蛋氨酸溶液浸泡种蛋对孵化效果的影响

选择闽中麻鸡种蛋527枚,随机分成4组,对照组为167枚,试验Ⅰ~Ⅲ组各为120枚。对照组和试验Ⅰ~Ⅲ组的种蛋分别用0、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%的蛋氨酸溶液进行浸泡,浸泡时间均为10min。结果表明试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组的孵化率分别比对照组提高了4.63和6.29个百分点(P<0.05);试验Ⅲ组的孵化率比对照组下降了0.37个百分点(P>0.05)。说明用1.0%和1.5%的蛋氨酸溶液浸泡种蛋对提高孵化率有效,其中以1.5%的浸泡浓度效果最好,但2%的蛋氨酸溶液效果不明显。不同浓度蛋氨酸溶液浸泡种蛋对种蛋的胚胎重量和水分无明显影响。     

鹌鹑种蛋质量对受精率特种经济动物和孵化效果的影响

试验旨在研究鹌鹑种蛋质量(蛋重、蛋形指数和蛋壳颜色)对受精率和孵化效果的影响。3 000枚种蛋按蛋重大小分为6组,3 500枚种蛋按蛋形指数大小分为7组,1 000枚种蛋按蛋壳颜色分为2组,每组10个重复。结果表明:蛋重在一定范围内种蛋受精率和孵化率提高,4~6组显著或极显著高于1~3组(P0.05或0.01);2~6组健雏率极显著高于1组(P0.01),随蛋重增加雏鹑初生重极显著增加(P0.01)。蛋形指数对种蛋受精率和孵化率有显著影响,2~5组受精率、3~5组孵化率均显著高于1、6、7组(P0.05)。蛋壳颜色对种蛋受精率、孵化率有显著影响,有光泽的褐斑蛋显著高于无光泽白粉浅色蛋(P0.05)。结论,朝鲜龙城系鹌鹑种蛋最适蛋重为11.00~14.00 g、最适蛋形指数为1.234~1.324,蛋壳颜色以有光泽的褐斑蛋为佳。     

种蛋储存时间对孵化率及雏鸡品质的影响

<正> 种蛋储存时间过长能降低胚胎活力,使其在孵化时发育不规则而降低孵化率,并增加脐带不愈合率,影响雏鸡品质。笔者曾于1990年3月作了种蛋储存时间对孵化率及雏鸡品质影响的试验。选用同一鸡场京白823父母代种蛋4000枚,其中试验组2000枚,储存期为8—14天;对照组2000枚,储存期为0—7天。经统一消毒后送入同一台孵化器,试验结果:试验组和对照组的受精蛋个数分别为1772和1796,受精率分别为88.6％和89.8％,差异不显著(P>0.05)。出雏只数分别为1519和1631,孵化率分别是85.7％和90.8％,差异极显著(P<     

安保2000消毒剂对种蛋孵化率的影响

选择种蛋1200枚，随机分成3组，每组400枚。第1组、第2组分别采用安保2000(复方双链季铵盐)喷雾和浸泡消毒，第3组采用常规熏蒸消毒做孵化率对比试验。结果，第1组、第2组的孵化率分别为86．7％、87．6％，对照组为81．6％，分别比对照组的孵化率提高了5和6个百分点，两者相比差异显著(P＜O．05)。试验证明，采用安保2000喷雾或浸泡消毒，操作简单，方便易行，可提高种蛋孵化率。     

不同饲养方式对绿头野鸭生产性能的影响试验

选用1日龄美国绿头野鸭苗5000羽，随机分为2组，每组2500羽（公母比1：18），Ⅰ组采用传统的筑塘养殖模式（对照组），Ⅱ组采用无水面舍内旱地圈养（试验组），用以测定各组产蛋期生产性能。结果表明，Ⅰ组360日龄入舍母鸭平均产蛋数为142．3枚，平均总蛋重9．00kg；Ⅱ组360日龄人舍母鸭平均产蛋数为154．3枚，平均总蛋重9．75kg。2组相比，差异极显著（P〈0．01）；Ⅰ组产蛋期死淘率为14．25％，Ⅱ组为4．11％；全期料蛋比Ⅰ组为3．73：1，Ⅱ组为2．69：1，种蛋受精率，Ⅰ组为83％，Ⅱ组为85％。     

保存温度、湿度和时间对鹌鹑种蛋孵化成绩的影响

本试验旨在研究鹌鹑种蛋适宜保存温度、湿度、时间及胚胎发育临界温度。采用单因素试验设计,按照蛋重均等原则分组,每组8个重复,每重复50枚;将2400枚种蛋均分为6组,保存温度分别为5、10、15、20、25、30℃;将2000枚种蛋均分为5组,保存湿度分别为40%、50%、60%、70%、80%;将1200枚种蛋均分为3组,保存时间分别为3、7、11 d,检测种蛋孵化率、健雏率等指标。将440枚种蛋均分为11组,保存温度在20~30℃内设置11个水平;将280枚种蛋均分为7组,保存温度在21.8~23℃内设置7个水平;每组40枚,保存5 d,每天每组取8枚测量胚盘直径。结果表明:从入孵蛋孵化率和受精蛋孵化率来看,保存温度15℃组最高,15、20、25℃组高于5、10、30℃组(P<0.05);保存湿度70%组高于40%、80%组(P<0.05),保存3、7 d组高于保存11 d组(P<0.01)。此外,保存温度≥23℃胚盘直径极显著增大。由此可知,鹌鹑种蛋最佳保存温度15℃,适宜范围15~20℃;最佳保存湿度70%,适宜范围为65%~70%;适宜保存时间为3~7 d;胚胎发育临界温度为23.0℃。     

