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1.
对于多数植物病毒而言,其在田间的自然扩散主要依赖昆虫等介体生物,而媒介昆虫的垂直传播是植物病毒长期存在并发生的重要原因。对媒介昆虫垂直传播病毒机制的研究不仅可以为未来开发高效低毒农药奠定基础,更可为植物病毒与昆虫的互作和病毒病的预测预报提供新的视野及角度。媒介昆虫在植物病毒传播过程中的具体作用在近几年被广泛研究。该文综述了近年来植物病毒在昆虫体内垂直传播的研究进展,包括昆虫传播植物病毒的方式、植物病毒在昆虫体内的垂直传播方式以及虫媒病毒垂直传播的可能机制等。在整个垂直传播的过程中,植物病毒的衣壳蛋白、磷蛋白和媒介昆虫唐氏综合症细胞黏附分子、硫酸乙酰肝素糖蛋白、热激蛋白以及卵黄原蛋白,甚至共生菌都有参与。最后,基于媒介昆虫和植物病毒的关系对未来植物病毒病的绿色防控和生物防控进行了展望。  相似文献   

2.
很多植物病毒经介体昆虫以持久循回型的方式水平传播至寄主韧皮部致病,而唾液腺是介体昆虫持久传毒的重要器官,也是植物病毒在介体昆虫内循回需要克服的最后一道防线。持久性植物病毒要完成水平传播,必须突破昆虫唾液腺屏障的阻碍,因此病毒和介体昆虫间形成了“攻”与“守”的较量与对决。揭示持久性植物病毒克服昆虫唾液腺屏障,实现水平传播的机制,对病害控制具有重要意义。该文着眼于介体昆虫唾液腺在持久传毒过程中的重要功能,回顾了虫传植物病毒突破介体昆虫唾液腺侵入屏障和释放屏障的分子机制,探讨了昆虫唾液蛋白通过调节植物或昆虫的适应性和行为促进或抑制病毒水平传播的功能,为制定阻断介体昆虫传播植物病毒途径的防控策略提供理论依据。  相似文献   

3.
在与寄主植物长期共同进化的过程中,为了更好地适应和利用寄主,植食性昆虫进化出了多种取食方式。同时,为了应对植食性昆虫的取食,植物进化出了多种防御策略,包括直接防御和间接防御。在整个昆虫-植物互作过程中,昆虫唾液起着重要作用。一方面,昆虫唾液中一些组分可以被植物识别并诱导植物防御反应;另一方面,昆虫通过分泌唾液到植物中调控寄主防御反应。该文从昆虫-植物互作的角度出发介绍植食性昆虫唾液的成分与功能,着重对昆虫唾液激发子和效应子的研究进展进行了综述,并对未来唾液的研究及其在害虫防治中的应用进行展望。  相似文献   

4.
近年来宏基因组学研究的普及大大丰富了人们对RNA病毒多样性的认识,但对这些新发现病毒的生物学特性却所知甚少。本文围绕RNA病毒中一类重要的负单链RNA病毒——弹状病毒与其昆虫寄主互作的研究进行综述,总结已发现的弹状病毒及其昆虫寄主类型,共有20个属144种弹状病毒可以感染14个属的昆虫;根据已有的系统进化研究对弹状病毒的寄主起源进行推测;并以感染黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster的sigma病毒(Drosophila melanogaster sigma virus,DMelSV)为主要对象,就弹状病毒引起的CO2麻痹致死症状以及昆虫寄主对其的免疫反应研究进行总结,而在对黑腹果蝇的研究中发现很多非经典免疫通路中的新抗病毒基因,暗示存在新的抗病毒免疫通路;通过飞虱、叶蝉与其传播的植物弹状病毒以及长须罗蛉Lutzomyia longipalpis与其传播的脊椎动物病毒的互作研究,发现Toll、IMD信号通路、细胞自噬及小RNA干扰(small interfering RNA,siRNA)通路等可能与昆虫对弹状病毒的免疫反应相关。昆虫是弹状病毒主要的寄主和媒介,也是病毒遗传多样性的储主,因此更好地研究和了解昆虫寄主与弹状病毒的相互关系,有助于病毒致病和传播机制以及昆虫抗病毒免疫机理的深入研究。  相似文献   

5.
在长期的协同进化过程中,昆虫与其体内的共生菌建立了密切的互利共生关系。昆虫内共生菌不仅能调控宿主昆虫的营养代谢和生殖代谢,还能协助昆虫抵御生物、非生物胁迫,提高昆虫对化学农药的抗性及对寄主植物的适应性等。因此,内共生菌是宿主昆虫生长发育及适应性的重要调控因子。目前,随着组学技术的不断发展,内共生菌在宿主昆虫和寄主植物中的原位功能不断被挖掘,通过对内共生菌-昆虫-植物互作模型的研究,将进一步揭示昆虫内共生菌与昆虫、植物的互作机理,加深对昆虫适应性机制的理解并推进新型害虫防控和靶标技术的研发。本文就昆虫内共生菌的起源、特点、分布和传递,昆虫内共生菌在昆虫-植物-环境互作中的作用,以及昆虫内共生菌研究的方法和新技术等方面进行了综述,并对未来昆虫内共生菌介导的防御效应及昆虫适应性机理等热点问题进行了展望。  相似文献   

