澜沧江囊谦段夏秋季浮游植物群落结构初步研究

2011年夏季(6月)和秋季(9月)对澜沧江囊谦段的浮游植物进行初步研究。结果表明,澜沧江囊谦段浮游植物共计4门、57种(属);其中,硅藻门种类最多,为33种(属),占总种类数的57.9%;其次是绿藻门,为13种(属),占22.8%,蓝藻门10种(属),占17.5%,甲藻门仅检到1种,占1.8%。夏秋两季澜沧江囊谦段均以喜低温的硅藻为主,绿藻、蓝藻种类秋季多于夏季,甲藻仅在夏季出现。浮游植物优势种以硅藻为主,占75.0%,种类有尖针杆藻(Synedra acus)、普通等片藻(Diatoma vulgare)、舟形藻(Navicula sp.)、桥弯藻(Cymbella sp.)、曲壳藻(Achnanthes sp.)、异极藻(Gomphonem sp.)、颤藻(Oscillatoria sp.)和席藻(Phormidium sp.)。浮游植物数量为13.26×104～375.59×104个/L,平均数量99.36×104个/L;生物量为0.0445～1.9972mg/L,平均0.4915mg/L。浮游植物数量和生物量均以硅藻最高,分别占总数量的61.2%和总生物量的71.3%。分析显示,各采样点浮游植物多样性指数、均匀度指数较高,均值分别为2.24、0.48;表明该河段浮游植物群落比较稳定,种类分布较为均匀,体现了贫营养型河流的特征,水域环境良好。     

海河干流浮游植物群落结构特征研究

2009—2013年选取春末、夏中、秋初3个季节对海河干流浮游植物进行连续5年的调查与监测,系统分析了海河干流浮游植物种类组成、密度、生物量、优势种、优势度、群落结构以及生物多样性组成,探讨其变化趋势和主要原因,运用单因子方差分析(ANOVA)分别对各年度间密度和生物量进行差异显著性检验,并利用马加利夫(Margalef)物种丰富度指数对水质状况进行了评价。结果表明:海河干流浮游植物隶属8门92属181种。绿藻门在细胞密度和种类组成上都占绝对优势,其次为蓝藻门和硅藻门。主要优势种为:绿藻门的四尾栅藻、小球藻、卵囊藻、月牙藻和卡德藻;蓝藻门的微囊藻、胶鞘藻、螺旋藻、颤藻和蓝纤维藻;硅藻门的小环藻、菱形藻和舟形藻;隐藻门的啮蚀隐藻和卵形隐藻。海河干流浮游植物密度和生物量整体变化呈逐年下降的趋势。密度以2009年5月最高,为14 936.63×104cells/L,而在2013年5月最低,为493.6×104cells/L;生物量峰值为206.82 mg/L,最低值为4.74 mg/L。经ANOVA检验,这两者在各年份间的差异均不显著(P0.05);五年间,浮游植物群落多样性指数变化不大,基本持平,丰富度指数呈逐年下降趋势,均匀度呈逐年上升态势。海河干流浮游植物多样性指数较低,群落稳定性较差。丰富度指数分析表明,海河干流的水质处于α中污—重污型阶段。     

三道河水库浮游植物群落结构特征及其渔产潜力分析

2007年8月-2008年4月调查并分析三道河水库浮游植物的群落结构及时空分布特征,并探讨水库的浮游植物多样性及渔产潜力.结果显示,该水库浮游植物有8门49属79种,主要由绿藻、硅藻和蓝藻组成;各采样点浮游植物种类数为43 ～56,但种类组成相似;不同季节浮游植物种类组成有很大差异,秋季种类数最多,冬季最少.浮游植物年平均细胞数量为20.33×104个/L,年平均生物量为0.21 mg/L.Shannon-Wiener多样性指数年均值为2.10,Pielou均匀度指数为0.85,且冬季最高,秋季最低.根据浮游植物水质评价标准,三道河水库为中营养型.据估算,三道河水库浮游植物渔产潜力9 072.45 kg,单产为22.68 kg/hm2.     

