect on the fungus isolates, but did not display protection in the potato study, and in addition caused phytotoxic symptoms. On the other hand, treatment with hyssop in the plate assay demonstrated only up to 45% of inhibition, but hyssop promoted good fungus protection for the plants and stimulated the plant growth without any signs of phytotoxity.