Sensitivity analysis of the SWAP (Soil-Water-Atmosphere-Plant) model under different nitrogen applications and root distributions in saline soils

Sensitivity analysis is important for determining the parameters in the model calibration process. In our study, a variance-based global sensitivity analysis (extended Fourier amplitude sensitivity test, EFAST) was applied to an agro-hydrological model (the SWAP (Soil-Water-Atmosphere-Plant model) model). The sensitivities of 20 parameters belonging to 4 categories (soil hydraulics, solute transport, root water uptake, and environmental stresses) for the simulated accumulated transpiration, dry matter (DM), and yield of sunflowers were analyzed under three nitrogen application rates (N1, N2, and N3), four salinity levels (S1, S2, S3, and S4), and three root distributions (R1, R2, and R3). The results indicated that for predominantly loamy soils, the high-impact parameters for accumulated transpiration, DM, and yield were the soil hydraulic parameters (α and n), critical stress index for compensatory root water uptake (ω_c), the salt level at which salt stress starts (Pi), the decline of root water uptake above Pi (SSF), residual water content (θ_r), saturated water content (θ_s), and relative uptake of solutes by roots (TSCF). We also found that nitrogen application did not change the order of the parameter impacts on accumulated transpiration, DM, and yield. However, TSCF replaced α as the highest-impact parameter for the accumulated transpiration, DM, and yield at high salinity levels (S2 and S3). Furthermore, α was also the highest-impact parameter for DM and yield under different root distributions, but the highest-impact parameters for transpiration were ω_c, α, and θ_s under R1, R2, and R3, respectively. Nitrogen application could be neglected when considering the interactive effects of nitrogen application, salinity level, and root distribution on the transpiration, DM, and yield. Additionally, the mean values and uncertainties of the transpiration, DM, and yield were similar in all scenarios, except S3, which showed a sharp decrease in the mean values. We suggest determining the above eight parameters (α, n, ω_c, Pi, SSF, θ_r, θ_s, and TSCF) and the saturated vertical hydraulic conductivity (K_s) based on rigorous calibrations with direct or indirect local measurements using economical methods (e.g., a literature review), with limited observations for other parameters when using the SWAP model and other similar agro-hydrological models.     

Annual Changes in Some Physiological Properties of Cryptomeria Japonica Leaves from Kanto, Japan

C. japonica leaves were sampled monthly in a heavily damaged area (a-I: Saitama), a slightly damaged area (a-II: plains in Ibaraki), and a healthy area (a-III: mountainous areas in Ibaraki) in Kanto. The leaves were analyzed for apparent cuticular transpiration rates, amounts of epicuticular wax, and contact angles. Sb in aerosols deposited on the leaves was also analyzed. The transpiration rates and the increase in transpiration with leaf aging were higher in a-I than in a-II and a-III. Erosion rates of the wax were higher in a-I and a-II than in a-III. The decrease of contact angles with aging tended to be higher in a-I and a-II than in a-III. Rates of aerosol-Sb deposition on the leaves were in the order a-I ? a-II > a-III. The transpiration rates correlated with the values obtained from a linear binomial function that included the amounts of wax and aerosol-Sb as variables (r = 0.855, P < 0.01). In a-I, the large quantity of aerosols on the leaves (and probably gaseous air pollutants) may have increased the transpiration rates by ca. 50% owing to erosion of the wax and stomatal malfunction, placing C. japonica under chronic water stress.     

Evaluating plant and canopy resistances of field-grown wheat from concurrent diurnal observations of leaf water potential,stomatal resistance,canopy temperature,and evapotranspiration flux

Concurrent observations of leaf water potential, stomatal diffusion resistance and canopy temperature were made on two plots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Anza) growing at Phoenix, Arizona under two different soil water conditions. These data were further complemented by weather observations and lysimeter measurements of total evaporative water loss from the plots. Transpiration fluxes for each plot were estimated by an aerodynamic-energy balance approach and compared with the lysimeter data. Plant resistances were computed from the transpiration flux results and the leaf water potential measurements using van den Honert's equation, while canopy resistances were also computed from the transpiration flux using Monteith's equation. The calculated plant resistance decreased by a factor of almost two from morning to mid-afternoon whereas the ratio of canopy and stomatal resistances was constant during most of the day.     

