吐丝期干旱胁迫对玉米生理特性和物质生产的影响

以玉米品种郑单958 (抗旱性强)和陕单902 (抗旱性弱)为材料,采用抗旱池栽控水试验,研究了叶片光合特性、保护酶活性以及干物质转运对吐丝期干旱胁迫的响应。结果表明,在吐丝期干旱胁迫下2个品种产量分别降低39.10%和44.87%;叶片净光合速率(P_n)和气孔导度(G_s)显著下降,胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)先升后降。PSII最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、实际量子产额(Φ_PSII)、光化学猝灭(q_P)降低,非光化学猝灭(q_N)升高;抗氧化酶(SOD、POD和CAT)活性先升高后降低,而丙二醛(MDA)含量一直升高。说明吐丝期干旱胁迫增加了花前营养器官贮藏同化物转运量(率)及其对籽粒转运的贡献率;但郑单958受干旱影响程度小于陕单902。说明抗旱品种郑单958具高抗氧化酶活性清除活性氧,使得膜脂过氧化程度轻,维持较高的光化学效率,延长叶片光合功能期,促进花前营养器官贮藏同化物转运量对籽粒的贡献率。这可能是其在干旱胁迫下仍能获得较高产量的重要原因之一。     

玉米叶片光合作用和渗透调节对干旱胁迫的响应

以2个不同抗旱性玉米品种郑单958 (抗旱性强)和陕单902 (抗旱性弱)为材料,采用盆栽控水试验,设置3个干旱处理(轻度干旱、中度干旱、重度干旱)和正常灌水,研究了干旱胁迫对2个玉米品种气体交换、叶绿素荧光参数和渗透调节物质的影响。结果显示, 重度干旱造成2个玉米品种叶片光合机构紊乱,破坏细胞膜完整性;同时增加了渗透调节物质,这对增强叶片的保水能力,维持光合速率有重要的作用。但与陕单902相比,干旱胁迫下郑单958表现出较高的最大净光合速率(P_nmax),表观量子效率(AQY),光饱和点(LSP),最大电子传递速率(J_max),最大羧化速率(V_cmax),PSII的实际量子产量(Φ_PSII)和光化学猝灭系数(q_P);较高的脯氨酸(Pro)和可溶性糖含量(SS);较低的丙二醛含量(MDA)。这些结果表明,干旱胁迫下抗旱品种郑单958具有较强的渗透物质能力,减轻细胞膜质过氧化程度,维持较高的光合性能是其适应干旱环境的生理基础。     

干旱胁迫对玉米品种苗期叶片光合特性的影响

维持较高的光合作用对于作物适应干旱逆境意义重大,光合电子传递和气孔行为是作物光合机构的重要组成部分,而玉米上有关它们之间的组合响应干旱胁迫研究报道较少。本文将2个主推玉米品种陕单609和郑单958生长在自然光和4个干旱胁迫下的干旱棚内,对其叶片的光系统II(PSII)的电子传递功能和气孔导度进行了研究。结果显示,中度和重度干旱胁迫下2个品种叶片净光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(Gs)显著下降,而伴随着胞间CO2浓度(Ci)上升,显示光合速率下降是非气孔因素所致。JIP-test分析发现干旱胁迫下2个品种叶绿素荧光诱导动力曲线(OJIP)中出现了K-band,说明光系统II(PSII)放氧复合体(OEC)受到抑制和PSII供体侧与受体侧电子传递不平衡;同时干旱胁迫下反映从PSII供体侧到PSI末端受体电子流的荧光参数显著改变,损伤了光系统II和I之间光合电子传递链,限制CO2同化。品种间光合特性对干旱胁迫的响应存在差异,重度干旱对郑单958叶片光合机构的影响比对品种陕单609大。以上结果表明,中度和重度干旱下玉米品种叶片Pn下降归属于光化学活性的衰退;陕单609光合机构的耐旱性强于郑单958。     

