产后子宫内膜炎患牛致病性真菌的研究

为探讨致病性真菌感染在奶牛子宫内膜炎中的作用,试验选用产后7～10d子宫内膜炎患牛,通过真菌分离培养和套式PCR反应检测子宫真菌感染情况,并确定致病性真菌种类.结果表明:子宫内膜炎患牛真菌检出率一年四季均不同,春季为10.6％、夏季为15.2％、秋季为21.1％、冬季为18.1％,分离到的致病性真菌经鉴定为念珠球菌.说...     

奶牛产后急性子宫内膜炎病原的分离与鉴定

通过研究奶牛产后急性子宫内膜炎致病微生物组成,揭示该病主要病原并为临床治疗提供依据。以产后6～10 d急性化脓性卡他性子宫内膜炎患牛80头为研究对象,对子宫内容物进行细菌和真菌的分离鉴定。共分离到195株细菌及真菌,其中35.4%具有溶血性,50.8%对试验动物有致病性;大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌分离率较高,为83.75%和62.5%,其次是奇异变形杆菌(36.25%)、白色念珠菌(20%)和肺炎克雷伯氏菌(17.5%)。该病的90%为混合感染,细菌混合感染(70%)主要由大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯氏菌和奇异变形杆菌组成;真菌与细菌混合感染占20%,均有白色念珠菌存在;细菌单一感染占10%。结果表明,奶牛产后急性子宫内膜炎主要致病菌是大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯氏菌、奇异变形杆菌,20%受试牛存在着以白色念珠菌为主的真菌感染。     

雁门关地区奶牛子宫内膜炎病原菌分离鉴定及其致病性

为给黄土高原舍饲养殖场科学防治奶牛子宫内膜炎提供理论依据,对该地区2市4县13个规模奶牛场和5个自然村,共77头患子宫内膜炎的奶牛子宫分泌物进行细菌分离鉴定,并对致病性不明的主要分离菌进行了大鼠子宫致病性试验。结果分离鉴定出12个菌属、23个菌种、108株细菌,主要细菌为芽孢杆菌(30.56%)、大肠埃希菌(14.81%)、肠球菌(12.96%)、葡萄球菌(9.26%)、乏养球菌(9.26%)、链球菌(6.48%)等;对主要分离菌的致病性研究发现除缺陷乏养球菌外,凝结芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌(O20)、屎肠球菌等均可引起子宫内膜炎。表明引起该地区奶牛子宫内膜炎的致病菌主要为金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌、化脓链球菌、不动杆菌、凝结芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌(O20)、屎肠球菌,可为有效治疗本地区奶牛子宫内膜炎提供可靠的理论基础。     

母牛产后真菌性子宫内膜炎的流行病学调查

奶牛子宫内膜炎是危害畜牧业生产发展的主要产科疾病,每年在世界范围内造成巨大的直接损失和间接损失。迄今为止,对其研究已经有近百年的历史,但由于其病原不明确、病理学机制尚未阐述清楚等多方面的原因,导致此疾病的防控及治疗仍然没有有效的方法。本研究对奶牛子宫内膜炎真菌病原临床检测进行研究,采用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)分析方法对吉林及黑龙江省奶牛子宫内的主要致病性真菌进行了流行病学调查。结果发现:一年四季真菌性子宫内膜炎均有发生,主要致病菌为念珠球菌属;在秋冬季节真菌性子宫内膜炎的发生比例最高;真菌性子宫内膜炎的平均空怀期更长。     

一株母猪产道致病性粪肠球菌的分离鉴定

为了确定景德镇某养殖场患子宫内膜炎母猪感染的病原菌、筛选有效的治疗药物,试验无菌采集景德镇某养殖场患子宫内膜炎母猪产道中段阴道分泌物进行分离纯化,通过生化试验、16S rDNA测序完成菌种初步鉴定,利用毒力基因检测和小鼠致病性试验验证菌株致病性,并进行药敏试验。结果表明:分离到一株优势菌株,为粪肠球菌;检测证实该菌株携带毒力基因cylA和gelE,并且对小鼠有致病性;该分离菌株分别对头孢哌酮和恩诺沙星表现为极敏和高敏,对万古霉素、氯霉素、多黏菌素B、环丙沙星等高敏,对其他抗菌药物表现为不同程度的耐药,将敏感药物应用于临床治疗效果明显。说明本试验在母猪产道内成功分离到一株致病性粪肠球菌,该细菌可能是母猪子宫内膜炎的病原菌之一,头孢哌酮和氟喹诺酮类药物可以作为治疗该养殖场母猪子宫内膜炎的首选药物。     

