朱砂七总蒽醌研究概况

朱砂七是蓼科蓼属植物毛脉蓼的干燥块根,为"太白七药"之一.朱砂七所含化学成分主要包括蒽醌类、二苯乙烯类、鞣质、多糖等,蒽醌类为其主要成分之一.近年来,国内外许多研究已经证实朱砂七总蒽醌在抗肿瘤、抗菌、抗病毒、抗炎等方面作用显著,因其副作用低,而具有很好的开发及应用前景.论文简要概述朱砂七总蒽醌的化学组成、提取方法及相关...     

蒙古虫实化学成分预试验

采用植物化学成分系统预试和专项预试相结合的方法,对采自内蒙古阿拉善盟左旗草场的蒙古虫实地上部分全草进行了化学成分预试验.结果表明,蒙古虫实中含有生物碱、糖、甙类、氨基酸及多肽、皂甙、鞣质、有机酸、黄酮、挥发油、蒽醌;可能含有甾体和三萜类物质、强心甙、香豆素或萜类内脂、酚类物质;不含氰甙和脂肪族硝基化合物.     

固相微萃法对柚花、柠檬花和酸橙花植物学性状及挥发性成分分析比较

目的：分析比较在漳州地区栽培的琯溪蜜柚[Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck. Cv. ‘Guanximiyou’]、柠檬[Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.]和代代酸橙(Citrus aurantium L. cv. Daidai)花朵的植物学性状和挥发性成分。方法：采用五点采样法观测3种芸香科柑橘属植物花朵的植物学性状,运用顶空GC-MS技术分别进行挥发性成分测定,并对测定成分进行比较。结果：同等栽培条件下,柚花的个体最大且雌蕊粗壮凸出;柠檬花和酸橙花个体差异不大,但柠檬花为淡紫红色,花瓣数4;橙花为白色,花瓣数5。经GC-MS分析得知,柚花含21种挥发性成分,其中单萜类化合物占98.05%,倍半萜类化合物占0.20%,含量较多的为：β-蒎烯(43.74%)、桧烯(20.69%)、β-罗勒烯(12.78%)、芳樟醇(9.84%)及d-柠檬烯(9.15%);柠檬花含24种挥发性成分,其中单萜类化合物占87.47%,倍半萜类化合物占2.72%,二萜类化合物的含量占0.13%,含量较多的为：β-蒎烯(53.42%)、桉叶油醇(19.65%)、d-柠檬烯(7.55%)、芳樟醇(2.92%)及十七烷(2.78%);酸橙花含20种挥发性成分,其中单萜类化合物占96.27%,倍半萜类化合物占0.19%,含量较多的为：芳樟醇(41.16%)、d-柠檬烯(30.54%)、桧烯(15.19%)、3-蒈烯(3.84%)及β-蒎烯(2.76%)。结论：PCA主成分分析可知,三种柑橘属植物的花在植物学性状及挥发性成分方面均存在一定差异,为相关产业的发展提供一定的理论依据。     

石榴皮、五倍子中鞣质的提取及测定试验

用煎煮法从中药石榴皮、五倍子中提取主要成分鞣质,以三氯化铁为试剂,分别对石榴皮、五倍子粉末滤液和煎滤液进行测定.结果是煎煮滤液比粉末滤液鞣质含量高2倍,五倍子比石榴皮鞣质含量高4倍.证明煎煮法从两种中药中提取鞣质既简便易行,成本低,又不破坏鞣质成分.1%三氯化铁溶液和1%三氯化铁乙醇溶液对鞣质定性、定量测定时没有差别.     

狼毒及瑞香狼毒的研究进展

大戟科狼毒含有挥发油成分、萜类、植物甾醇类、蒽醌、鞣质类、苯乙酮、杀虫成分。月腺大戟还分离出了黄酮类化合物;而瑞香狼毒含有木脂素、黄酮类化合物、二萜类化合物、香豆素类化合物、三萜类化合物、甾醇类以及其他成分。大戟科狼毒与瑞香狼毒的生物活性都有抗癌或抗肿瘤、抗茵、抗病毒、抗惊厥、杀虫作用,但二者的作用方式却不同,大戟科狼毒还独有抗白血病作用,而瑞香狼毒独有治疗和预防免疫缺陷的作用。关于狼毒的记载与研究的历史较早,但对于瑞香狼毒与大戟科植物狼毒大戟和月腺大戟的收载比较混乱,因此,对瑞香狼毒与大戟科狼毒在植物形态、生长分布、化学成分研究以及生物活性研究上进行了对比。     