6.
植食性昆虫与植物间存在多种互作,涉及到基因表达、代谢组学变化和植物激素串扰等多个方面。小RNA(small RNA,sRNA)作为一种植食性昆虫与植物间的调节因子可在基因转录或转录后起作用,主要表现为控制染色体的剪接和翻译,诱导信使RNA(messenger RNA,mRNA)抑制和指导靶转录本降解等。因此,sRNA介导的基因调控是植食性昆虫与植物互作研究中的重要内容。其中,外源sRNA在植食性昆虫和植物细胞间、细胞外以及生物体间的信号分子作用备受关注,且基于sRNA的生物防治技术研究也逐渐被应用于实践。该文主要对sRNA在植食性昆虫和植物间的迁移方式及sRNA在植食性昆虫和植物生长发育过程中产生的影响进行综述,探讨sRNA对植物-寄生体-植食性昆虫体系的影响,并对sRNA在农业重大虫害生物防治领域的应用前景进行展望,以期开发绿色高效的生物防治药剂,减少化学农药用量,创造更高的经济价值和环保价值。  相似文献   

7.
瘿螨是植物病毒病的一类传播媒介。根据国内外大量最新资料,从瘿螨生物学,为害和病毒不的角度较为详尽地分析了小麦线条花叶病毒,小麦斑点花叶,黑麦草花叶病,冰草花叶病,葱属植物病毒,小麦糜疯病,黑醋栗退化病,无花果花叶病,桃花叶病,樱桃斑驳花叶,蔷薇丛簇病和木豆不孕花叶病这12种已被确认为瘿螨所传播的病毒病的特点,症状,病毒特性和防治方法,帮助人们进一步了解螨传病毒。  相似文献   

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9.
诱导防御反应的产生取决于植物对植食性昆虫相关信号迅速和准确地识别。在植物与植食性昆虫互作过程中,早期信号事件是负责植物识别和触发下游信号转导途径的最早反应,它们发生在植物防御相关基因表达和防御相关代谢物产生之前,对植物的防御过程至关重要。本文将植物与植食性昆虫互作的早期事件,包括植物对植食性昆虫的感知、电信号和Ca~(2+)信号的产生和转导,活性氧的迸发以及促细胞分裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号级联途径等研究进展进行了综述,并提出今后的研究重点与方向,促进对植物诱导防御反应调控网络的研究,以期为改进农业害虫的治理提供重要的理论和技术支撑。  相似文献   

10.
在病毒与宿主的长期相互作用中,部分病毒基因序列可以被整合到宿主基因组中,形成内源性病毒元件(endogenous viral element,EVE)。随着近年来基因组学和宏病毒组学的发展,研究人员发现除逆转录病毒外,非逆转录RNA病毒同样可以被整合到传毒媒介等真核生物基因组中,形成内源性非逆转录RNA病毒元件(non-retroviral EVE,nrEVE),但关于其具体功能的研究较少。鉴于传毒媒介传播的动物病毒和植物病毒对人、动物及植物造成严重危害,该文聚焦近年来国内外关于传毒媒介基因组中的EVE,特别是nrEVE的研究,总结了EVE的定义及发现,蚊子、蚜虫、蓟马、飞虱和蜱虫等重要传毒媒介中EVE的多样性及功能,并对该领域的后续研究重点进行展望,以期为揭示RNA病毒与宿主的长期协同进化关系及发展新的抗虫策略提供理论基础。  相似文献   

11.
高通量测序技术在植物及昆虫病毒检测中的应用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
战斌慧  周雪平 《植物保护》2018,44(5):120-126
在过去的十几年中,测序技术的发展为分子生物学领域带来了革命性的变化。第二代测序(next-generation sequencing,NGS)技术以快速、高灵敏性、高通量、非序列依赖性等特点极大地促进了病毒诊断学研究领域的发展。NGS技术可以在不了解病毒的生物学特性、血清学特点及基因组信息情况下快速检测未知病毒。通过对总核酸样本进行NGS可以获得某个特定生态环境或种植系统中的所有病毒序列,即病毒组。通过大量的NGS数据可以分析寄主中某一病毒的基因组变化、构建病毒的准种以及研究病毒的进化和起源。本文介绍了高通量测序的方法在植物和昆虫病毒检测中的应用。  相似文献   