某奶牛场奶牛子宫内膜炎致病菌的分离鉴定

采集10头已确诊临床型奶牛子宫内膜炎患牛的子宫内容物,通过需氧和厌氧培养,根据细菌形态学及细菌生化特性进行分离鉴定。结果分离鉴定出3种27株细菌,分别为溶血性链球菌、非溶血性链球菌和大肠埃希菌。链球菌感染率为100%,溶血性链球菌感染率为70%,非溶血性链球菌感染率为30%。链球菌中,缺陷乏养球菌、毗邻乏养球菌和粪肠球菌所占比例较大。10份样品均分离到细菌,感染率为100%,其中绝大部分为多菌种混合感染。     

致母猪子宫内膜炎金黄色葡萄球菌鉴定及致病性与耐药性检测

为分析2018年-2020年广州地区规模化猪场致母猪子宫内膜炎金黄色葡萄球菌的致病性、血清型及耐药性情况,采集患子宫内膜炎母猪的子宫化脓性分泌物样品177份,进行金黄色葡萄球菌的分离鉴定。采用人工感染动物试验、PCR和K-B药敏纸片法分别检测金黄色葡萄球菌的致病性、血清型和耐药性。结果表明,分离得到了96株金黄色葡萄球菌,其中72株能引起小鼠发病与死亡,具有致病性;分离的72株致病性金黄色葡萄球菌以荚膜5型(52.8%)为主要流行血清型,对阿莫西林、氨苄西林、青霉素等9种药物的耐药率在58.3%～95.8%之间;对头孢噻肟、头孢噻呋、恩诺沙星等5种药物耐药率在11.1%～29.3%之间。说明从该地区分离的72株致母猪子宫内膜炎金黄色葡萄球菌以荚膜5型为主要流行血清型,耐药性严重。     

牛子宫内膜炎的诊断及治疗

目的:探究诊断牛子宫内膜炎病的方法及临床的治疗效果。方法:选取在某奶牛场的子宫内膜炎患病奶牛28头,在某肉牛场选取6头患有子宫内膜炎肉牛,将患牛分为5组,其中,肉牛单独为一组,奶牛分为4组,每组有7头患牛。每组应用不同的药物治疗,对比每组的治疗效果。结果:在28头奶牛中有3头奶牛有较差的治疗效果,逐渐转化为慢性子宫内膜炎,其总的治愈率为89.29%,而6头患有子宫内膜炎的肉牛则全部治愈,治愈率为100%。结论:在治疗牛子宫内膜炎病时,其诊断方法很重要,可以根据检查牛的阴道及直肠、培养细菌分离、细胞学检查、子宫活组织检查、B超检查等。在临床治疗中,在其子宫内灌注抗生素效果较好,适合在临床上推广应用。     

唐山地区奶牛子宫内膜炎发病情况调查

本试验在唐山7个地区奶牛场进行了奶牛子宫内膜炎发病情况调查,数据表明唐山地区奶牛子宫内膜炎的平均发生率为21.25%。对42份子宫内膜炎患牛的子宫洗出液样品进行病原菌分离、鉴定,分离出7种细菌共计141株菌株。对所有分离株进行9种药物的敏感性试验,结果表明,病原菌对庆大霉素、氟苯尼考、环丙沙星、卡那霉素敏感。     

包头地区奶牛子宫内膜炎葡萄球菌致病菌的分离与鉴定

为了解包头不同辖区奶牛子宫内膜炎葡萄球菌致病菌的分离菌株及分离率,以期为指导该地区兽医临床合理用药提供科学依据,本试验从包头市所属昆区、青山区、九原区及石拐区的奶牛养殖场采集到子宫内膜炎患牛的子宫分泌物120份,对其进行了葡萄球菌分离试验,并采用形态学观察和分子生物学方法,对其进行了种属水平鉴定。从120份奶牛子宫内膜炎患牛的子宫分泌物中共分离到50株葡萄球菌(41.7%),结果显示:昆区、青山区、九原区及石拐区奶牛子宫内膜炎分泌物的葡萄球菌分离率分别为43.3%(13/30)、36.7%(11/30)、40%(12/30)、46.7%(14/30)。分离的葡萄球菌中,金黄色葡萄球菌32株(64.0%),凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌18株(36.0%)。在凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中,产色葡萄球菌8株(16.0%),腐生葡萄球菌5株(10.0%),表皮葡萄球菌2株(4.0%),头葡萄球菌2株(4.0%),溶血葡萄球菌1株(2.0%)。致病性试验结果显示,对小鼠腹腔注射40h内,10株分离菌株均能引起小鼠死亡,其中,致死率最高的是金黄色葡萄球菌(80.0%);致死率最低的是溶血葡萄球菌(40.0%);其他菌属的致死率在50.0%~70.0%之间。     

