绵羊放牧方式及强度对围封恢复草场牧草细胞壁成分及营养价值的影响

选取内蒙古自治区典型草原区封育恢复中天然放牧草场,进行毛肉兼用细毛羊的暖季放牧试验.采用2×5完全随机试验设计,设定不同放牧方式（不放牧,连续放牧,四区、五区、六区轮牧）及2种放牧强度（1.0,1.4 hm2/un.sh）,运用酶分析方法分析比较了围封过程中放牧绵羊对封育草场牧草细胞壁成分月动态变化及营养价值的影响.结果表明,整个暖季放牧期内,不同放牧区牧草营养物质含量主要受到放牧方式的显著影响（P＜0.05）.具体表现为,不放牧处理牧草细胞壁有机物（OCW）含量始终显著低于各放牧处理,不同放牧处理间没有明显差异;划区轮牧处理牧草始终保持着较高的消化性部分且显著高于连续放牧处理;不放牧处理牧草始终保持着较高的Oa和较低的Ob,而连续放牧处理与其相反,各轮牧处理间没有显著差异;轮牧处理总可消化养分（TDN）和代谢能（ME）含量较高,尤其在牧草生长旺盛期（八月份）,六区轮牧放牧场牧草可利用营养物质含量最高,营养价值最高.     

混播人工草地不同放牧制度下草畜互作试验研究

试验于2010年6～9月在中国农业科学院草原研究所农牧交错区试验示范基地的混播人工草地上进行。试验分为划区轮牧组和连续放牧组,轮牧组与连续放牧组各设3个重复,轮牧区每个重复各有5个小区,每个小区放牧时间为6d。试验结果显示,不同放牧制度对各组草地牧草的干物质产量影响不显著;对各组草地牧草的营养物质影响差异显著(P<0.05);划区轮牧组牧草的粗蛋白质(CP)含量有高于同期连续放牧草地牧草的趋势,而中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量低于连续放牧草地的牧草;对绵羊增重影响组间差异不显著。     

不同放牧强度对荒漠草原牧草微量元素和营养成分的影响

[目的] 探明不同放牧强度下荒漠草原牧草和主要优势牧草的微量元素和营养成分含量的变化特征。[方法] 在内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯市鄂托克旗荒漠草原不同放牧强度区域（适度放牧区、禁牧区和重度放牧区）进行连续3年野外调查和室内检测,综合分析不同放牧强度对荒漠草原牧草以及优势牧草微量元素和营养成分含量的影响。[结果] 适度放牧区优势牧草无芒隐子草和蒙古韭的硒含量显著（P<0.05）高于禁牧区和重度放牧区,适度放牧区牧草铜含量显著（P<0.05）高于禁牧区和重度放牧区,且禁牧区和重度放牧区牧草硒和铜含量近持平或低于该地区安全含量标准;适度放牧区优势牧草蒙古韭的铁含量显著（P<0.05）高于禁牧区;重度放牧区牧草镁含量显著（P<0.05）高于禁牧区和适度放牧区,且超该地区安全含量标准;适度放牧区优势牧草短花针茅、无芒隐子草和蒙古韭钠含量显著（P<0.05）高于禁牧区和重度放牧区;适度放牧区牧草粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分、磷和钙的含量分别高于禁牧区牧草60.71%、69.00%、47.62%、28.57%和347.85%;适度放牧区牧草粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量比禁牧区分别降低13.93%、24.80%和6.35%;适度放牧区优势牧草短花针茅粗蛋白质含量高于禁牧区11.50%,优势牧草无芒隐子草粗脂肪、粗灰分和钙含量分别高于禁牧区24.12%、87.56%和116.86%;适度放牧区蒙古韭钙含量比禁牧区高出24.03%。[结论] 由于长期禁牧和过度放牧导致鄂托克旗荒漠草原迁入欠硒、欠铜草地。只有在适度放牧强度下,草地牧草才能保持应有的优良品质。     

不同利用方式和不同放牧强度对草原生产力的影响

通过对宁南山区草原不同利用方式和不同放牧强度草场生产力的测定,平均产草量为鲜草1767kg/hm2,干草883.5kg/hm2,干物质679.6kg/hm2;草场轮牧产草量高于秋季测定的平均产草量;不同放牧方式草场产草量的顺序为:四季放牧三区轮牧区>冷季放牧区>四季放牧区;相同放牧强度的四季放牧三区轮牧比四季放牧草场产草量高。     

