复合酶制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能及血清免疫力的影响

为了研究复合酶制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能及其血清免疫力的影响,笔者选择21日龄健康断奶仔猪（“杜×长×大”三元杂交仔猪）240头,随机分为4个处理组,每个处理组6个重复,每个重复10头猪。试验期50 d。对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础日粮,试验组Ⅰ在基础日粮中添加0.1 kg/t复合酶制剂;试验组Ⅱ在基础日粮中添加0.2 kg/t复合酶制剂;试验组Ⅲ在基础日粮中添加0.3 kg/t复合酶制剂。研究结果表明,在营养相同的条件下,饲粮中添加复合酶制剂能提高断奶仔猪的日增重、降低料肉比;能提高断奶仔猪血清的IgA、IgG、IgM的含量。与对照组相比,试验组Ⅱ猪只的生长性能和血清免疫力效果最好,在基础日粮中添加0.2 kg/t的复合酶制剂能显著（P<0.05）提高仔猪的平均日增重,显著（P<0.05）降低仔猪的料肉比;在基础日粮中添加0.2 kg/t的复合酶制剂能显著（P<0.05）增加断奶仔猪血清IgA、IgM的含量,极显著增加断奶仔猪血清IgG的含量。综上所述,本次试验中在基础日粮中添加复合酶制剂能提高断奶仔猪的生长性能和血清免疫力,建议最佳添加量为0.2 kg/t。     

复合酶制剂对热应激下奶牛生产性能的影响研究

试验选用48头产奶量、胎次、泌乳时间和体况评分相近的健康荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为4组,每组12头。分别为对照组（不添加复合酶制剂）、试验A组（添加复合酶制剂10 g/d）、试验B组（添加复合酶制剂20 g/d）和试验C组（添加复合酶制剂30 g/d）。基础日粮为粗料加精料补充料,试验期共55 d,预饲期15 d,正式期40 d。结果表明：在试验第一阶段,各试验组奶牛产奶量与对照组相比有所提高,但差异不显著（P>0.05）;在第二阶段,各试验组奶牛产奶量比对照组分别提高了6.46%、8.82%和7.43%,差异均显著（P<0.05）;在整个试验期,各试验组奶牛的乳成分与对照组相比无显著差异（P>0.05）。     

复合微生态制剂对犊牛生长性能、粪样微生物和血液指标的影响

旨在研究复合微生态制剂对犊牛生长性能、粪样微生物数量、腹泻率和血清指标的影响。选取3~5月龄犊牛20头,按性别、体重基本一致的原则将犊牛分为对照组和试验组,每组10头犊牛,对照组犊牛饲喂基础日粮,试验组犊牛基础日粮中添加含有酿酒酵母菌、枯草芽胞杆菌和乳酸菌的复合微生态制剂,饲喂试验共30d。记录犊牛在试验开始和结束时的体重,计算并比较2组犊牛在试验期间的总增重和平均日增重;分别收集犊牛在试验开始和结束时的粪便样本,检测并比较2组犊牛在饲喂试验前后的粪样微生物数量;记录2组犊牛在试验期间的腹泻情况,计算并比较2组犊牛的腹泻率;试验结束时采集犊牛的血液样本,测定并比较2组犊牛的主要血液指标。结果表明,饲粮中添加复合微生态制剂对犊牛生长性能无显著影响(P>0.05);饲喂复合微生态制剂的犊牛粪样中乳酸菌的数量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),粪样乳酸菌数达到2.28×10^7CFU/g,试验组犊牛粪样中大肠菌群的数量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),且犊牛腹泻率也低于对照组;试验组犊牛的血清生化指标与对照组相比均无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中添加复合微生态制剂能有效改善犊牛肠道菌群并且降低犊牛的腹泻率。     

复合酶制剂对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

为解决早期断奶仔猪普遍存在的生长缓慢和下痢问题,研究复合酶制剂对早期断奶仔猪生长性能的影响.试验分为对照组和试验组(基础日粮添加复合酶制剂),每组各选断奶后体重均等的断奶仔猪10头,饲养15天.结果表明,试验组仔猪平均增重2.85千克,与对照组相比显著提高(P＜0.05),而且试验组仔猪中腹泻率为0,对照组仔猪有1头发生腹泻.说明在饲料中添加复合酶制剂可以提高饲料消化利用率,有效促进仔猪生长速度,并能很好的预防仔猪腹泻.     

