中药外伤膏抗炎镇痛作用实验研究

研究中药外伤膏的镇痛抗炎作用。采用冰醋酸致小鼠疼痛扭体反应、小鼠热板法致痛实验、大鼠蛋清性足趾致炎肿胀及二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀实验,并与抗炎镇痛外用药氟芬那酸丁酯软膏进行对比。结果表明,中药外伤药膏能显著延长小鼠镇痛潜伏期与减少小鼠的扭体次数,抑制由二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀和大鼠足肿胀,具有明显的镇痛抗炎作用。     

穿心莲内酯磺化物注射液解热镇痛抗炎作用研究

为探究穿心莲内酯磺化物注射液的解热、镇痛、抗炎作用,将SD大鼠和KM小鼠分别随机分为空白组,阳性药穿心莲注射液组,穿心莲内酯磺化物注射液高、中、低剂量组。通过皮下注射干酵母诱导大鼠发热模型探究其解热作用;通过冰醋酸致小鼠扭体法探究其镇痛作用;通过二甲苯诱导小鼠耳肿胀法及λ-角叉菜胶诱导大鼠足肿胀法探究其抗炎作用。结果表明,穿心莲内酯磺化物注射液可显著抑制干酵母所致发热大鼠的肛温上升;显著抑制冰醋酸所致小鼠疼痛,减少扭体次数;显著降低二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀,减少肿胀度;显著抑制λ-角叉菜胶致大鼠足肿胀,减少肿胀度。由此可知,穿心莲内酯磺化物注射液具有明显的解热、镇痛、抗炎的作用。     

药典方剂生肌散主要药效学试验

采用小鼠耳廓二甲苯致炎和大鼠足跖蛋清致炎观察抗炎作用;采用小鼠扭体法和热板法观察镇痛作用;采用肾上腺素致小鼠耳廓微循环障碍模型观察活血化瘀作用。结果显示:生肌散对小鼠耳廓肿胀和大鼠足跖肿胀有明显的抑制作用;能提高小鼠热板法所致疼痛反应的痛阈值并减少醋酸所致小鼠扭体反应的次数;对肾上腺素所致小鼠耳廓微血管管径收缩有扩张作用,并能改善微血管流速。结果表明,生肌散提取液局部外用有较好的抗炎镇痛和活血化瘀作用。     

抗感败毒口服液解热镇痛抗炎试验

试验旨在观察抗感败毒口服液的解热、镇痛及抗炎效果。采用2,4-二硝基苯酚发热模型,观察抗感败毒口服液解热作用;通过小鼠扭体法和热板法,观察其镇痛作用;通过小鼠耳肿胀及对腹腔毛细血管通透性的影响观察其抗炎作用。结果表明,抗感败毒口服液能减轻2,4-二硝基苯酚所致大鼠发热反应;明显提高热板痛阈和抑制醋酸所致扭体反应;抑制腹腔毛细血管通透性的增高及二甲苯所致小鼠耳廓肿胀。综上,抗感败毒口服液具有解热、镇痛、抗炎的药理作用。     

乳腺康注射液的药效学研究

试验旨在研究乳腺康注射液体内外药效。体外药效采用牛津杯法对其进行体外抑菌活性研究;体内药效采用热板法及醋酸致小鼠扭体的镇痛模型、二甲苯及鸡蛋清致炎模型、2,4-二硝基酚及干酵母致大鼠发热6种经典药理模型,对乳腺康注射液进行镇痛、抗炎、解热的药效研究。结果显示,乳腺康注射液对大肠杆菌及金黄色葡萄球菌有较显著的体外抑制作用,中、高剂量能极显著提高小鼠痛阈值,极显著减少醋酸所致扭体次数（P<0.01）,中剂量组能显著降低二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀度及鸡蛋清致小鼠足跖肿胀度（P<0.05）,中、高剂量组对2,4-二硝基酚引起的发热在1.5~2.0及3.0~3.5 h有显著的解热作用（P<0.05）,对干酵母所引起的大鼠发热在1.0~3.5 h有显著的解热作用（P<0.05）。结果表明,乳腺康注射液能明显抑制大肠杆菌及金黄色葡萄球菌的活性,且具有显著的镇痛抗炎解热作用。     