不同时间尺度下刺槐蒸腾耗水与环境因子关系

探究不同时间尺度下植物蒸腾变化与环境因子的关系,对理解植物生长的驱动机制及估算林分耗水具有重要的理论意义。以晋西黄土区蔡家川人工刺槐纯林为研究对象,于2021年5—12月采用热扩散探针(TDP)测定8株样树树干液流,并同步监测太阳辐射、空气温度、降雨量、土壤温度、土壤含水量等环境因子,分析不同时间尺度(小时、日、月)下刺槐蒸腾特征及其对环境因子的响应。结果表明:(1)环境因子对刺槐蒸腾耗水的影响在不同时间尺度下存在差异,整体上随着时间尺度的变大,土壤含水量成为影响刺槐蒸腾的主要因子,并且短时间尺度是主要取决于表层土壤水分,长时间尺度不仅为表层同时也取决于较深层土壤含水量。小时尺度下,刺槐蒸腾随太阳辐射、空气温度、水汽压亏缺、土壤温度变化而变化,但蒸腾峰值与环境因子的峰值均存在时间差异性,并无完全同步,差异时长可达-180~30 min,在各环境因子中太阳辐射与空气温度对刺槐蒸腾的影响较大;日尺度下,刺槐蒸腾速率主要取决于浅层土壤含水量,并随浅层含水量的增加而增大;月尺度下刺槐蒸腾耗水则取决于浅层与深层土壤含水量的共同作用;(2)构建了不同时间尺度下环境因子与刺槐蒸腾耗水的模型,各时间尺度下模型拟合度均较高。(3)在短历时尺度下可使用测定植物蒸腾的仪器直接测定与计算蒸腾耗水,而较大时间尺度下可以通过监测较少的环境因子应用建立模型进行蒸腾耗水的计算,可大大提高效率且可减少蒸腾耗水监测的成本。     

Responses of transpiration and canopy conductance to partial defoliation of Eucalyptus globulus trees

Partial defoliation has been shown to affect the water relations and transpiration (gas exchange) of plants. Over one growing season, the water relations in response to partial (∼45%) defoliation were examined in four-year-old Eucalyptus globulus trees in southern Australia. Daily maximum transpiration rates (E_max), maximum canopy conductance (GCmax), and diurnal patterns of tree water-use were measured over a period of 215 days using the heat-pulse technique in adjacent control (non-defoliated) and defoliated trees. Sap-flux measurements were used to estimate canopy conductance and soil-to-leaf hydraulic conductance (K_P); leaf water potential (Ψ) and climate data were also collected. Following the removal of the upper canopy layer, defoliated trees exhibited compensatory responses in transpiration rate and canopy conductance of the remaining foliage. Defoliated E. globulus had similar predawn but higher midday Ψ_l, transpiration rates (E), canopy conductance (G_C) and K_P compared to the non-defoliated controls, possibly in response to increased water supply per unit leaf area demonstrated by higher midday Ψ_l. Higher E in defoliated E. globulus trees was the result of higher G_C in the morning and early afternoon. This paper also incorporates the cumulative effect of defoliation, in a phenomenological model of maximum canopy conductance of E. globulus. These results contribute to a mechanistic understanding of plant responses to defoliation, in particular the often observed up-regulation of photosynthesis that also occurs in response to defoliation.     