新型复合酶制剂饲喂肉牛的试验报告

[目的]为了验证新型复合酶饲喂肉牛的效果。[方法]随及对26头58~60周龄的肉牛分组、试验组13头,采用我们选用的添加剂在肉牛饲料中按0.3%添加,对照组不添加,[结果]表明,试验组平均增重0.99 kg/头.日,对照组平均增重0.87 kg/头.日、试验组比对照组提高13.79%（P〉0.05）;料肉比试验组3.04∶1,对照组3.46∶1。[结论]表明新型复合酶制剂有显著的增重效果。     

日粮中添加复合酶制剂对断乳仔猪生长性能的影响

选取54头7～8 kg健康的"杜长大"断乳仔猪作为试验动物,根据体重相近、公母各半、随机分配的原则分为对照组和试验组,每组设3重复,每个重复9头,探讨添加复合酶制剂对仔猪生长性能和腹泻率的影响。试验组日粮中添加0.5 g/kg泛亚太复合酶制剂后,仔猪的日增重提高,料重比降低,但差异不显著(P>0.05);并可降低仔猪腹泻率和饲料成本。结果表明,在仔猪日粮中添加0.5 g/kg泛亚太复合酶制剂可提高仔猪的生长性能,提高经济效益。     

不同能量水平日粮中添加复合酶制剂对荷斯坦公牛生长发育及血液生化指标的影响

试验旨在研究不同能量水平日粮中添加复合酶制剂对荷斯坦公牛生长发育及血液生化指标的影响。选择20头6月龄健康的荷斯坦奶公牛,随机分组为5组,分别为高能量日粮加酶组、高能量日粮组、低能量日粮加酶组、低能量日粮组和对照组,每组4头,日粮综合净能摄入量分别为35.26、35.26、30.63、30.63、32.83 MJ,各组日粮粗蛋白质含量基本相同。试验结果表明,①在高能量水平条件下,添加复合酶制剂的试验组组间日增重差异不显著,而在低能量水平条件下,添加复合酶制剂的试验组组间日增重相差达0.14 kg,差异显著(P<0.05);②能量水平相同的条件下,添加复合酶制剂的试验组在胴体重、肌肉重、净肉率及屠宰率等指标上均高于未添加复合酶制剂的试验组;③本试验5种日粮对荷斯坦奶公牛血液生化指标产生了一定影响,能量水平及复合酶制剂均有提高血液中碱性磷酸酶、乳酸脱氢酶和总胆固醇的趋势。因此,复合酶制剂在低能量水平下饲喂效果较为明显,通过血液生化指标与屠宰指标的相关性分析得出,碱性磷酸酶和乳酸脱氢酶可能是反映并监控荷斯坦奶公牛生长发育和消化代谢的重要指标。     

复合酶制剂FE907对奶牛生产性能的影响

本试验旨在研究酶制剂对泌乳奶牛生产性能和乳房炎发病率的影响。选取162头荷斯坦泌乳牛,随机分为试验组和对照组,每组81头。试验组奶牛在TMR中添加20g/(头·d)复合酶制剂,对照组不添加,试验期为49d。结果表明,饲粮中添加20g/(头·d)的复合酶制剂可提高产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率和乳总固形物含量(P0.05)。     

复合乳酸菌制剂对犊牛生长、肠道菌群与免疫性能的影响

[目的]研究复合乳酸菌制剂对犊牛生长、肠道菌群、抗氧化及免疫性能的影响。[方法]选取体重相近的30日龄健康荷斯坦犊牛20头,随机分为对照组和试验组,每组10头。对照组与试验组饲喂相同的基础日粮,试验组饮水中添加复合乳酸菌制剂（饮水与复合乳酸菌制剂调配比例为50∶1）,对照组不添加,试验期为90 d。计算2组犊牛试验期间平均日增重、腹泻率;分别于试验1、30、60、90 d测定粪便中细菌总数以及乳酸菌和大肠杆菌数量,并测定血液生化、抗氧化与免疫指标。[结果]试验组犊牛的平均日增重与对照组相比无显著（P>0.05）差异,腹泻率低于对照组。试验组犊牛粪样中的乳酸菌数量达到1.41×10⁷ CFU/g,显著（P<0.05）高于对照组,而大肠杆菌数量显著（P<0.05）低于对照组。在试验30、90 d时,试验组犊牛血清中的葡萄糖（GLU）含量显著（P<0.05）高于对照组;在试验60、90 d时,试验组犊牛血清中的总蛋白（TP）含量显著（P<0.05）低于对照组。2组犊牛的抗氧化指标均无显著（P>0.05）差异。在试验90 d时,试验组犊牛的血清IgG、IgA含量高于对照组。[结论]饮水中添加复合乳酸菌制剂可以改善荷斯坦犊牛肠道菌群结构并降低腹泻率。     

复合酶制剂对断奶仔猪的饲喂效果

选用体重9kg左右的杜×长×大三元杂交断奶仔猪60头,根据体重大小性别比例随机分成两组,即对照组和试验组,每组30头,对照组喂基础日粮,试验组喂基础日粮+0.1%猪用复合酶制剂,试验期35d。结论是在断奶仔猪的基础日粮中添加复合酶制剂,可以使断奶仔猪的平均日增重提高6%,且两者差异显著(P<0.05);饲料报酬比对照组提高了5.6%(P<0.05);每千克增重饲料成本降低0.14元,经济效益提高了4.4%。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.