自制外用中药膏剂抗炎镇痛作用试验

研究自制外用中药膏剂的抗炎、镇痛作用,为中药治疗运动损伤提供临床依据。分别采用二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀、蛋清致小鼠足肿胀、热板法、醋酸扭体法试验研究外用中药组方的抗炎、镇痛药理作用。试验结果表明,外用中药膏剂能显著抑制二甲苯所致小鼠耳的肿胀及蛋清致小鼠足的肿胀(P<0.01);能提高小鼠在热板法及醋酸扭体法中的痛阈值(P<0.01)。研究证明,外用中药膏剂具有良好的抗炎镇痛药效。     

"强力热痛宁"注射液主要药效学试验研究

“强力热痛宁”注射液为纯中药兽用注射剂,具有解热镇痛之功效,主治感冒高热、疼痛。主要药效学试验研究结果如下:①对大肠杆菌内毒素高热家兔模型具有明显的解热作用。②能明显增加小鼠热刺激的痛阈值;延长小鼠化学刺激扭体反应的潜伏期,减少扭体次数。③能明显降低小鼠耳廓肿胀度,但对大鼠足跖肿胀无明显作用。结果提示:“强力热痛宁”注射液有明显的解热、镇痛作用,有一定的抗炎作用。     

复方双氯芬酸钠注射液的解热镇痛药效试验

为了考察复方双氯芬酸钠注射液的解热镇痛效果,方法一:选取基础体温正常的健康新西兰兔,除空白对照组外,其余各组均静脉注射60 EU/kg体重的细菌内毒素进行致热,致热成功后开始给药,观察药物对发热新西兰兔的解热效果;方法二:选取正常小鼠,各组于给药后30 min腹腔注射0.5%的冰醋酸溶液0.2 m L,注射后立即观察1 5min内小鼠的扭体反应次数,计算扭体反应的抑制率。结果表明:复方双氯芬酸钠注射液起效快,作用时间长,对细菌内毒素所致新西兰兔发热的解热效果和对醋酸所致小鼠的镇痛效果,均优于对乙酰氨基酚注射液。     

驴乳和牛乳抗炎镇痛作用的比较研究

为了比较驴乳和牛乳抗炎镇痛作用效果,试验采用二甲苯致小鼠耳廓、足肿胀方法比较驴乳和牛乳抗炎作用效果,采用冰醋酸致小鼠扭体疼痛反应方法比较驴乳和牛乳的镇痛作用效果。结果表明:二甲苯致小鼠耳廓、足肿胀试验中,试验组小鼠的耳廓肿胀度均小于空白对照组,试验组抑肿率明显;冰醋酸致小鼠扭体疼痛反应试验中,试验组小鼠扭体次数明显少于空白对照组,潜伏期较空白对照组明显延长。说明驴乳和牛乳均具有明显的抗炎镇痛作用,其中驴乳的抗炎作用优于牛乳,镇痛作用无显著差异(P0.05)。     

菊苣根超微粉抗炎镇痛作用的研究

为了研究菊苣根超微粉的抗炎镇痛作用,试验分别采用二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀,角叉菜胶致小鼠足趾肿胀进行抗炎试验,采用醋酸致小鼠扭体法进行镇痛试验。结果表明:菊苣根超微粉高剂量(1.5 g/kg)组、低剂量(0.75 g/kg)组小鼠耳肿胀度和足趾肿胀度均显著低于模型对照组(P0.05);菊苣根超微粉高剂量组、低剂量组和普通粉(1.5 g/kg)组醋酸致小鼠扭体次数均少于模型对照组,抑制率分别为72.65%、58.69%、35.33%。说明菊苣根超微粉有明显的抗炎镇痛效果,其效果优于普通粉。     

Pharmacodynamic evaluation of the peripheral pain inhibition by carprofen and flunixin in the horse

Carprofen, flunixin meglumine and placebo in the form of a physiological solution of sodium chloride were tested in an open randomised cross-over trial for analgesic efficacy in horses with two external skin-stimulation systems. Both systems, the withers model and the "heating element" model, were compared in order to find an optimal way to measure pain perception after stimulating the skin with high temperature. No analgesic effect of flunixin or carprofen could be demonstrated when using the withers model. In the "heating element" model, a 1.1 mg/kg i.v. dose of flunixin meglumine failed to inhibit the peripheral pain, while it could be shown that a 0.7 mg/kg i.v. dose of carprofen inhibited the peripheral perception of pain in horses for approximately 24 hours after the drug injection. To induce an analgesic effect with carprofen, its plasma concentration had to be at least 1.5 micrograms/ml.     