Sapflow characteristics and climatic responses in three forest species in the semiarid Loess Plateau region of China

In the semiarid Loess Plateau region of China, ecosystems are frequently affected by water shortages. Late spring and early summer are periods when forest communities tend to suffer from soil drought. To clarify the water-use strategies of the main species in this area, the xylem sap flow of trees from three species in the field was monitored for three successive periods in summer using Granier-type thermal dissipation probes. Vapor pressure deficit (VPD), solar radiation (R_s) and soil moisture had varying influences on sap flux density (F_d) in the species. Normalized F_d values could be fitted to VPD using an exponential saturation function, but the fit was better with a derived variable of transpiration (VT), an integrated index calculated from VPD and R_s. From differences in model coefficients, the species were roughly divided into two types with contrasting drought sensitivity. The exotic Robinia pseudoacacia was defined as drought-sensitive type. It showed higher sapflow increases in response to rainfall, suggesting a high water demand and high influence of soil water conditions on transpiration. This species showed relatively late stomatal response to increasing VPD. The wide-peak pattern of diurnal sapflow course also suggests relatively low stomatal regulation in this species. The drought-insensitive type consisted of the naturally dominant Quercus liaotungensis and an indigenous concomitant species, Armeniaca sibirica, in the forest. The sap flow of these species was not very sensitive to changes in soil water conditions. The results suggest that typical indigenous species can manage the water consumption conservatively under both drought and wet conditions. Variations in water use strategies within indigenous species are also detected.     

Water status and stomatal behaviour of cowpea,Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp,plants inoculated with two Glomus species at low soil moisture levels

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on water status and stomatal behaviour of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. cv. B89-504, under water-stressed conditions in the greenhouse were studied. The 3 × 2 experimental design included two levels of mycorrhizal colonisation (Glomus mosseae, Glomus versiforme) and non-mycorrhizal control treatment and two soil moisture levels (well-watered pots and pots allowed to dry). Relative water content and leaf water potential values were higher in well-watered mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants than in water-stressed mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants. AM species had no significant effect on leaf osmotic potential, stomatal conductance and leaf transpiration in both well watered and water-stressed plants. The values of stomatal conductance and leaf transpiration were high during the vegetative stage and low during the flowering stage. These responses which can be related to the age of the plant suggest that mycorrhizal colonisation did not affect stomatal closure of cowpea plants during water stress. The decrease in plant growth and dry matter production in both mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants shows that drought resistance in cowpea was unaffected by mycorrhiza in the vegetative phase.     

Silicon Improves Water Use Efficiency in Maize Plants

Abstract

The influence of silicon (Si) on water use efficiency (WUE) in maize plants (Zea mays L. cv. Nongda108) was investigated and the results showed that plants treated with 2 mmol L^?1 silicic acid (Si) had 20% higher WUE than that of plants without Si application. The WUE was increased up to 35% when the plants were exposed to water stress and this was accounted for by reductions in leaf transpiration and water flow rate in xylem vessels. To examine the effect of silicon on transpiration, changes in stomata opening were compared between Si-treated and nontreated leaves by measuring transpiration rate and leaf resistance. The results showed that the reduction in transpiration following the application of silicon was largely due to a reduction in transpiration rate through stomata, indicating that silicon influences stomata movement. In xylem sap of plants treated with 2 mmol L^?1 silicic acid, the Si concentration was 200-fold higher, while the Ca concentration which is mainly determined by the transpiration rate, was 2.5-fold lower than that of plants grown without Si. Furthermore, the water flow rate in xylem vessels of plants with and without Si was compared. Flow rate in plants with 2 mmol L^?1 Si was 20% lower than that without Si, which was accounted for by the increased affinity for water in xylem vessels induced by silica deposits. These results demonstrated the role of Si in improving WUE in maize plants.     

A model to simulate response of plant stomata to environmental conditions

In order to simulate plant transpiration under different field climatic conditions we have developed and verified a semi-empirical model for predicting the stomatal response to solar global radiation, leaf temperature, vapour pressure difference between the leaf and ambient air, ambient air CO₂ concentration and soil water potential. The transpiration and the stomatal relative conductance of a Nicotania Tabaccum var “samsun” plant leaves were measured in a laboratory apparatus and compared to those predicted by the model: good agreement was obtained between them for the different investigated cases. The model was incorporated in a numerical greenhouse microclimate model and its effects on the canopy microclimate are discussed here.     