水分胁迫对糜子植株苗期生长和光合特性的影响

选取耐旱性不同的糜子品种陇糜4号(强抗旱)、晋黍7号(旱敏感)和5283黄(中等抗旱),采用盆栽控水试验,调查不同水分处理对糜子苗期主要性状和光合参数的影响。结果表明：(1)水分胁迫下各品种的株高、叶面积、根重、叶绿素含量、根系活力均呈下降趋势,且陇糜4号的降幅小于5283黄和晋黍7号。(2)水分胁迫下,3个品种的固定荧光值(F_o)和非光化学猝灭系数值(q_N)均显著增加,在重度胁迫后,陇糜4号、5283黄和晋黍7号的F_o值分别比对照增加24.6%﹑34%和40.8%,q_N值分别增加0.956、1.083和2.183,且表现为旱敏感品种晋黍7号的增加幅度大于强抗旱品种陇糜4号;各品种的可变荧光(F_v)、最大荧光(F_m)、最大光化学量子产量(F_v/F_m)、PSII的潜在活性(F_v/F_o)、光化学猝灭系数(q_P)值均因水分胁迫而降低。在中度和重度胁迫时,与正常灌水相比差异达显著水平,降幅以晋黍7号>5283黄>陇糜4号。(3)各品种的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度及胞间CO₂浓度均因水分胁迫而下降,强抗旱品种陇糜4号各值的变化幅度均小于中等抗旱品种5283黄和旱敏感品种晋黍7号,表明陇糜4号的光合参数受水分胁迫的影响最小,较高的电子传递速率和较强的光能转化能力是陇糜4号适应干旱环境的重要生理特性。(4)水分胁迫导致糜子叶片对强光的敏感性增加,干旱和光抑制对光系统II造成的叠加伤害随干旱加重和品种抗旱性减弱而加剧,因此,对强光下的糜子幼苗应及时补水,以避免干旱和高光强的叠加伤害。     

外源亚精胺对淹水胁迫玉米的生理调控效应

以玉米单交种登海662(DH662)和浚单20(XD20)为材料, 以盆栽方式研究了外源亚精胺(Spd)对淹水胁迫玉米叶片光合、根系生理及产量的调控效应。结果表明, 喷施亚精胺使遭受不同生育阶段淹水胁迫的DH662和XD20产量平均提高12.9%和10.8%。不同生育阶段淹水对玉米影响不同, 两个品种均以苗期淹水影响较大, 且Spd对其正调控效应也最好。喷施亚精胺提高了不同生育阶段淹水处理玉米叶片的净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、气孔限制值(L_s)、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、光量子产量(Φ_PSII)和光化学猝灭系数(q_P), 降低了细胞间隙CO₂浓度(C_i)和非光化学猝灭系数(q_N)。喷施亚精胺使淹水胁迫后DH662和XD20根系的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性分别较单独淹水处理高出14.5%和4.6%, 过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性分别较淹水处理高出19.9%和18.2%;使DH662和XD20根系的异柠檬酸脱氢酶(IDH)和琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)活性增加26.1%和19.6%, 但抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性无明显增加。喷施亚精胺缓解了淹水胁迫引起的膜脂过氧化, 使DH662和XD20根系活力平均增加12.9%, 根系丙二醛(MDA)含量平均降低23.9%。表明叶面喷施亚精胺可有效改善玉米根系和叶片生理功能, 从而降低减产幅度, 但不同玉米品种及其不同生育阶段对亚精胺的调控效应存在差异。     