种植板蓝根不同提取物的红外光谱分析

利用红外光谱的宏观指纹特性对不同溶剂板蓝根提取物的红外光谱图和二阶导数红外光谱图进行了整体分析。结果板蓝根石油醚提取物主含长链脂肪酸(酯)和小分子萜类等低极性化合物,乙酸乙酯提取物主含氨基酸和黄酮类化合物,无水乙醇提取物和95%乙醇提取物主含氨基酸、黄酮类化合物及黄酮苷类化合物,去离子水提取物主含多糖及鞣质类等大极性成分。因此,利用红外光谱法对中药提取物直接进行分析,可初步识别其主体成分,为制定药效成分的提取方案和检测方法提供方向性参考。     

正交试验法优选叶下珠总黄酮的提取工艺

叶下珠（Phyllanthus urinaria L．）为大戟科叶下珠属植物,全草入药,具清肝明目、收敛利水、解毒消积等功效。本品资源丰富,分布很广,民间常用于治疗黄疸、肝炎、痢疾等。现代化学和药理学研究表明,叶下珠含有木脂素、萜类、黄酮、鞣质和生物碱等多种化合物,具有明显抗乙型肝炎病毒、保护肝损伤及镇痛、降压、抗肿瘤、抗凝血等药理作用。国内外对叶下珠同属植物的抗乙肝病毒作用研究较多,是一种尚未开发利用的很有价值的药用资源,并且以总黄酮为抗病毒有效成分之一。     

龙井茶叶中鞣质含量的测定

用干酪素法对龙井茶叶中鞣质含量进行测定。结果表明,龙井茶叶鞣质含量在2.000-11.000μg/m L范围内呈线性关系（R2=0.999 3）;样品平均加标回收率为84.6%,SD为0.226%,RSD为1.8%（n=6）。该方法准确、可靠、重现性好、精密度好,可用于龙井茶叶中鞣质含量的测定。     

牛心朴子化学成分预试验研究

目的:初步确定牛心朴子中的化学成分。方法:采用试管预试法,根据要检测成分的具体情况选择水提取液、酸性乙醇提取液或甲醇提取液进行试验。结果:牛心朴子的酚性成分反应、生物碱、挥发油反应呈明显阳性,鞣质反应、甾体、萜类反应、强心苷反应和蒽醌及其苷反应也均呈现阳性。结论:牛心朴子中以生物碱和挥发油成分为主,还含有酚、黄酮、甾体、萜类等物质。     

Extract of Ginkgo biloba: Biological Functions and Applications in Poultry Breeding

银杏叶提取物(extract of Ginkgo biloba,EGb)含有萜类内酯、黄酮类和聚异戊烯醇类化合物等活性成分.其中,黄酮类化合物具有抗氧化、清除自由基等作用,而萜类化合物作为强效血小板活化因子( plateletactivating factor,PAF)拮抗剂,可发挥改善心脑血管循环、降血脂、保护肝脏等生物学功能.为此,EGb已成为多种学科领域的研究热点之一.本文主要就EGb主要生物学功能及其在家禽养殖中的应用进行概述.     

Influence of growing season,tannin content and autoclave treatment on the nutritive value of near-isogenic lines of faba beans (Vicia faba L.) when fed to leghorn chicks

1. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of heat-treatment (autoclaving) on the utilisation by chicks of near-isogenic lines of faba beans that were either tannin-free (Winter-white or Spring-white) or had tannins in the seed coat (Winter-coloured or Spring-coloured). The effect of heat treatment on a common tannin-containing cultivar, Diana, was also studied. 2. The nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolisable energy (AMEn) values of diets containing 600 g faba beans/kg diet were affected by tannin content and autoclave treatment of faba beans, with 59% of total variance in AMEn being attributable to the effect of autoclaving. The AMEn values were 9% higher for chicks fed on the autoclaved compared with those fed on diets containing the raw faba beans, 5% higher for the near-isogenic faba beans with no tannins compared with those with tannins, and 4% higher for the Winter compared with the Spring cultivars. 3. The above study was carried out on droppings obtained by total collection. Similar but not identical trends were obtained when AME was calculated using the chromic oxide index method ( r = 0.91). 4. Both autoclaving and the use of tannin-free faba beans improved the apparent protein digestibility (APD) of the diets by similar amounts (4% as determined by the total collection method and 6% as determined by the chromic oxide index method). 5. The digestibility of most amino acids either alone or together was affected by a culti- var X tannin X processing interaction. The cultivar by tannin interaction demonstrated that autoclaving increased the digestibility of amino acids to a greater degree when the tannin-containing (for example, 9% for lysine) than when the tannin-free faba beans (4% for lysine) were used in the diets. 6. The improvements in AMEn , APD and total amino acid digestibilities of faba beans following heat treatments ranged from 18% to 33%, 5% to 16% and 5% to 11%, respectively. The results demonstrate that the method of analysis can affect the values obtained but that they do not change the overall pattern of results. The results also suggest that, in most cases, more than half of the response to heat treatment is associated with the inactivation of tannins while the balance of the response is attributable to an effect of heat treatment on the non-tannin-containing factors. In summary, heat treatment can improve the utilisation of faba bean by chickens especially when they contain tannins. 7. Chicks, unlike rats, do not seem to adapt to tannins as the excretion of 3 amino acids that are the main constituents of a proline-rich protein were not affected by dietary tannins.     