高海拔地区通过输氧对拉萨白鸡种蛋孵化效果的研究

为研究不同输氧浓度对拉萨白鸡种蛋孵化效果的影响,选用5世代拉萨白鸡种蛋进行孵化。试验分为8组,每组各1 000枚拉萨白鸡种蛋,对照组全程不输氧,试验1组的氧气浓度为21.00%~22.50%,试验2组的氧气浓度为22.51%~23.50%,试验3组的氧气浓度为23.51%~24.50%,试验4组的氧气浓度为24.51%~25.50%,试验5组的氧气浓度为25.51%~26.50%,试验6组的氧气浓度为26.51%~27.50%,试验7组的氧气浓度为27.51%~28.50%。结果表明,试验7组的总出雏数、健雏个数、健雏率、入孵蛋孵化率、受精蛋孵化率均最高,分别为：851羽、813羽、95.53%、85.10%、91.21%;试验7组的头照死胚个数、死精率、二照死胚个数、弱雏率、毛蛋个数、死胎率均最低,分别为：18枚、1.93%、29枚、3.88%、35枚、3.75%;对照组的无精蛋个数、头照死胚个数、死精率、二照死胚个数、死雏个数、死雏率、毛蛋个数、死胎率均最高,分别为：68枚、87枚、9.33%、146枚、8枚、1.42%、136枚、14.59%;对照组的受精蛋个数、受精率、总出雏数、健雏个数、健雏率、入孵蛋孵化率、受精蛋孵化率均最低,分别为：932枚、93.20%、563羽、529羽、93.96%、56.30%、60.40%;试验2组的弱雏率均最高,为4.88%;试验6组的受精蛋个数、受精率、弱雏个数均最高,分别为：942枚、94.20%、37羽;试验6组的无精蛋个数、死雏率均最低,分别为：58枚、0.49%。通过该试验,为拉萨白鸡种蛋在高原上进行供氧孵化试验提供理论参考。     

闽北白鹅种蛋孵化过程失重规律的观察

各种禽蛋在正常的孵化过程中,都有其最佳的失重范围。在这方面常见有关鸡、家鸭、番鸭蛋的报道,而鹅蛋方面则较少。为了解闽北白鹅种蛋在孵化过程中的失重规律及其与孵化率的关系,进行了实地观察与测定。一、试验材料与方法于1988年3～5月,孵化种蛋51枚,在入孵前逐只蛋进行编号,用感量0.1％药物天平称蛋重,以后每隔5天称重一次,共计称重六次。用兽用体温计同时测试四只母鹅天然孵化的温度,每次测试时间30～40分钟。二、结果 (1)入孵种蛋51枚,受精蛋45枚,受精率88.2％,出壳雏鹅41羽(其中死胎与破损4枚),受精蛋孵化率91.1％。     

破损乌鸡种蛋修补后孵化试验

为研究破损珍禽种蛋孵化情况 ,选取破损乌鸡种蛋 2 70枚 ,均分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ 3个试验组 ,每组 90枚。Ⅳ、Ⅴ组为对照组 ,分别为合格种蛋和破损种蛋各 90枚。采用 3种不同修补材料———普通尼龙透明胶布 ,普通擦镜头纸沾蛋清和普通稿纸沾蛋清 ,对 3个试验组乌鸡种蛋进行修补。再将各试验组和对照组分别用新洁尔灭溶液消毒 (A组 )和福尔马林薰蒸消毒 (B组 ) ,C组为对照。结果表明 ,用普通稿纸沾蛋清修补的乌鸡种蛋 ,经福尔马林薰蒸消毒后的孵化率最高 ,达 84 0 %。     

AA祖代种鸡高产技术措施

我公司1994年3月17日从美国爱拔益加育种公司引进的AA祖代种鸡3300套,经过科学地饲养管理、严格地选种选育措施,24周末育成合格母系母鸡3330羽,育成率95.12%.母系母鸡25～66周全期平均产蛋率达61.47%,累积产蛋532335枚,合格种蛋512016枚,种蛋合格率为96.18%,每羽入舍母鸡累计产蛋159.86枚.全期入孵种蛋512016枚,平均种蛋受精率为90.53%,总孵化率为79.78%,受精蛋孵化率90.50%.共出雏408496羽,其中健雏398348羽,健雏率97.52%.共向全国十二个省市供应父母代种雏183612套,每羽祖代入合母鸡(按3330羽计)供应合格父母代种雏55.14套.各项指标接近、达到或超过美国AA公司祖代手册标准,处于国内同行业领先水平,取得了良好的经济效益和社会效益.现总结如下,供养鸡同仁参考.     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.