果蔗不同器官在不同生育期的同工酶聚类相关分析

为了解过氧化物酶(POD)和酯酶(EST)同工酶在果蔗生长中的变化规律,本研究选择不同的取样时期和植株不同器官,对8个果蔗品种利用垂直平板聚丙烯酰胺电泳得出的叶片、根组织不同生育时期POD、EST同工酶酶谱进行聚类分析,并检测其相关性。结果表明：（1）不同品种间同工酶谱的遗传相似系数存在差异,特别是外引黑皮果蔗(Badila)与中国地方品种之间存在着一定的遗传差异;（2）不同生育时期叶片或根部的POD同工酶和EST同工酶酶谱的聚类图都存在着差异;（3）叶片中的POD、EST酶谱在各个生育时期均达到极显著相关。说明叶片是这两种酶基因表达的最重要活性部位,因此叶片可以作为同工酶分析较为稳定和适宜的采样部位。     

营养对五龙鹅基因表达影响的研究

对著名的地方特色品种五龙鹅进行不同营养水平试验,用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS)PAGE技术,分析血液中脂酶(EST)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)及蛋白质的多态.结果表明 试验组蛋白质结构新出现S1,S3,S4亚基组分、存在丰富的多态变化.EST同工酶快区Es-1位点,由于等位基因控制,消减Es-1D、Es-1F同工酶谱带,其活性下降20.7%.LDH同工酶基因表达调控A和B亚基的构成,出现LDH1亚基,其活性上升99.6%.提示营养环境直接或间接调控基因表达水平,与生长性能呈正相关.     

利用EST同工酶谱鉴定黑稻品种纯度的研究

采用改进的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对5种黑稻主要栽培品种进行了EST同工酶谱分析.结果表明,此方法分辨率高.测试各品种的EST同工酶存在丰富的多态性,其电泳图谱具有鲜明的特征,并构成了各自的＂指纹＂.其中黑优粘和云黑酶谱条带数多达15条,a1和a3为5个品种的共有谱带.通过EST同工酶谱相似度指数分析,黑优粘与黑丰糯、乌贡1号相似度指数大于0.75,说明这3个品种间亲缘关系较近.     

普通小麦品种“豫麦66”抗白粉病基因的鉴定与分子标记

豫麦66是对小麦白粉病(Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici)具有良好抗性的小黑麦后代品种。本试验通过抗病鉴定与遗传分析, 明确了豫麦66携带1个抗白粉病显性单基因, 暂命名为PmYm66。采用2个以豫麦66为抗病亲本的杂交组合(豫麦66/铭贤169和豫麦66/ND3509)F2代抗、感病分离群体和F3代家系, 利用集群分离分析法(BSA)找到了与PmYm66连锁的分子标记XKsum193、EST48、EST83和EST84, 抗病基因和分子标记的顺序为EST48—EST83 (EST84)—Xksum193—PmYm66, 并通过中国春缺体-四体、双端体和缺失系将PmYm66基因及其连锁的分子标记定位在2AL染色体臂末端。多小种鉴定结果表明PmYm66(豫麦66)与2AL染色体臂上已有的Pm4a(Khapli/8Cc)和Pm4b(Armada)基因存在致病反应型差异。     

不同遗传类群甘蔗黑穗病菌分离物与甘蔗互作防御酶差异的研究

为研究来源于不同遗传类群甘蔗黑穗病菌分离物侵染寄主甘蔗防御酶活性变化差异,采用注射接种法,将5个不同遗传类群的代表分离物(分离物编号依次为16,24,25,47,89号)侵染抗病甘蔗品种Q171和感病甘蔗品种ROC22,测定甘蔗与甘蔗黑穗病菌分离物互作过程中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性变化。结果表明:5株分离物侵染引起的寄主甘蔗SOD、POD、CAT活性变化曲线中均存在2个酶峰值,抗病甘蔗品种Q171中PPO和感病甘蔗品种ROC22中PAL也存在2个酶峰值,接种后1 d出现峰值Ⅰ,接种后3~5 d出现峰值Ⅱ。其中峰值Ⅱ时期,5株分离物侵染的甘蔗上述5种防御酶活性均高于对照,但不同分离物侵染的甘蔗SOD、POD、PAL活性的峰值Ⅱ大小及出现时间表现出差异,尤其是89号分离物峰值Ⅱ比其余4个分离物峰值Ⅱ出现时间提早1~2 d且峰值差异明显。初步认为89号分离物可能代表着与其他分离物不同的致病型生理小种。     