Effects of vegetation and slope aspect on water budget in the hill and gully region of the Loess Plateau of China

Precipitation, throughfall, stemflow and soil water content were measured, and interception, transpiration, evaporation, runoff, deep percolation and soil water recharge were estimated in the natural Liaotung Oak (Quercus liaotungensis) and regrown Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) forestlands in the hill and gully region of the China Loess Plateau. Four stands (south- and north-facing slopes) of two forests were studied between May 27, 2006 and October 31, 2007. Hydrological fluxes were calculated using a coupled water and heat flow model called CoupModel. Throughfall, stemflow and soil water content were used to calibrate the model. The simulations indicated that, interception, vegetation transpiration and soil water evaporation were the main components of water consumption in the 4 stands, accounting for about 90% of the precipitation. The simulated interception and vegetation transpiration in the south-facing slope (154 and 327 mm in regrown forestland and 173 and 338 mm in natural forestland) were lower than those in the north-facing slope (219 and 344 mm in regrown forestland and 203 and 342 mm in natural forestland). Soil water evaporation in the south-facing slope (416 mm in regrown forestland and 373 mm in natural forestland) was larger than that in the north-facing slope (325 mm in regrown forestland and 330 mm in natural forestland) in the same vegetation stands. This was mainly due to greater vegetation density in the north-facing slope than in the south-facing slope. For the regrown forestlands, the simulated soil water recharge was larger under north-facing slope stands (90 mm) than under south-facing slope stands (76 mm), and the natural forestland in the north-facing slope had the largest soil water recharge (104 mm). The results indicated that vegetation species and slope aspects significantly influenced the water balance budget in the soil–vegetation–atmosphere system. The water budget differences among the 4 stands indicate that care is required for properly selecting regrown tree-species. Soil and water conservation measures must be applied scientifically when converting farmland to forest in the Loess Plateau of China, especially on the south-facing slopes.     

北京山区典型人工林的耗水规律

在我国的北方地区植被与水资源之间的关系是森林植被构建的关键性问题.如何依据水分条件的承载力,构建水分稳定的森林植被是一项重要研究.以北京妙峰山侧柏、油松为研究对象,应用大型可称量式蒸渗仪测定林木个体耗水规律,并在此基础上进行尺度扩展,分析2种林分群体耗水特征.研究发现：在晴天条件下,侧柏和油松蒸腾强度的日变化趋势均为单峰曲线;在典型阴天和雨天条件下,2树种间蒸腾速率差异明显,受云量动态变化影响,蒸腾强度的日变化趋势为多峰曲线.通过相关分析发现,在选定的环境因子中太阳辐射通量、大气水汽压饱和差、空气温度、土壤含水率和土壤水势均与林木蒸腾速率呈正相关,而空气相对湿度与林木蒸腾速率呈负相关.另外,利用边材面积作为尺度转换因子实现由单木到林分的尺度扩展,根据测定的样木蒸腾量,推算得出侧柏林6-9月总蒸腾量为321.43 mm,油松林的总蒸腾量为192.83 mm.     

Water table is a relevant source for water uptake by a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stand: Evidences from continuous evapotranspiration and water table monitoring