海河干流浮游植物群落结构特征研究张萍1，2，刘宪斌1，李宝华2，白明2，李彤2，王娟娟2

2009—2013年选取春末、夏中、秋初3个季节对海河干流浮游植物进行连续5年的调查与监测,系统分析了海河干流浮游植物种类组成、密度、生物量、优势种、优势度、群落结构以及生物多样性组成,探讨其变化趋势和主要原因,运用单因子方差分析（ ANOVA）分别对各年度间密度和生物量进行差异显著性检验,并利用马加利夫（ Margalef）物种丰富度指数对水质状况进行了评价。结果表明：海河干流浮游植物隶属8门92属181种。绿藻门在细胞密度和种类组成上都占绝对优势,其次为蓝藻门和硅藻门。主要优势种为：绿藻门的四尾栅藻、小球藻、卵囊藻、月牙藻和卡德藻;蓝藻门的微囊藻、胶鞘藻、螺旋藻、颤藻和蓝纤维藻;硅藻门的小环藻、菱形藻和舟形藻;隐藻门的啮蚀隐藻和卵形隐藻。海河干流浮游植物密度和生物量整体变化呈逐年下降的趋势。密度以2009年5月最高,为14936.63×104 cells／L,而在2013年5月最低,为493.6×104 cells ／L;生物量峰值为206.82 mg／L,最低值为4.74 mg／L。经ANOVA检验,这两者在各年份间的差异均不显著（P＞0.05）;五年间,浮游植物群落多样性指数变化不大,基本持平,丰富度指数呈逐年下降趋势,均匀度呈逐年上升态势。海河干流浮游植物多样性指数较低,群落稳定性较差。丰富度指数分析表明,海河干流的水质处于α中污—重污型阶段。     

新疆乌伦古湖浮游植物种群结构特征

2007年4月和8月,对新疆乌伦古湖的浮游植物进行了调查研究.结果显示,乌伦古湖浮游植物调查期间经鉴定共计8门172种属.其中以绿藻、硅藻为主,分别占43.0%和29.1%;蓝藻门27种属,占15.7%;裸藻门7种属,占4.1%;甲藻门6种属,占3.5%;金藻门4种属,占2.3%;隐藻门3种属,占1.7%;黄藻门1属,占0.6%.调查期间,乌伦古湖浮游植物密度与生物量均值分别为160.76×104 ind/L和2.0328 mg/L.从优势种、数量和生物量组成结果分析,乌伦古湖浮游植物是以硅藻为优势类群的湖泊,尤其尖针杆藻(Synedra acus),4月在采样点出现频率为80.0%.结合该湖浮游植物的优势种、数量和生物量的检测结果,乌伦古湖应属于贫-中营养型湖泊.     

黄河一级支流泽曲河春秋季浮游植物群落结构及多样性评价

于2012年春季(4月)和秋季(9月)对黄河一级支流泽曲河的浮游植物群落结构进行了调查,并应用多样性指数H、均匀度指数J、丰富度指数d,对泽曲河进行了多样性评价。结果显示:浮游植物共4门52种(属),以硅藻门最多,37种(属),占71.2%,其次是蓝藻门9种(属),占17.3%,绿藻门5种(属),占9.6%,裸藻门1属,占1.9%。浮游植物优势种为普通等片藻(Diatoma vulgare)、尖针杆藻(Synedra acus)、曲壳藻(Achnanthes sp.)、舟形藻(Navicula sp.)、桥弯藻(Cymbella sp.)、脆杆藻(Fragilaria sp.)、异极藻(Gomphonem sp.)、小环藻(Cyclotella sp.)、小颤藻(Oscillatoria tenuis)、席藻(Phormidium sp.)和小球藻(Chlorella sp.)11种(属),其中硅藻门8种(属),占优势种类的72.7%。浮游植物平均数量23.08×104 L-1,平均生物量0.088 9mg/L,硅藻数量和生物量分别占总数量的92.3%和总生物量的98.8%,为优势种群。Shannon-Wiener指数平均值2.56,Pielou指数平均值0.79,Marggalef指数平均值0.75。结合浮游植物各项评价指标,得出泽曲河浮游植物群落结构比较稳定,种类分布较为均匀,水体属贫营养型。通过生物多样性指数法对水质进行评价,得出该河段水质属轻度污染。     

沙河水库的浮游植物

对沙河水库浮游植物种类组成和现存量进行了四季调查,测定了其初级生产力.共计检出浮游植物7门28属,其中绿藻门为13属,硅藻门和蓝藻门各5属,其它为隐藻门、金藻门及裸藻门.浮游植物的年平均密度和生物量分别为1.50×105个/L和0.312 mg/L.生物量以裸藻和隐藻为主,夏季各门类浮游植物均达到最高值.沙河水库浮游植物的初级生产力年平均为2.097 g/m2·d.鲢鱼年总产量约56 000 kg.     