Prevalence of Potentially Pathogenic Bacteria as Genital Pathogens in Dairy Cattle

Bacteria on the genital mucosa have been studied less in healthy, non-puerperal cows than in cows with puerperal endometritis. We have thus analysed bacteria in swabs from the vagina and cervix of post-puerperal cattle (n = 644). Out of the animals, 6.8% had aborted within the last 12 months, 2.6% and 11.6% showed signs of vaginitis and endometritis, respectively. In 17.2% of cervical swabs pathogenic gram-positive and in 11.5% pathogenic gram-negative bacteria were found. Arcanobacterium pyogenes was isolated from 41.3% of cows with endometritis and from 3.5% without endometritis (p < 0.05). From 12.5% of cows with abortion but from no cow without abortion, Staphylococcus aureus was recovered (p < 0.05). Out of 383 vaginal swabs, 88.3% were positive. In 3.4% of swabs pathogenic gram-positive and in 16.7% pathogenic gram-negative microorganisms were found. The percentage of positive vaginal swabs did not differ between pregnant and non-pregnant animals. In the genital tract, the percentage of swabs positive for normal mucosal bacteria decreased from caudally to cranially (p < 0.05). Pathogenic bacteria were found more often in cervical than in vaginal swabs (p < 0.05). In conclusion, bacteria on the vaginal and cervical mucosa in cattle involve a wide range of species. In animals without endometritis or vaginitis, colonization of the mucosa rather than infection has to be assumed.     

Persistence of uterine bacterial infection,and its associations with endometritis and ovarian function in postpartum dairy cows

We investigated the relationship between the persistence of uterine bacterial infections with cytologically determined endometritis and ovarian function in 65 postpartum Holstein cows. Vaginal mucus discharges were collected, and endometrial smear samples (n = 130) were collected for cytological and bacteriological examinations from the cows at weeks 5 and 7 postpartum (pp). Blood samples were collected at weeks 3, 5 and 7 pp to determine plasma progesterone concentrations to monitor ovarian activity. According to the bacteriological examination, cows were classified into four groups. The first group (n = 32; 49%) comprised cows negative for bacteria at weeks 5 and 7 pp. The second group (n = 11; 17%) comprised cows with bacterial infections at week 5 pp but that were clear of infection at week 7 pp. The third group (n = 12; 19%) comprised cows without bacteria at week 5 pp but that acquired an infection by week 7 pp. The fourth group (n = 10; 15%) comprised cows with bacterial infections at weeks 5 and 7 pp (persistence of infection). A positive correlation (P < 0.001) was noted between the severity of cytologically determined endometritis, purulent vaginal discharge and the persistence of infection. Cows with persistent infections had a significantly (P < 0.01) prolonged luteal phase compared with cows without infection. In conclusion, the prevalence of cytologically determined endometritis and prolonged luteal phase were significantly increased in cows with persistent infections.     

Influence of Puerperal Uterine Infection on Uterine Involution and Postpartum Ovarian Activity in Dairy Cows

This article presents the results of a clinical trial designed to study the effect of puerperal uterine infection on uterine involution and on ovarian activity in dairy cows, monitored twice weekly from parturition until the sixth week postpartum (wpp). Infection significantly retarded uterine involution assessed by the uterine body diameter and a score of intrauterine fluid volume (IUFV). By the sixth wpp, cows with normal puerperium (controls) and cows that showed mild puerperal endometritis had similar uterine body diameter and IUFV, indicating spontaneous recovery within the postpartum voluntary waiting period. However, in cows with severe puerperal endometritis, although uterine body diameter had regressed to pregravid size, IUFV remained significantly higher than in control and mild endometritis cows, indicating that chronic endometritis was established. The IUFV score was positively and significantly correlated with uterine swab bacterial growth density and allowed diagnosis of endometritis after the third wpp. Cows with mild or severe endometritis had a significantly higher prevalence and persistence of pathogenic bacteria ( Escherichia coli , Actinomyces pyogenes , Gram-negative anaerobes – GNA) than controls. Actinomyces pyogenes was associated to GNA in 74% of isolations. Ovarian activity measured by ultrasound scanning of the ovaries and plasma progesterone (P4) concentrations was more abnormal (prolonged anoestrus, prolonged luteal phases and ovarian cysts) in cows with severe endometritis than in controls.     