不同氮肥利用效率水稻基因型剑叶光合特性

选用氮肥利用高效型和低效型具有代表性的12个粳稻品种,研究225 kg hm^-2施氮条件下水稻剑叶光合特性的差异及其与氮肥利用效率、水稻结实性的相互关系。结果表明,齐穗后,氮高效基因型水稻的叶绿素含量、叶片含氮量、净光合速率、光合功能期和叶绿素荧光动力学参数中的最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、PS II的潜在活性(F_v/F_o)、实际光化学效率(Φ_PSII)、光化学猝灭系数(q_P)和非光化学猝灭系数(q_N)均显著高于氮低效基因型。相关性分析表明,齐穗后不同时期,剑叶中叶绿素含量、叶片含氮量、净光合速率、剑叶的光合功能期和叶绿素荧光动力学参数值(F_v/F_m、F_v/F_o、Φ_PSII、q_P、q_N)与水稻的氮肥利用效率、结实性均呈极显著的正相关。由此说明,与氮低效基因型相比,氮高效基因型水稻生育后期具有较好的光合特性,较长的光合功能期;同时,其PSII反应中心更加稳定,具有更大的光能转化为电化学能的潜力,非光化学猝灭对光合机构也有更好的保护作用。因而,其在促进植株光合物质积累,提高结实性的同时能通过地上部与地下部的调节反馈增强植株对氮肥的吸收利用。     

低温胁迫下聚糖萘合剂对玉米幼苗光合作用和抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用盆栽试验, 以郑单958和丰单3号为材料, 研究了低温胁迫对玉米幼苗光合作用、叶绿素、叶绿素荧光参数和抗氧化酶活性的影响, 以及聚糠萘合剂(PKN)的调控效果。结果表明, 低温胁迫下, 玉米幼苗的光合作用和光系统II光化学最大效率受到抑制; 超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性降低; 过氧化氢、超氧阴离子的产生速率及丙二醛(MDA)含量显著升高。PKN处理提高了低温胁迫下玉米幼苗净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、光系统II光化学的最大效率(F_v/F_m)、叶绿素含量(Chl a+Chl b)。低温处理7 d, ZDTR和FDTR的P_n、G_s、F_v/F_m、Chl a+Chl b分别比各自的对照提高了88.95%和61.11%、593.33%和1 741.67%、111.50%和145.16%、36.61%和54.03%; PKN处理延缓了SOD、POD、CAT活性的降低, 低温胁迫7 d, PKN处理使郑单958和丰单3的SOD、POD、CAT活性分别比对照高了292.59%和632.98%、295.07%和360.54%、254.55%和265.45%; 同时降低了过氧化氢、超氧阴离子的产生速率及MDA的含量。表明PKN处理有利于提高玉米幼苗的抗冷性。     

开放式臭氧浓度升高条件下不同敏感型小麦品种的光合特性

利用亚洲首个开放式臭氧浓度升高平台(O₃FACE),以臭氧敏感品种烟农19和臭氧耐性品种扬麦16为试材,研究了小麦光合特性对O₃浓度升高的响应,并分析了不同敏感型小麦品种响应差异的可能原因。结果表明,O₃浓度升高并持续处理75 d后,小麦旗叶的净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r)均显著下降,其中扬麦16的降幅(27.9%、37.5%和27.9%)明显小于烟农19 (61.1%、68.0%和57.4%);而C_i基本维持恒定。说明O₃FACE下小麦旗叶P_n下降是气孔因素和非气孔因素共同作用的结果,其中非气孔因素起决定性作用。叶绿素荧光分析表明,两个品种的PSII最大光化学量子产量(F_v/F_m)、PSII潜在活性(F_v/F_o)、光化学猝灭(q_P)和光化学反应速率(P_rate)等荧光参数均呈下降趋势,而非光化学猝灭(NPQ)和热耗散速率(D_rate)呈上升趋势;可溶性蛋白和核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶(Rubisco)则与荧光参数及P_n的变化趋势一致。由此可见,RuBP的羧化限制和PSII光系统损伤可能是O₃胁迫下小麦旗叶P_n下降的主要非气孔因素。此外,O₃FACE下扬麦16各参数的变幅均小于烟农19,扬麦16较高的蒸腾速率和较小的Rubisco含量降幅可能是其维持光合机构功能的重要原因。     