沙湖浮游植物多样性分析及水质评价

2014年4~9月调查和研究了宁夏沙湖浮游植物的种类和数量。共鉴定出浮游植物7门56种及其变种,其中绿藻门种数最多,为23种;硅藻门次之为14种;蓝藻门10种;金藻门5种;裸藻门2种;隐藻门和甲藻门各1种。浮游植物生物量在0.21~14.31mg/L之间;多样性指数中,Shannon-wiener指数变化范围在2.57~3.94之间;Pielou均匀度指数在0.32~1.22之间。Shannon-wiener指数和Pielou指数评价表明:春季沙湖水质较好,秋季次之,夏季最差。综合评价结果显示:沙湖水质为贫-富营养型。     

赣江中下游浮游植物群落结构及其水质生物学评价

为了探究赣江中下游浮游植物群落结构的季节变化,为渔业资源可持续利用、水质监测及生物多样性保护提供参考,2016年10月(秋季)、2017年1月(冬季)、4月(春季)和7月(夏季),对赣江中下游浮游植物群落结构进行季度调查。结果表明,赣江中下游共记录浮游植物5门、55属、95种。其中,绿藻门44种,占总浮游植物种类的46.0%;硅藻门29种,占30.5%;蓝藻门15种,占16.0%。浮游植物密度为82.3×104~906.0×104个/L,平均值为315.0×104个/L。生物量为0.43~1.26mg/L,平均值为0.69mg/L。赣江支流浮游植物的平均密度和生物量(546.0×104个/L,1.07mg/L)均高于干流(212.0×104个/L,0.52mg/L)。干流主要优势种为小席藻(Phormidium tenue)、颗粒直链藻(Melosira granulata)、卵形隐藻(Cryptomonas ovata)和尖尾蓝隐藻(Chroomonas acuta);支流主要优势种为小席藻、微小平裂藻(Merismopedia tenuissima)、四尾栅藻(Scenedesmus quadricauda)和水华束丝藻(Aphanizomenon flos-aquae)。浮游植物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)和Margalef丰富度指数(D)的年均值分别为1.87和0.94,干流的H′值高于支流,而干流的D值低于支流。研究显示,赣江中下游水域均受到不同程度的污染,干流的污染程度比支流更为严重。     

横江中下游春季浮游植物群落结构及多样性分析

2011年4月对横江中下游浮游植物进行了调查,研究了浮游植物的种类、现存量、群落组成和生物多样性,评价了横江流域水质营养状况。结果显示:共检出浮游植物6门26科33属78种(含变种)。浮游植物群落组成以硅藻和绿藻为主,分别占藻类总种数的71.80%和16.67%。优势种主要有变异直链藻(Melosira varians C.A.Ag)、偏肿桥弯藻(Cymblla veatricosa Kütz)、短小舟形藻(Navicula exigua(Grey.)Mull.)、普通等片藻(Diatoma vulagare Bory.)、系带舟形藻(Navicula cincta(Ehr.)Kütz)、中型脆杆藻(Fragilaria intermidia Grun.)、长鼻空星藻(Coelastrum proboscideum Bohl.)、吻状隐藻(Cryptomonat rostrata)等。浮游植物细胞密度为2.232×105~4.255×105cells/L,水富小岸坝河口(S1)最高,盐津撒渔沱(S3)最低,平均值为3.392×105cells/L;生物量为0.443~1.330 mg/L,最高和最低仍分别出现在水富小岸坝河口(S1)和盐津撒渔沱(S3),平均值为0.779 mg/L。7个采样站点,Shannon-Wiene多样性指数(H)为4.01~4.43,张窝水电站库区(S2)最低,大观河大关县城(S7)最高,平均为4.22;Pielou均匀性指数(J)为0.74~0.83,张窝水电站库区(S2)最低,洛泽河水电站库区(S4)最高,平均为0.80。生物多样性和均匀度分析结果表明,横江中下游浮游植物多样性较好,分布格局均匀,水质总体上为贫营养型。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).