Comparison of morphine and carprofen administered alone or in combination for analgesia in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy

In this study the analgesic efficacy of the pure agonistic opioid morphine and the cyclo-oxygenase type-2-selective carprofen were compared since there is no previous specific comparative study for these two common analgesics. Forty-five bitches undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy were randomly assigned to one of three groups; receiving morphine 0.4 mg/kg bodyweight pre-operatively and 0.2 mg/kg every 4-6 hours thereafter (Morphine group), receiving a once-off carprofen 4 mg/kg injection (Carprofen group) or receiving both morphine and carprofen (MorphCarp group). The dogs were premedicated with acepromazine 0.01 mg/kg and induced with either thiopentone 5-10 mg/kg or propofol 4-6 mg/kg. General anaesthesia was maintained with halothane in oxygen. The degree of pain was assessed over a 24-hour period under blinded conditions using a pain scale modified from the University of Melbourne pain scale and the Glasgow composite pain tool. Physiological parameters such as respiratory rate, pulse rate and body temperature were also assessed over the same time period. There was no significant difference in pain-scores and thus analgesia offered by the three analgesia protocols at any assessment point across the three groups, but there were differences within groups across time points. Baseline total pain-scores were lower than scores at all post-operative points within all three groups. Both morphine and carprofen provided good analgesia without any obvious adverse effects. This study indicates that at the dosages indicated above, carprofen administered on its own produces analgesia equal to that produced by morphine and that the two drugs administered together do not produce better analgesia than either drug administered on its own.     

Effect of carprofen, etodolac, meloxicam, or butorphanol in dogs with induced acute synovitis

OBJECTIVE: To compare the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect of single doses of carprofen, etodolac, meloxicam, and butorphanol in dogs with induced acute synovitis (acute pain model) via kinetic gait analysis and orthopedic evaluation and examine measurement of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration as an indicator of treatment efficacy. ANIMALS: 12 Beagles and 6 additional Beagles that were used only in serum CRP analyses. PROCEDURE: Acute synovitis was induced in right stifle joints of dogs via intra-articular injection of monosodium urate solution. Treatments included butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg, i.v.), carprofen (4 mg/kg, PO), etodolac (17 mg/kg, PO), or meloxicam (0.2 mg/kg, PO); control dogs received no treatment. The procedure was repeated (3-week intervals) until all dogs received all treatments including control treatment. Lameness was assessed on a biomechanical force platform and via orthopedic evaluations of the stifle joints; blood was collected to monitor serum CRP concentration. RESULTS: Compared with control dogs, treated dogs had significantly different vertical ground reaction forces and weight-bearing scores. Greatest improvement in lameness was observed in carprofen-treated dogs. Etodolac had the fastest onset of action. Compared with butorphanol treatment, only carprofen and etodolac were associated with significantly lower pain scores. An increase in serum CRP concentration was detected after intra-articular injection in all dogs; this change was similar among groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Carprofen, etodolac, and meloxicam had greater efficacy than butorphanol in relief of acute pain. Carprofen was most effective overall. In this acute pain model, serum CRP analysis was not useful to assess drug efficacy.     

Study on the Pharmacodynamics of Ruxiankang Injection

The study was aimed to investigate the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of Ruxiankang injection.The Oxford cup method was took to study the antibacterial activity in vitro of Ruxiankang injection;Six classical pharmacological models which were hot plate method, acetic acid inducing writhing, xylene inducing ear edema,egg white inducing paw edema, fever in rats induced by 2,4-dinitrophenol and dried yeast were adopted to study the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects of Ruxiankang injection.The results showed that Ruxiankang injection had significant inhibitory effect in vitro on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus; And among them, middle and high dose groups could extremely significantly increase the pain threshold of mice and reduce the writhing times of mice (P<0.01);Middle dose group could significantly reduce the degree of ear swelling induced by xylene and foot metatarsus swelling by egg white in mice (P<0.05);Middle and high dose groups had significant antipyretic effect caused by 2, 4-dinitrophenol fever at 1.5 to 2.0 and 3.0 to 3.5 h and dry yeast at 1.0 to 3.5 h (P<0.05).The results indicated that Ruxiankang injection could obviously inhibit Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus activity and had remarkable antipyretic analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects.     