The objective of this study was to quantify the main terms of the water cycle in a Scots pine stand (Pinus sylvestris L.) growing on a sandy soil and to estimate the contribution of the shallow water table (0.80 m deep in spring) to the forest water use. Continuous monitoring was organized in 2005 to measure climate, throughfall, soil moisture, tree transpiration and water table variations at a half-hourly basis. Leaf area index seasonal dynamic was measured and roots were counted down to the bottom of the soil profile. Forest floor evapotranspiration was modelled with Granier et al. [Granier, A., Bréda, N., Biron, P., Villette, S., 1999. A lumped water balance model to evaluate duration and intensity of drought constraints in forest stands. Ecol. Model. 116, 269–283]. From May to November, pine transpiration never exceeded 1.85 mm d⁻¹ and reached a total of 176.4 mm, which corresponded to 25% of potential evapotranspiration, whereas the understorey evapotranspiration was 130 mm (i.e. 18–20% of the stand water use). The maximum soil water reserve measured over the soil rooted zone was 250 mm, in which 145 mm was extractable water. A 3.5-week period with no rain was observed in June, which induced a regulation of pine transpiration when the soil extractable water reached 0.25 of its maximum value.We applied the water table fluctuation (WTF) method [White, W., 1932. A method for estimating groundwater supplies based on discharge by plants and evaporation from soil. US Geol. Survey Water Supply Paper 659-A. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, DC] to estimate the water table daily loss of water. A relationship was established with potential evapotranspiration and the actual transpiration fluxes of the stand. Yet, it was not possible to extract from the WTF results the part that was effectively contributing to actual transpiration. We applied then the WTF methodology on longer time intervals, with a focus on periods with no rains. From May to November, the contribution of the water table to forest transpiration reached 61%. During the drought period in June, the water table contributed to 98.5% of the water uptake by vegetation, through its contribution to the capillary rise above the water table. The presence of a groundwater table with a floor down to 180–200 cm allowed this stand to rely upon water that otherwise would have drained deeper.     

山地枣林蒸腾主要影响因子的时间尺度效应

为揭示时间尺度效应对蒸腾规律的影响,对黄土丘陵区山地枣林蒸腾及其影响因子进行同步监测,并在不同时间尺度上分析蒸腾的主要影响因子。结果表明:不论逐月蒸腾还是全年蒸腾,其主要影响因子均存在明显的时间变异性和时间尺度效应。逐月蒸腾在生育期内时、日和旬尺度上主要影响因子分别是光合有效辐射(R2峰值,Rmax2=0.79),风速(Rmax2=0.81)和相对湿度(Rmax2=0.78),叶面积(Rmax2=0.73)和叶面积指数(Rmax2=0.82)。全年蒸腾在较小时间尺度(时和日尺度)上和除风速外的其他气象因子均呈极显著相关(p0.01),而在较大尺度(旬和月尺度)上仅和叶面积、叶面积指数以及土壤水分呈极显著相关(p0.01)。随着研究尺度的提升,气象因子对蒸腾的影响逐渐减弱,作物自身生长状况和土壤水分状况对蒸腾的影响逐渐增强。该研究对于进一步揭示枣树的蒸腾规律,制定科学合理的节水措施具有重要的指导意义。     

覆土浅埋滴灌玉米田双作物系数模型参数全局敏感性分析

为深刻了解双作物系数模型参数对覆土浅埋滴灌玉米田蒸散发耗水结构及水分传输过程的影响,采用拓展傅里叶幅度敏感性检验法对模型参数进行全局敏感性分析,筛选出敏感参数,提高调参校准的效率和精准度。结果表明:参数±10%变化时,全生育期土壤蒸发量、作物蒸腾量、蒸散发耗水量最大值较最小值分别高18.72%、25.37%、19.9%。土壤蒸发是表土水分的消耗过程,总量在最大、最小值条件下1 m土层日贮水量动态接近,而作物蒸腾是消耗整个根系层内土壤水,总量变化对1 m土层水分消耗的影响较大。土壤蒸发总量的敏感参数为土壤表层可蒸发水量、生长中期基础作物系数,其全局敏感性指数为0.662、0.321,是不敏感参数均值的33.6~69.4倍。作物蒸腾总量的敏感参数为根系不受水分胁迫的临界土壤贮水量、生长中期基础作物系数、田间持水量,其敏感性指数为0.569、0.485、0.455,是不敏感参数均值的34.5~43倍。敏感参数与蒸发蒸腾的关系为:表土完全湿润后,其可蒸发水量决定干燥过程土壤蒸发量,二者正相关。中期基础作物系数影响蒸发系数,总蒸发量与其负相关。根系不受水分胁迫的临界土壤贮水量越高,玉米根区易利用的水量区间越窄,根系越早发生水分胁迫,作物蒸腾受限,总蒸腾量与其负相关。中期基础作物系数与总蒸腾量正相关,对其影响程度远高于初期、后期基础作物系数。田间持水量高的土壤能在灌溉、降雨量较大时存贮更多水分用于作物蒸腾,总蒸腾量与其正相关。     