12.
The phytoplasmas of groups 16SrI (‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’) and 16SrVII (‘Ca. Phytoplasma fraxini’) have been associated with phytoplasma diseases in several urban tree species in Bogotá, Colombia and surrounding areas. The insect vectors responsible for this phytoplasma transmission are unknown. The objectives of this study were to test for the presence of phytoplasmas in leafhopper species (Cicadellidae) collected in areas with diseased trees and to determine the phytoplasma transmission ability of two of these species. Leafhoppers of nine species were collected at two sampling sites and tested by nested or double nested PCR using primers for the 16S rRNA gene. The amplicons were subjected to RFLP and/or sequencing analysis. Phytoplasmas of group 16SrI were detected in morphospecies MF05 (Haldorus sp.), group 16SrVII in MF07 (Xestocephalus desertorum), MF08 (Empoasca sp.) and MF09 (Typhlocybinae), and both groups 16SrI and 16SrVII in MF01 (Empoasca sp.), MF02 (Typhlocybinae), MF03 (Scaphytopius sp.), MF04 (Amplicephalus funzaensis) and MF06 (Exitianus atratus). Transmission tests to uninfected bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris) were performed using field collected A. funzaensis and E. atratus individuals in separate assays. After 5 weeks, the test plants exposed to individuals of both species of leafhoppers showed symptoms, suggesting phytoplasma infection. Phytoplasma groups 16SrI and 16SrVII were detected in the two groups of exposed plants, indicating that A. funzaensis and E. atratus were able to transmit both groups of phytoplasmas. This is the first report of insect vectors for phytoplasmas of group 16SrVII in the world and of 16SrI in South America.  相似文献   

13.
The aphid‐transmitted viruses Potato virus Y (PVY) and Potato virus A (PVA) commonly affect seed potatoes in the UK. The transmission efficiency for aphid species is used to calculate a potential transmission risk and is expressed as a relative efficiency factor (REF). These REFs have not previously been calculated for UK strains of viruses or aphid clones. Using a previously published method, REFs have been calculated for the aphid species and viruses commonly occurring in UK potatoes. The efficiency of transmission of Myzus persicae is nominally set to a REF of 1 and REFs for other species are calculated relative to this. These data represent the first set of REFs calculated for PVA transmission. Macrosiphum euphorbiae (REF 0.91) was almost as efficient as M. persicae at PVA transmission. The data were further analysed to compare transmission rates of PVY and PVA using a binomial (logit) generalized mixed model to take into account the potential influence of variation in virus titre between leaves. This approach found that there is little variation between the efficiency of transmission between clones of each aphid species or between strains within a virus species. This is a first report that Aphis fabae, Metopolophium dirhodum, Sitobion avenae, Acyrthosiphon pisum and Cavariella aegopodii have the ability to vector PVA. This study also represents a first report that C. aegopodii has the ability to vector PVY and confirms the potential of S. avenae, A. fabae, M. euphorbiae and Rhopalosiphum padi as important PVY vectors.  相似文献   

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15.
    
The genomic sequence of a previously undescribed virus was identified from symptomless tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum). The viral genome is a positive‐sense ssRNA molecule of 8506 nucleotides. It is predicted to encode a single polyprotein of 314·5 kDa that is subsequently processed into three coat protein components of 13·7, 17·9 and 13·5 kDa, and a viral replicase of approximately 207 kDa with conserved motifs for a helicase, a protease and RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Pairwise analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence of the RdRp revealed that it shares closest identity with members of the family Iflaviridae, genus Iflavirus (19–47% identity). Evidence of replication in plants was detected by RT‐PCR of the viral replicative strand, and short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) matching the virus. The name Tomato matilda virus (TMaV) is proposed, and furthermore, that the genus Tomavirus (Tomato matilda virus) be created within the family Iflaviridae. This is the first report of a plant‐infecting virus resembling members of the Iflaviridae.  相似文献   

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17.
The species composition of a plant community can affect the distribution and abundance of other organisms including plant pathogens. The goal of this study was to understand the role of host diversity in the transmission of two Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) species that share insect vectors and hosts. Greenhouse experiments measured the transmission rate of BYDV species PAV and PAS from infected oat plants to healthy agricultural and wild grasses and from these species back to healthy oat seedlings. In the field component of the study, the rate of spread of PAV and PAS was measured in monoculture plots planted with agricultural grasses. In greenhouse experiments, the aphid vector more readily transmitted PAV from agricultural grasses and more readily inoculated PAS to the wild grass species assayed. In the field experiment, disease prevalence was greater in wheat, but there was no difference in the rate of spread of PAV and PAS. These results indicate an interaction between vector and host genotype that selects for greater PAV transmission in grain crops, contributes to differences in disease prevalence between grass types, and maintains pathogen diversity within the larger plant community (i.e. agricultural and non‐agricultural hosts).  相似文献   

18.
麦二叉蚜传播玉米矮花叶病毒的机制   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
用胶体金标记法和荧光抗体标记法研究了麦二叉蚜(Schizaphis graminum)传播玉米矮花叶病毒(Maize dwaft mosaic virus,MDMV)的机制。麦二叉蚜传播玉米矮花叶病毒需要辅助成份-蛋白酶(Helper component-proteinase,HC-Pro)的参与。在电镜下观察到HC-Pro可以与MDMV粒子结合。用FITC标记的HC-Pro抗体和MDMV抗体证明,HC-Pro可以直接结合到蚜虫口针上;而MDMV粒子不能直接结合到蚜虫口针,必须在HC-Pro的辅助下才能结合到蚜虫口针上。这为HC-Pro在蚜虫传毒过程中起桥梁作用提供了新的证据。MDMV粒子主要吸附在蚜虫口针的尖端和中间部分。  相似文献   

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