干旱胁迫对玉米叶绿素荧光参数及质膜透性的影响

以抗旱性不同的3个玉米品种京单28、郑单958、京科25为试材,研究干旱胁迫下玉米的叶绿素荧光参数及质膜透性的变化.结果表明:干旱胁迫对叶绿素荧光参数的影响非常显著,干旱胁迫会降低玉米PSⅡ的原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm),使PSⅡ反应中心开放部分比例(qP)降低,用于光合作用电子传递的份额(qP)减少,而以热能的形式耗散,过量的光能不及时耗散会使光合器官受到损伤,导致玉米叶片原生质膜结构伤害,从而引起膜的透性增大,玉米叶片中丙二醛、脯氨酸含量变化.     

非生物胁迫对玉米杂交种及其亲本自交系产量性状的影响

以抗逆性较强玉米杂交种郑单958及其亲本(郑58、昌7-2)和抗逆性较差的杂交种陕单902及其亲本(K22、K12)为材料, 在不同种植密度(45 000株 hm^-2和75 000株 hm^-2)、施氮量(112.5 kg hm^-2和337.5 kg hm^-2)和灌水量(正常灌水和前期干旱控水)条件下, 分析了2个杂交种及其亲本产量及相关生理特性的变化规律。结果表明, 在非生物胁迫条件下(高密度、低氮和前期干旱控水), 与陕单902相比, 品种郑单958叶面积指数、SPAD值、花后干物质积累量和产量的中亲优势值分别增加18%、9%、28%和22%; 与陕单902亲本(K22、K12)比, 郑单958亲本(郑58、昌7-2)叶面积指数、SPAD值、花后干物质积累量和产量的中亲值分别增加45%、36%、51%和45%; 郑单958产量的中亲值和中亲优势显著高于陕单902, 且中亲值增幅高于杂种优势值。玉米杂交种郑单958较陕单902增产的同时, 增强了对非生物逆境适应的能力。玉米杂交种的抗逆性来自亲本自交系。玉米杂交种抗逆性强在于增强了花后叶片光合能力(较高的LAI和SPAD值), 促进了花后干物质积累。     

Hybrid performance of sorghum and its relationship to morphological and physiological traits under variable drought stress in Kenya

Sorghum, Sorghum bicolor L. Moench, is grown mostly in semi-arid climates where unpredictable drought stress constitutes a major production constraint. To investigate hybrid performance at different levels of drought stress, 12 single-cross hybrids of grain sorghum and their 24 parent lines were grown in eight site-season combinations in a semi-arid area of Kenya. In addition, a subset of 20 genotypes was evaluated at the seedling stage under polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced drought stress. Environmental means for grain yield ranged from 47 to 584 g/m²reflecting the following situations: two non-stress, one moderate pre-flowering, four moderate terminal and one extreme drought stress. Mean hybrid superiority over mid-parent values was 54% for grain yield and 35% for above-ground biomass. Across environments, hybrids out-yielded two local varieties by 12%. Differences in yield potential contributed to grain yield differences in all stress environments. Early anthesis was most important for specific adaptation to extreme drought. Field performance was not related to growth reduction and osmotic adjustment under PEG-induced drought stress. In conclusion, exploitation of hybrid vigour could improve the productivity of sorghum in semi-arid areas.     