Effects of the intensity of a post partum examination on the fertility performance of high yielding dairy cows

Two methods for a scheduled post partum examination were compared on a commercial dairy farm. In Group 1, all cows (n = 601) were examined by rectal palpation between day 20 and 26 post partum for signs of endometritis (vaginal discharge, enlarged uterus). In Group 2, all cows (n = 652) were examined by external inspection for vaginal discharge as a sign for endometritis. In both groups all cows with endometritis were treated twice with prostaglandin F2 alpha (25 mg of dinoprost) in a 14-day interval. The proportion of cows with signs of endometritis was 33.3% and 17.2% in Group 1 and Group 2, respectively (p < 0.05). In Group 1, the conception rate (39.0% vs 49.3%) and the proportion of cows pregnant (60.5% vs 72.6%) were lower for cows with endometritis than for cows without endometritis. In Group 2, no significant differences were found in reproductive performance for cows with and without signs of endometritis. No significant differences in reproductive performance were found for cows with endometritis between the two groups. Also, for cows without endometritis no significant differences in reproductive performance were found between the groups. It is concluded that the post partum examination by rectal palpation was more sensitive in finding cows with endometritis. However, with regard to the reproductive performance the more sensitive method was not more effective than the method based on systematic external inspection.     

Predisposing factors,diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of persistent endometritis in postpartum cows

A certain level of endometrial bacterial infection and inflammation is involved in bovine uterine involution during the puerperal period. Factors that hamper normal uterine involution expose the uterine environment to pathological conditions, causing different endometritis levels. The lack of proper diagnostic tools extends the time to conception. Efforts have been made to elucidate the postpartum uterine environment, including bacterial flora, changes in transient endometrial inflammation, and the pathophysiology of endometritis, to improve bovine reproductive performance. E. coli and Trueperella pyogenes in the uterus are likely to cause persistent infection, and Mycoplasma bovigenitalium infection is associated with dystocia and cytological endometritis in postpartum dairy cows. Due to the widespread use of cytobrush as a diagnostic tool for bovine subclinical endometritis (SE) that enables quantification of the degree of inflammation, we found that endometritis at week 5 postpartum was associated with delayed first ovulation. Approximately 30% of open cows have SE during the postpartum period, and cows with low blood glucose during prepartum have a high risk of developing SE. Additionally, cows with purulent vaginal discharge do not always have endometritis but only vaginitis and/or cervicitis. Intrauterine infusion of polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine (PVP-I) improves fertility and promotes endometrial epithelial cell regeneration after inducing transient uterine inflammation, suggesting that PVP-I could be a good alternative to antibiotics. In conclusion, prepartum management to prevent glucose deficiency, prompt diagnosis to identify causative agents and intrauterine inflammation levels, and appropriate treatment to minimize antimicrobial resistance is beneficial for tackling endometritis and improving reproductive performance in bovine herds.     

Significance of nitric oxide concentration in plasma and uterine secretes with puerperal endometritis in dairy cows

Endometritis is an inflammation of the endometrial lining of the uterus without systemic signs, which is associated with chronic postpartum infection of the uterus with pathogenic bacteria. Nitric oxide (NO) is an inflammatory mediator that among other effects causes smooth muscle relaxation and mediated cytoimmunity and inflammation toxicity. To see if the nitric oxide concentration in plasma and uterine secrets is related with postpartum endometritis, NO concentrations in plasma and uterine secrets were measured in dairy cows with puerperal endometritis (clinical endometritis (n = 60) and subclinical endometritis (n = 58)). Cows with clinical or subclinical endometritis showed higher concentrations of NO in both plasma and uterine secrets when compared with normal cows and the highest concentrations of NO in plasma and uterine secrets were found in dairy cows with clinical endometritis. Expression level of NOS2 mRNA in endometrial biopsies from cows with puerperal endometritis was also higher and the highest expression of NOS2 mRNA was found in cows with clinical endometritis. The results showed that concentrations of NO in plasma and uterine fluid are related with the degree of endometritis which may be useful to diagnose the endometritis in dairy cows.     

Incidence of subclinical endometritis and its effects on reproductive performance of crossbred dairy cows

In dairy cattle, uterine infections are not life threatening and often unavoidable; however, they reduce fertility and increase the production costs of properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of subclinical endometritis from 32 to 70 days in milk (DIM) and its effects on the reproductive performance of crossbred dairy cows. Lactating cows (Holstein/Gir; n?=?172), with no history of retained placenta, without clinical signs of uterine infection were used. The body condition score (BCS) was evaluated on a scale from 1 to 5. Ultrasound examination was performed to evaluate uterine lining and ovarian activity, while vaginal mucus was analyzed by gloved hand. The diagnosis of subclinical endometritis was performed by endometrial cytobrush technique. The samples were collected, stained, and examined microscopically; positive cases for subclinical endometritis were considered with the presence of ≥5 % of neutrophils. Later, the cows were submitted to conventional artificial insemination or timed artificial insemination. The incidence of subclinical endometritis in the herd was 26 %, and this was not affected by the season of calving, presence of corpus luteum, DIM, and parity. Cows with a BCS ≤2.50 had a higher incidence of subclinical endometritis. The conception rate to first insemination and pregnancy rate at 150 days postpartum were not influenced by the presence of subclinical endometritis in crossbred dairy cows.     