花生EST-SSR分子标记的开发

利用NCBI的Genbank数据库中公布的花生53177条EST序列以及本实验室创造的花生栽培品种E12(Arachis hypogaea L.)所构建的Unigene文库中的4 074条EST序列,对这些序列进行前期处理(去除冗余序列,对含有重叠区域的EST序列进行拼接),总共获得非冗余且拼接较长的序列11 260条.通过软件分析发现两个EST库中共包含有1 323个SSR位点,主要是2个和3个核苷酸重复,除此之外也有少量的4核苷酸重复以及复合重复.这些EST-SSR平均长度为18.88 bp,平均每8.5条EST序列就包含有一个SSR位点.其中AG/TC、CTY/GAA重复出现的频率最大,分别占到2个核苷酸重复和3个核苷酸重复的39.3%和22.6%.     

甘蓝型油菜种质资源的农艺性状聚类分析

利用系统聚类法,对84份国内甘蓝型油菜种质资源的10个农艺性状进行聚类分析,研究其遗传亲缘关系,合理利用品种资源,结果表明:84份材料分为4个类群,其中,第Ⅱ类群有75个品种(系),又可分为2个亚群,第Ⅱ-1、2亚群可再分为3个和4个品种(系)组.4个类群的农艺性状有较大差异,第Ⅱ-2亚类群生育期较短,但单株产量最高.从中发现了长荚、大粒、早熟和角密等特异材料.     

春大豆荚果发育过程中酯酶同工酶酶谱分析

本研究采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)技术,对3种品质类型的5个春大豆品种荚果发育过程中的酯酶(EST)同工酶进行分析。结果表明,5个春大豆品种从开花20～62d的发育过程中共出现23条酶带,Rf值集中在0.170～0.795间,可分为3个区,即A区(0.170～0.338)、B区(0.371～0.695)和C区(0.719～0.795)。不同品种、不同时期酯酶同工酶活性和条带数均有所差异;大豆荚果发育前期条带数少,集中在B区;随着荚果发育进程的进行,条带数明显增加,出现C区;接近成熟期时条带数减少,B区活性减弱,A区明显出现条带。     

国外甘蓝型油菜种质资源农艺性状和品质性状的聚类分析

利用系统聚类法,对117份国外甘蓝型油菜种质资源的10个农艺性状和4个品质性状进行聚类分析,研究其遗传亲缘关系,合理利用品种资源.结果表明:117份材料分为2个类群,分别包括71个和46个品种(系).第Ⅰ、Ⅱ类群又分别分为6个和7个亚类群,第Ⅰ-1、Ⅰ-2亚类群各再分为7个品种群,第Ⅱ-2、Ⅱ-6亚类群分别再分为5个和3个品种群.第Ⅰ类群的品质较好,芥酸含量平均为4.3%,6个亚类群间农艺性状有较大差异,而第Ⅱ类群品质较差,7个亚类群闻差异较小.从中发现了长英、大粒、早熟和角密等特异材料.     

8份不结球芸薹属蔬菜种质的POD、SOD和EST同工酶比较分析

采用垂直平板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,对8份不结球芸薹属蔬菜种质的过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和酯酶(EST)3种同工酶进行了分析研究,并利用聚类分析的方法探讨其亲缘关系.结果表明,8份不结球芸薹属蔬菜种质的POD同工酶分离出3条酶带,其中p3为8份种质所共有酶带,p2为2份芥菜种质特有酶带;SOD同工酶共分离出4条酶带,其中s1、s2和s3为共有酶带,s4为2份芥菜种质特有酶带;EST同工酶共分离出5条酶带,其中e1、e2、e4和e5为共有酶带,2份芥菜种质缺失e3酶带.在遗传距离0.66处可将8份不结球芸薹属蔬菜种质分为芸薹种蔬菜和芥菜种蔬菜两大类.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...