蓼属植物的黄酮类化合物研究

蓼（Polygonum）是蓼科中的一个药用大属。本文综述了近年来国内外对蓼属植物的黄酮类化合物及其生物活性的研究概况。     

The influence of dietary chestnut and quebracho tannins mix on rabbit meat quality

Tannins were recently evaluated as feed additives in order to increase antioxidant compounds in animal diet, mainly to enhance resistance to lipid oxidation in meat. Rabbit meat is one of the most susceptible animal products, thus the main aim of this study was to evaluate the capacity of tannins to elongate shelf life of rabbit meat. Ninety hybrid rabbits were fed with three different diets: basal diet (control, C) and basal diet supplemented with 0.3% or 0.6% of tannins mix. Meat samples were refrigerated as raw at 4°C up to 11 days and analysed both as raw and cooked for physical‐chemical characteristics, fatty acids profile, lipid oxidation and antioxidant capacity. Results showed that dietary tannins affected meat colour of raw samples (mostly yellowness). Lipid peroxidation (TBARS) of raw samples was lower in tannins group than C group; a further inhibition of peroxidation was showed also in cooked samples only by the highest dose of tannins mix. Moreover, antioxidant capacity (ABTS) of raw samples increased with the percentage of tannins. In conclusion, supplementation with 0.6% of tannins mix seems to positively affect the lipid peroxidation and antioxidant capacity of meat without modifying the intrinsic characteristics of rabbit meat.     

高山灌木和牧草缩合单宁含量季节变化动态研究

采用香兰素盐酸法分析了高寒草甸几种优势牧草和灌木中的可浸提缩合单宁含量季节变化动态。试验结果表明,线叶嵩草、阴山扁蓿豆、垂穗披碱草和鹅绒委陵菜等牧草和短叶锦鸡儿不含缩合单宁;珠芽蓼缩合单宁含量高,5个月的平均值为77.56g/kg DM,7月高达120.2g/kg DM;苔草显著低于珠芽蓼(p<0.01),最高时也只有6.7g/kg DM(7月);5种灌木缩合单宁含量各不相同,金露梅、红药柳、高山绣线菊、藏沙棘和鬼见锦鸡儿4个月的平均值分别为(g/kg DM):54、3、58、53、29、18、67.08和42.15,且随着季节推移,各灌木缩合单宁含量逐渐下降;而珠芽蓼和苔草从5月到7月逐渐上升,之后又开始下降。同时,分析了缩合单宁含量与植物的进化及家畜利用富含缩合单宁植物时应注意的事项。     

Nutritive constituents of Silky fowl eggs: comparison with hen eggs of White Leghorn origin

In the present study, proportional parts, amounts of major constituents, vitamins, minerals and fatty acids composition of Silky fowl eggs were examined compared with those of hen eggs. The ratio of egg yolk weight to whole egg weight of Silky fowl egg was significantly larger than that of egg yolk of hen egg. The amount of cholesterol of Silky fowl eggs were significantly (P < 0.01) less than those of hen eggs. The amount of vitamins (B2, B6, D and E), calcium and potassium in Silky fowl eggs were significantly higher than those of hen eggs. Unsaturated fatty acids in Silky fowl eggs were 62.5% among total fatty acids, the unsaturated fatty acids of hen eggs were 53.9%. Especially, the contents of arachidonic acid, docosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in Silky fowl eggs were significantly larger than in hen eggs.     