Prevalence of clinical endometritis and its impact on reproductive performance in grazing dairy cattle in Argentina

The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of clinical endometritis and its impact on reproductive performance in grazing dairy cattle in Argentina to compare data with previous reports from herds kept in confinement housing systems. A total of 243 Holstein dairy cows from three commercial dairy farms in Buenos Aires Province (Argentina) were examined for the signs of clinical endometritis 18-38 days postpartum (dpp) by external inspection and manual vaginal examination. Vaginal discharge was scored into the categories VDS 0 (transparent, clear mucus), VDS 1 (mucupurulent discharge), VDS 2 (purulent discharge) and VDS 3 (purulent discharge with fetid odour). Cows diagnosed with VDS 1 to VDS 3 were regarded as affected with clinical endometritis and cows with VDS 0 as free of clinical endometritis. All cows were re-examined 14 days later following the same examination protocol. Prevalence of clinical endometritis 18-38 dpp was 35% and decreased to 18% at re-examination. Cows with no palpable ovarian structures or periparturient disorders were at higher risk for clinical endometritis. Hazard for pregnancy was significantly lower in cows with purulent or fetid odour discharge compared with reference cows with no discharge (HR=0.49; p=0.01), resulting in a lower proportion of cows pregnant by 360 dpp (66% vs 78%). Furthermore, the number of services per pregnancy was higher for cows with clinical endometritis than for cows without clinical endometritis (4.4 vs 3.1; p=0.04). Cows with clinical endometritis were 1.6 times as likely to be culled as cows with no signs of clinical endometritis. In conclusion, the prevalence and the impact of clinical endometritis in a pasture-based, extensive dairy production system in Argentina were similar to previously published data from dairy farms with confinement production systems.     

Immune responses during the peripartum period in dairy cows with postpartum endometritis

Determining the immune responses to the development of endometritis during the peripartum period may assist in the development of more efficient reproductive management regimens for dairy herds. In this study, we compared the peripartum immune responses of dairy cows that develop endometritis by 4 weeks postpartum (n = 11) to cows that did not develop this disease (n = 19). Blood samples were collected 1 week before calving, just after or during calving, and then at weeks 1, 2, 3, and 4 postpartum. Cows that developed endometriris had significantly higher total leukocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte counts than the control cows (P < 0.05) at all time points. The leukocytes from cows that developed endometritis were significantly less phagocytic than those from control cows at all sampling time points (P < 0.01). The serum TNFalpha concentrations of the control cows decreased linearly from the prepartum time point (P = 0.0029), but the endometritis cows showed a different profile (P > 0.05). As a result, the serum TNFalpha concentrations were greater in the endometritis group (P < 0.01) than in the control group during the third and fourth weeks postpartum. The greater total leukocyte numbers and neutrophil, lymphocyte and monocyte counts, and the maintenance of elevated serum TNFalpha levels in the cows with endometritis may be due to infection in the postpartum period. Furthermore, the decreased phagocytic capacity of leukocytes during the peripartum period, including at the prepartum time point, makes cows more susceptible to postpartum endometritis.     

Postpartum uterine disease and dairy herd reproductive performance: a review

This paper reviews the causes, impact, treatment, and prevention of retained placenta (RP), metritis, and endometritis in dairy cows. The occurrence of each of these diseases largely depends on immune function in the transition period. Retained placenta affects 5-10% of calvings and greatly increases the risk of metritis and endometritis. More field studies are needed to validate criteria for treatment of metritis, but cows with at least two of RP, fever, dullness, and fetid uterine discharge appear to merit treatment with systemic antibiotics. Clinical endometritis affects 15-20% of cows at 4-6 weeks postpartum; an additional 30-35% have subclinical endometritis between 4 and 9 weeks postpartum. Under specific conditions, treatment of cows with endometritis improved pregnancy rate. Systematic use of prostaglandin F(2alpha) at 5 and 7 weeks postpartum may improve pregnancy rate. The economic benefit of efforts to identify and treat endometritis is herd-specific.