不同供水条件下土壤水分与烤烟蒸腾耗水的关系

采用旱棚人工控水试验，研究了不同供水条件下烤烟的生理需水规律及蒸腾耗水与土壤水分的关系。结果表明，在充分供水条件下，烤烟全生育期蒸腾耗水量的变化呈单峰曲线，以旺长期蒸腾耗水量最大，成熟期次之，伸根期最小，各时期蒸腾耗水模系数分别为45.23%，34.8％和19.97％。烤烟的蒸腾耗水量与土壤供水量成正比，各生育期供水不足均影响烟株的蒸腾耗水，尤其以旺长期干旱的影响最大。根据本试验结果，计算出了不同供水条件下烤烟蒸腾耗水的土壤水分胁迫系数，建立了非充分供水条件下土壤水分胁迫系数的订正函数和烤烟实际蒸腾耗水的时间－水分函数模型。     

火炬树蒸腾速率及其环境因子的影响研究

利用LI-6200便携式光合作用测定仪和美制LI-1600稳态气孔仪,对黄土半干旱区造林树种火炬树蒸腾速率及其环境因子进行测定。该研究的目的是为分析该地区火炬树蒸腾作用对环境因子的响应和火炬树最适的水分生态条件提供理论依据。结果表明:①火炬树蒸腾速率日变化的平均值为4.895μg.cm-2.s-1,呈双峰变化曲线。②光合有效辐射、CO2浓度和叶水势对蒸腾速率有相应的影响,但相对湿度对蒸腾速率的影响不是很明显。③火炬树能适应干旱环境是由于叶水势降低导致气孔导度的减少,从而通过减少蒸腾耗水来达到适应干旱的目的。     

Quantifying the uncertainties of transpiration calculations with the Penman–Monteith equation under different climate and optimum water supply conditions

The uncertainties of transpiration calculations with the Penman–Monteith equation were quantified under different climate conditions of Brazil, Germany and Israel using maize as a common crop type. All experiments were carried out under non-limiting growing conditions. Canopy resistance was determined by scaling to canopy level specific relations between in situ measurements of incident radiation and stomatal conductance using a light penetration model. The model was tested against heat-pulse measured sap flow in plant stems. The root mean square error (RMSE) of daily calculated transpiration minus measured sap flow was 0.4 mm/day. It was dominated by its variance component (variance = 0.2 {mm/day}²; bias = 0.0 mm/day). Calculated transpiration closely matched the measured trends at the three locations. No significant differences were found between seasons and locations. Uncertainties of canopy conductance parameterizations led to errors of up to 2.1 mm/day. The model responded most sensitively to a 30% change of net radiation (absolute bias error = 1.6 mm/day), followed by corresponding alterations of canopy resistances (0.8 mm/day), vapour pressure deficits (0.5 mm/day) and aerodynamic resistances (0.34 mm/day). Measured and calculated 30-min or hourly averaged transpiration rates are highly correlated (r² = 0.95; n = 10634), and the slope of the regression line is close to unity. The overall RMSE of calculated transpiration minus measured sap flow was 0.08 mm/h and was dominated by its variance component (0.005 {mm/h}²). Measured sap flow consistently lagged behind calculated transpiration, because plant hydraulic capacitance delays the change of leaf water potential that drives water uptake. Calculated transpiration significantly overestimated sap flow during morning hours (mean = 0.068 mm/h, n = 321) and underestimated it during afternoon hours (mean = ?0.065 mm/h; n = 316). The Penman–Monteith approach as implemented in the present study is sufficiently sensitive to detect small differences between transpiration and water uptake and provides a robust tool to manage plant water supply under unstressed conditions.     