新疆狗牙根制种田土壤杂草种子库的研究

对新疆狗牙根制种田土壤杂草种子库进行了研究,结果表明:土壤种子库杂草种类有灰藜(Chenopodium album)、野西瓜苗(Hibiscus trionum)、狗尾草(Setaria viridis)、稗(Echinochloa crus-galli)、反枝苋(Amaranthus retroflexus)、田旋花(Convolvulus arvensis)和扁蓄(Polygonum avicu-lare)等,均主要分布在0~10 cm的土层内,杂草种子量达9180.83粒/m2,其中又以灰藜、反枝苋为优势种,占杂草总量的50%以上。0~10 cm,10~20 cm和20~30 cm土层杂草种子发芽率均在20%以下,总活力在50%左右。同时,阐述了新疆狗牙根制种田土壤种子库杂草种子的来源,提出了减少杂草种源的对策。     

响应面法优化琼辣蓼总黄酮提取工艺及其抗氧化活性研究

为优化海南辣蓼总黄酮的提取工艺条件并探讨总黄酮体外抗氧化活性,采用热回流提取海南辣蓼总黄酮,以提取液中总黄酮的百分含量为考察指标,在单因素试验基础上,运用Box-Behnken 设计(BBD) 对影响提取工艺的因素液料比、提取时间及乙醇体积分数进行分析,应用响应面法优选最佳提取工艺;采用清除1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH) 自由基和羟基自由基的方法,对最佳工艺所得总黄酮进行抗氧化活性评价。结果表明：海南辣蓼总黄酮的最佳提取工艺条件为：液料比1∶15、提取时间60 min、乙醇体积分数48%,在此条件下总黄酮提取率为10.101%。总黄酮对羟基自由基和DPPH自由基的半数抑制浓度(IC50)分别为2.95 mg/mL和0.46 mg/mL。该方法优选的工艺合理,操作简便,试验周期短,且提取的海南辣蓼总黄酮具有良好的抗氧化活性,为琼辣蓼的深入开发利用提供了实验依据。     

氮素对羽叶决明缩合单宁及相关酶活性的影响

缩合单宁对牧草品质的影响极大,适量的缩合单宁含量对于提高牧草的利用率和营养品质非常重要。研究以豆科牧草羽叶决明Cassia nictitoms为材料,分析了氮素梯度处理后茎和叶中缩合单宁的含量及其生物合成酶二氢黄酮醇还原酶(DFR)活性的变化特征。结果表明,羽叶决明叶片的缩合单宁含量高于茎,随氮素的增加,叶片中缩合单宁含量从14.78%下降到1.14%;茎中从4.62%开始降低,达到0.98%后趋于稳定;DFR活性表现出与缩合单宁相似的变化规律,二者在叶和茎中都呈显著(P0.01)的二次曲线关系。植株粗蛋白含量测定发现,随氮素的增加粗蛋白含量无显著增加(P0.05)。因此,适当增加氮素的使用量可以达到减少缩合单宁含量,从而提高羽叶决明的利用率和营养品质。     

Silage quality as influenced by concentration and type of tannins present in the material ensiled: A meta‐analysis

Protein degradation during ensiling is a major problem. Tannins are known to prevent or decelerate protein degradation in the rumen and may be able to do so in silages as well. Therefore, the present evaluation aimed to analyse the influence of tannins on silage quality. This was done by integrating from all suitable experiments found in literature on the topic in a meta‐analysis approach. A total of 122 datasets originating from 28 experiments obtained from 16 published articles and one own unpublished experiment were included in the database. Tannins in the silages originated either from the plants ensiled or from supplementations of tanniferous plants or tannins extracted from such plants. Tannin concentrations ranged from 0 to 57.8 g/kg dry matter, and the ensiling period varied from 30 to 130 days. The analysis was based on the linear mixed model methodology in which the different studies were considered as random effects and tannin‐related properties (either concentration or type of tannins) were treated as fixed effects. Results revealed that greater concentrations of tannins were associated with a decrease of butyrate concentration in the silages (p < 0.05). An increasing tannin concentration was also accompanied with smaller proportions of soluble N, free amino acid N, non‐protein nitrogen and NH₃‐N in total silage N (p < 0.05). The relationships between hydrolysable and condensed tannins and the decline in butyrate and NH₃‐N concentrations in the silages were of different magnitude (p < 0.05). A higher tannin concentration was associated with a decline in in vitro dry matter digestibility. It was concluded that tannins apparently have the ability to limit extensive proteolysis which may occur during ensiling and thus may improve the fermentative quality of silages. A desired side effect seems to be given by the tannins' apparent property to limit the activity of the butyrate‐producing microbes.