Carprofen in veterinary medicine. I. Plasma disposition, milk excretion and tolerance in milk-producing cows

Carprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), was injected intravenously in six cows after calving, either as a single or a daily dose of 0.7 mg/kg for five days. Carprofen was well tolerated by the cows at this dose rate, the milk production and biochemical variables remaining within the normal ranges. The plasma elimination half-life of carprofen ranged from 44.5 to 64.6 h after repeated daily injections. These values are longer than those reported for other NSAIDs used in veterinary medicine, e.g. flunixin and phenylbutazone. The volume of distribution and the clearance values calculated after a single intravenous injection amounted to 0.09 l/kg and 9.0 ml/min. The concentration of carprofen in milk collected twice daily (morning and evening) was, in general, below the sensitivity limit of the analytical method (25 ng/ml) up to five days after the last carprofen injection; the concentration of carprofen reached about 30 ng/ml in only a few milk samples collected after the fourth or fifth injection. This indicates that carprofen is poorly excreted in the milk.     

Effects of a topical anaesthetic formulation and systemic carprofen, given singly or in combination, on the cortisol and behavioural responses of Merino lambs to castration

Objective   To determine the effectiveness of a topical anaesthetic formulation (Tri-Solfen) with or without the administration of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (carprofen) on the pain and distress response associated with ring or surgical castration of ram lambs.
Procedures   Merino ram lambs (n = 78) were allocated to 10 treatment groups: 4 groups of knife-castrated lambs and 4 groups of ring-castrated lambs received carprofen (4 mg/kg SC) and Tri-Solfen; 2 control groups (sham) received carprofen at 0 or 4 mg/kg SC. Measurements included plasma cortisol and haptoglobin concentrations, haematology, and behaviour, including posture.
Results   Knife-castrated lambs had higher peak cortisol and integrated cortisol responses for the first 6 h after treatment and greater concentration s of circulating acute phase proteins than ring-castrated lambs, both of which were significantly different from the sham controls. Tri-Solfen applied to the knife castration wound significantly reduced both the peak plasma cortisol concentration and the integrated cortisol response for the first 6 h and improved lying behaviour in the first 12 h. Carprofen reduced the cortisol response to knife castration at 30 min, but elevated the cortisol responses at 24 and 48 h. Carprofen nearly halved the number of acute pain behaviours associated with ring castration. There were no significant additive or synergistic effects from combining the analgesic treatments. Tri-Solfen applied to the tail wound provided no detectible benefits during ring castration + tail docking.
Conclusions   The physiological and behavioural responses suggest that ring castration has less impact on the lamb than knife castration. The specific analgesic treatments can provide modest amelioration of the pain and discomfort associated with castration. Alternative doses or application methods may enhance their efficacy.     

广藿香对冰醋酸所致小鼠扭体疼痛模型的镇痛作用研究

旨在研究广藿香对冰醋酸所致小鼠扭体反应的抑制作用,确定广藿香的镇痛作用。将24只小鼠随机分为广藿香低剂量组、中剂量组、高剂量组和对照组,采用灌胃给药方式,分别给予0.25、0.5、1.0g/（kg·BW）广藿香及生理盐水;给药后,各组小鼠灌胃20%冰醋酸溶液,观察并记录各组小鼠的体态变化以及扭体次数,并计算镇痛率。结果表明,给予20%冰醋酸溶液后,高剂量组小鼠的腹痛症状较轻,低剂量组小鼠的腹痛症状较为严重,抽搐明显;高剂量组小鼠的扭体次数极显著低于对照组（P〈0.01）,中、低剂量组小鼠的扭体次数显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）;高剂量组的镇痛百分率最高（36.73%）,低剂量组的镇痛百分率最低（14.45%）。广藿香对冰醋酸所致的小鼠扭体反应具有抑制作用,表现出良好的镇痛作用,且镇痛作用呈现一定的量效关系。