Genetic distance among doubled haploid maize lines and their testcross performance under drought stress and non-stress conditions

In contrast to conventional inbreeding that takes up to seven generations to develop inbred lines, the doubled haploid (DH) technology allows production of inbred lines in two generations. The objectives of the present study were to: (a) evaluate testcross performance of 45 doubled haploid lines under drought stress and non-stress conditions (b) estimate heritabilities for grain yield and other traits and (c) to assess the genetic distance and relationship among the DH lines using 163,080 SNPs generated using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). The 45 hybrid and five checks were evaluated using a 10 × 5 alpha lattice in six drought stress and nine well-watered environments in Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania. Differences in trait means between the drought stress and well-watered conditions were significant for all measured traits except for anthesis date. Genetic variances for grain yield, grain moisture, plant height and ear height were high under well-watered environments while genetic variance for anthesis date, root lodging and stalk lodging were high under drought stress environments. Combined analyses across drought stress and well-watered environments showed that ten top hybrids produced 1.6–2.2 t/ha grain yield under well-watered condition and 1–1.4 t/ha under drought stress condition higher than the mean of the commercial checks. Genetic distance between pairwise comparisons of the 38 of the 45 DH lines ranged from 0.07 to 0.48, and the overall average distance was 0.36. Both cluster and principal coordinate analysis using the genetic distance matrix calculated from 163,080 SNPs showed two major groups and the patterns of group was in agreement with their pedigree. Thirteen (13) of the best hybrids are currently in National Performance Trials testing, an important step towards commercialization in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda.     

干旱胁迫下不同小豆品种根系生长规律研究

采用盆栽人工控水的方法,研究不同小豆品种根系对干旱胁迫的响应。结果表明,干旱胁迫抑制了小豆根系的生长,随着干旱胁迫的加剧,小豆的最大根长呈先增加后减少的趋势,根重、总根长、根表面积、根体积、株高、茎粗和叶面积呈减小的趋势,根冠比呈增加的趋势;不同品种小豆对干旱胁迫的响应存在差异,抗旱型品种的根重、总根长、根表面积、根体积、株高、茎粗和叶面积随干旱胁迫的加剧下降幅度小,根冠比显著加大。重度干旱胁迫下,品种间最大根长、根重、根体积、株高、茎粗、叶面积和根冠比差异在整个生育期间达显著水平。抗旱型品种冀红8937的根系更为发达,根冠比较高,中度干旱胁迫下,最大根长的增加幅度较大,随着干旱胁迫的加剧,其根重、总根长、根表面积、根体积、株高、茎粗和叶面积下降幅度较小,根冠比显著增加。     

Canopy Development and Light Absorption of Grain Legume Species in a Short Season Mediterranean-type Environment

Leaf area index (LAI), fractional canopy light interception (F) and plant mortality at maturity, were determined for nine short-duration pigeonpea ( Cajanus cajan [L.] Millsp.) genotypes in response to drought during the late-vegetative and flowering (stress 1), the flowering and early podfill (stress 2), or podfill (stress 3) stages. LAI and F were reduced, but plant mortality did not increase under drought. Stress 2 reduced LAI to the greatest extent, consistent with the effects on seed yield. At the end of stress 1, seed yield was closely related to LAI for the different genotypes in stressed but not in unstressed (control) plots. Reductions in LAI due to reproductive growth were as great or greater than those due to water stress. Indeterminate genotypes had smaller but more leaves per plant compared to the determinate genotypes. The importance of these differences to drought resistance was not apparent. Production of leaves with decreasing specific leaf area throughout plant growth may be advantageous, especially when drought is likely to occur during reproductive growth. Values of F during and following water stress gave an indication of genotypic drought resistance, with the most drought-sensitive genotype showing the largest reduction in F under water stress and the slowest rate of recovery following rewatering. For short-duration pigeonpea, where plant mortality is not a factor under water stress, the maintenance of both LAI and F appears to indicate genotypic drought resistance.     