Phytotoxic effects of industrial and sewage waste waters on growth,chlorophyll content,transpiration rate and relative water content of potted sunflower plants

Waste water coming from two factories, namely Manquabad (fertilizer) and Bani Qura (detergents and oils) factory and Arab El-Madabegh sewage effluents were determined for their phytotoxicities and physicochemical properties. The effect of the waters on the growth, chlorophyll content, transpiration rate and leaf relative water content of sunflower plants was undertaken in pots. In addition, the phytotoxicity present in the waste waters on embryonic radicle growth was also studied. The experiments were repeated each month from January to June, 1992. The three waste waters exhibited significant phytotoxic effects on the radicle growth of sunflower. The phytotoxicity varied with monthly sampling. The waste water from the fertilizer factory (Manquabad) collected in February, May and June showed almost 100% inhibition on the radicle growth, while January and April sampling had a stimulatory effect. Most of the tested water exhibited significant inhibition on shoot growth. Root growth was significantly enhanced by Arab El-Madabegh sewage water collected in February, March and April and was suppressed in the other three months. The three waste waters showed inhibitory effect on chlorophyll content. The inhibition was very high in the January sampling. Chlorophyll stability to heat was significantly lower in February and March and higher in May and June water-treated plants. Generally waste water-treated plants showed a lower transpiration rate than the control (tap water). Leaf relative water content of plants grown in the waste waters was significantly lower in May and June collected water than in the other four months collections. The physicochemical analysis of the waste waters revealed that the amount of Na⁺, K⁺, Ca⁺² Zn⁺², Cu⁺², Iron, Cl^?, SO₄ ^?2 and the degree of electrical conductivity were often above the limits of the standard for irrigation water for agricultural land, and some of these properties would be severely detrimental to crop growth. Generally waste water coming from the Manquabad fertilizer factory consistently revealed the highest inhibition, Bani Qura detergents and oils factory the second and Arab El-Madabegh sewage the least.     

黍族植物的叶片扩张和蒸腾作用对土壤水分亏缺的响应特征

Plant processes, such as leaf expansion, stomatal conductance and transpiration, are affected by soil water, particularly in water-stressed environments. Quantifying the effects of soil water on plant processes, especially leaf expansion and transpiration, could be useful for crop modeling. In order to quantify the leaf expansion and transpiration in response to soil water deficit in three millet species, common (Panicum miliaceum L.), pearl (Pennisetum glaucum L.) and foxtail (Setaria italica L.) millets, a pot experiment was performed at the Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran. The soil water status was characterized by the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW). Leaf area and transpiration were measured daily. Relative leaf area expansion (RL) and relative transpiration (RT) data were plotted against FTSW. Finally the FTSW thresholds for RL and RT were calculated using linear-plateau and logistic models. The results showed that the thresholds for RL and RT were 0.68 and 0.62, respectively, based on all measured data of the three millet species using the linear-plateau model, indicating that RL and RT were constant when FTSW decreased from 1 to the threshold point. Thereafter, until FTSW = 0, RL and RT declined linearly with a slope of 1.48 and 1.43, respectively. Although millet is cultivated as a resistant crop in arid, semiarid and marginal lands, it showed an early response to soil water deficit at high FTSW thresholds. As leaf expansion and transpiration can be considered morphological and physiological variables, respectively, the results in this study indicate that millet has strong morphological flexibility when faced with soil water deficit.     

不同水分条件下核桃蒸腾速率与光合速率的研究

在黄土高原半干旱区,采用LI-1600稳态气孔仪和LI-6200便携式光合测定仪对不同土壤水分条件下盆栽核桃的生理指标进行了观测,研究土壤含水量对核桃蒸腾速率与光合速率的影响.结果表明,不同土壤含水量条件下核桃蒸腾速率、光合速率和水分利用效率的日变化具有显著的差异.当土壤体积含水量在5%以下时,核桃气孔导度很低,蒸腾速率日变化也不明显;当体积含水量为10%和15%时,蒸腾速率、光合速率和水分利用效率随着土壤水分的增加而升高,而且具有明显的日变化.土壤含水量越低,核桃叶片气孔导度与蒸腾速率和光合速率的相关性越差.通过对比得出,核桃光合作用适宜土壤体积含水量为10%～15%;土壤体积含水量控制在15%时核桃的水分利用效率达到较好状态.