Comparison of Drought Tolerance of Maize,Sweet Sorghum and Sorghum‐Sudangrass Hybrids

In drought‐prone environments, sweet sorghum and sorghum‐sudangrass hybrids are considered worthy alternatives to maize for biogas production. The biomass productivity of the three crops was compared by growing them side‐by‐side in a rain‐out shelter under different levels of plant available soil water (PASW) during the growing periods of 2008 to 2010 at Braunschweig, Germany. All crops were established under high levels of soil water. Thereafter, the crops either remained at the wet level (60–80 % PASW) or were subjected to moderate (40–50 % PASW) and severe drought stress (15–25 % PASW). While the above‐ground dry weight (ADW) of sweet sorghum and maize was insignificantly different under well‐watered conditions, sweet sorghum under severe drought stress produced 27 % more ADW than maize. The ADW of sorghum‐sudangrass hybrids significantly lagged behind sweet sorghum at all levels of water supply. The three crops differed markedly in their susceptibility to water shortage. Severe drought stress reduced the ADW of maize by 51 %, but only by 37 % for sweet sorghum and 35 % for sorghum‐sudangrass hybrids. The post‐harvest root dry weight (RDW) in the 0–100 cm soil layer for maize, sweet sorghum and sorghum‐sudangrass hybrids averaged 4.4, 6.1 and 2.9 t ha^?1 under wet and 1.9, 5.7 and 2.4 t ha^?1 under severe drought stress. Under these most dry conditions, the sorghum crops had relatively higher RDW and root length density (RLD) in the deeper soil layers than maize. The subsoil RDW proportion (20–100 vs. 0–20 cm) for maize, sweet sorghum and sorghum‐sudangrass hybrids amounted to 6 %, 10 % and 20 %. The higher ADM of sweet sorghum compared with maize under dry conditions is most likely attributable to the deep root penetration and high proportion of roots in the subsoil, which confers the sorghum crop a high water uptake capacity.     

Drought tolerance variability in S<Subscript>1</Subscript> pollinator lines developed from a sugar beet open population

Drought tolerance is one of the most important objectives of sugar beet breeding programs in semi-arid regions, particularly during the last decade. Due to global climate changes and limitations of agricultural irrigation water, varieties with drought tolerance are taken into consideration in order to avoid yield losses due to drought. In this study, drought tolerance of 76 S₁ lines (full-sib families) that had been extracted from a genetically broad base multigerm sugar beet open pollinated population, were examined. Test crosses were made between the lines as pollinators and a cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) single cross. The consequent hybrids along with checks were evaluated during 2007 and 23 more tolerant hybrids during 2008, in two adjacent experiments under drought stress and non-stress conditions. Drought tolerance indices calculated based on sugar yield, such as mean productivity (MP), geometric mean productivity (GMP) and stress tolerance index (STI) were used to assess hybrids responses to drought. The results showed significant genetic differences for root yield and sugar yield under both conditions. Drought tolerance indices displayed significant genetic variability for sugar yield among the hybrids. Many hybrids were drought tolerant as compared with the original base population as indicated by their high STI. The estimates of heritability for sugar yield in stress and non-stress conditions were much close to each other (0.31 and 0.34, respectively). Whereas, for root yield the heritability estimate in stress condition (0.46) was relatively higher than that in non-stress condition (0.34). Significant differences were observed among the selected hybrids for root yield and sugar yield, indicating genotypic variability for pollinator lines derived from the population. There were no significant differences for sugar content. For increasing the drought tolerance potential in a breeding population and developing drought-tolerant varieties by male parent, the drought-tolerant lines could be used.     

Chemical priming with urea and KNO<Subscript>3</Subscript> enhances maize hybrids (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Zea mays</Emphasis> L.) seed viability under abiotic stress

Seed priming is a method to improve germination and seedling establishment under stress conditions. The effect of seed priming in chemical solutions such as urea and KNO₃, on protein and proline content, germination, and seedling growth responses of four maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids under drought and salt stress conditions was studied in a controlled environment in 2010. Treatments included stress type and intensity at five levels: moderate drought (MD), severe drought (SD), moderate salt (MS), severe salt (SS), and control (C1, without stress), three seed priming types including water (C2, as control), KNO₃, and urea (as chemical priming), and four maize hybrids including Maxima, SC704, Zola, and 307. The results showed that the highest germination percentage (Ger %), germination rate (GR), seedling length (SL), radical length (RL), and seedling to radical length ratio (S/R) were achieved in no stress treatments and most proline content in SD treatment. Urea priming led to more Ger%, GR, and SL compared to other primers and treatment under KNO₃ priming resulted in higher RL compared to other primers. Chemical priming had no effect on S/R and proline content. Also, in terms of most traits, no difference was found among the four hybrids. Results showed that salt stress could affect GR and RL more than the drought stress. Drought stress affected germination percentage and S/R more than the salt stress. Both stresses decreased all measured parameters, except protein and proline content which were increased remarkably, and more under drought compared to salt stress. Based on proline content, hybrid 304 appeared to be more resistant to stress than other hybrids. Generally, KNO₃ and urea alleviated effects of both stresses and led to increased germination and seedling growth as well as the root length. Therefore, priming could be recommended for enhancing maize growth responses under stressful conditions.     

甜菜幼苗光合生理对干旱胁迫的响应

干旱胁迫是抑制甜菜生长发育和影响产量的重要非生物因素。以耐旱型甜菜种质依安一号（V1）和干旱敏感型种质92011/1-6/1（V2）为试验材料,探讨不同耐旱品种甜菜幼苗光合生理对干旱胁迫的响应。研究了干旱胁迫对甜菜幼苗生长发育、总叶绿素含量和表观光合指标的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫下2种甜菜幼苗的茎粗、根长、株高、叶鲜重、根鲜重、叶干重和根干重均呈下降趋势,V1下降幅度不明显且各指标降低幅度均小于V2;干旱胁迫降低了2种甜菜幼苗的叶绿素含量,叶绿素含量在第7天降到最低,且V1的含量明显高于V2;干旱胁迫使甜菜幼苗的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、叶片气孔导度和胞间CO₂浓度显著下降,V1受到的影响比V2要小。不同耐旱性甜菜品种对干旱胁迫的响应机制存在一定差异,可以进一步分析其抗旱能力,为甜菜的育种、抗逆栽培和稳产提供理论依据。     

夏玉米的干旱适应性及其生理机制的研究

1987～1988年,分别在大田和遮雨塑料棚条件下,测定并分析了三个抗性不同的夏玉米杂交种与干旱适应性有关的一些生理特性.结果表明,夏玉米杂交种受旱后,对干旱均表现出了程度不同的适应性;高抗杂交种以较强的根系活力、气孔调节能力和广泛的水分适应性体现其抗旱性,在耐旱性上则主要表现为受害后叶绿素含量较稳定,膜损伤小,游离脯氨酸积累量大.二者综合作用的结果、使其抗旱系数大,经济产量高.此外,还对夏玉米抗旱机理以及气孔扩散阻力、游离脯氨酸积累与抗旱性的关系进行了初步探讨.     

不同发育阶段干旱胁迫对玉米株高、果穗性状及产量的影响

为研究同一品种不同发育阶段干旱胁迫对玉米植株高度、果穗性状以及产量的影响程度,设置全生育期供水充足、大田自然干旱、拔节期控水、抽雄期控水、拔节期控水-复水、抽雄期控水-复水6种处理的对比试验,用对比分析的方法比较不同处理下玉米的株高、果穗性状以及产量之间的差异。结果表明：干旱胁迫使玉米植株矮小,果穗长减小7.88%~54.55%,果穗粗减小14.58%~52.08%,秃尖长度增大66.67%~258.33%,百粒重减小0.99%~41.36%,单株产量减少15.03%~94.41%,最终导致减产23.57%~90.03%。不同发育阶段干旱胁迫对产量的影响差异显著,全生育期干旱最为严重,几乎无产量,拔节期次之,抽雄期干旱胁迫影响最小,复水后由于部分补偿了前期干旱胁迫所减少的生物量,果穗性状、百粒重均有好转,减产幅度减轻。