内蒙古乌拉盖天然草原不同放牧区混合牧草营养成分和瘤胃发酵特性的研究

【目的】评价内蒙古乌拉盖天然草原不同放牧区混合优势牧草营养价值，确定放牧家畜营养供给和最佳放牧区。【方法】测定和分析内蒙古乌拉盖天然草原 8 个主要放牧区青草期混合优势牧草营养成分、结构性碳水化合物、体外瘤胃发酵特性，并对其营养价值进行综合评定。【结果】乌兰察布嘎查放牧区混合牧草粗蛋白(CP)含量显著低于其他放牧区(P＜0. 05)，乌拉盖水库放牧区混合牧草粗灰分 (Ash)含量显著高于其他放牧区(P＜0. 05)，乌兰察布嘎查放牧区和斯仁音昭村放牧区混合牧草钙 (Ca)和磷(P)含量显著高于其他放牧区(P＜0. 05)，而宝克牧场放牧区混合牧草可溶性碳水化合物 (WSC)含量最高(P＜0. 05)；乌兰察布嘎查放牧区混合牧草酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、纤维素含量显著高于其他放牧区(P＜0. 05)，查干哈达村放牧区混合牧草中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤木质素(ADL)、 半纤维含量显著低于其他放牧区(P＜0. 05)；瘤胃体外发酵 12~48 h，发酵液 pH 无明显变化，查干哈达村放牧区混合牧草产气量(GP)、体外干物质降解率(DMD)和体外中性洗涤纤维降解率(NDFD)随时间增加呈现递增趋势，均显著高于其他放牧区(P＜0. 05)。【结论】内蒙古乌拉盖天然草原查干哈达村放牧区混合牧草营养价值最佳。     

暖季轮牧对长芒草型干草原生产性能的影响初报

通过对长芒草 杂草草场暖季划区轮牧、自由放牧及围栏封育3种处理方式的研究，结果表明：划区轮牧区植物群落种建群的质量百分比显著高于自由放牧区和围栏封育区。划区轮牧十分有利于长芒草草场的恢复，对今后草地资源可持续利用有着十分重要的意义。     

沙地恢复草场主要可食牧草营养价值动态分析

为了制定科学合理的草地利用制度,在内蒙古浑善达克沙地对围栏封育恢复阶段草场家畜可采食的10种主要牧草采用常规、范氏纤维洗涤法和酶分析法测定不同生长季节营养成分含量,分析比较营养物质的动态变化,并进行营养价值评价.结果表明:随生长期的延长牧草粗蛋白质和粗灰分含量逐渐下降,总纤维含量逐渐增加;从构成细胞壁物质的组成成分上分析,同一生长时期的豆科牧草消化率要低于禾本科牧草;试验区沙地人工、半人工植物群落与生态系统基本处于稳定状态,灌木、半灌木及草本饲用资源相对较丰富,因此沙地草场治理恢复后对其可以进行适度的放牧利用.     

不同放牧制度对荒漠草原地上生物量及种间关系的影响

采用围栏放牧控制试验,研究了不同放牧强度和放牧方式对封育9年荒漠草原地上生物量及种间关系的影响。结果显示,1)放牧强度对生长季不同时期牧草地上生物量的影响不同,中度自由放牧小区的牧草地上生物量在整个生长季都高于封育小区;2)环境条件对牧草地上生物量的影响较大,在光热水等资源充足时,自由放牧区3种牧压梯度下的牧草地上生物量均高于封育禁牧小区,当遭遇高温干旱胁迫时,自由放牧区的牧草地上生物量的增长量均比封育禁牧小区低,中度轮牧草场表现出较好的抗胁迫能力;3)放牧能够减小荒漠草原年内牧草地上生物量的时间变异,而其空间变异对不同放牧制度的响应较为复杂,在不同强度、不同方式以及植被生长季的不同时期都有所不同;4)轻度自由放牧不会改变植物的种间关系和群落之间的关系,而重度自由放牧不仅加剧了群落间的资源竞争,还会引起研究区3种群落发生不同程度的逆向演替,中等强度的4区轮牧方式为研究区最优的放牧模式,它一方面减缓了群落界面上的资源竞争,另一方面促进了本氏针茅群落的顺行演替。以上结果表明,合理地调控人类放牧制度能够促进草地生态系统功能,从而起到恢复和保护草原的作用。     

不同轮牧方式对荒漠草原植物群落特征的影响

研究轮牧方式对草地植被特征的影响,可为草地合理放牧提供科学依据。在宁夏荒漠草原,以载畜率0.75只·hm^-2为水平,以围封禁牧草地为对照(CK),对连续放牧(CG)、二区轮牧(TG)、四区轮牧(FG)和六区轮牧(SG)方式下草地物种植被组成、群落盖度、生物量、净初级生产力、物种多样性以及群落稳定性进行研究。结果表明:1)轮牧使荒漠草原优良牧草重要值下降,但可增加植物物种种类;增加轮牧分区有利于优良牧草和多年生草本重要值的保持,但对半灌木的影响较小;2)植被盖度以封育和四区轮牧较高,地上生物量和净初级生产力以四区轮牧和六区轮牧草地较高,地下生物量以封育和六区轮牧处理较高,草地凋落物量以封育较高;3)轮牧可增加物种丰富度、多样性以及优势度,但群落均匀度指数下降;4)各处理下植物群落均不稳定,相比之下,围封禁牧群落稳定性最高,连续放牧最低。综合植被特征和生产中的便利性,研究认为四区轮牧是研究区最适宜的轮牧方式。     

不同轮牧方式对荒漠草原植物群落特征的影响

研究轮牧方式对草地植被特征的影响,可为草地合理放牧提供科学依据。在宁夏荒漠草原,以载畜率0.75只·hm~(-2)为水平,以围封禁牧草地为对照(CK),对连续放牧(CG)、二区轮牧(TG)、四区轮牧(FG)和六区轮牧(SG)方式下草地物种植被组成、群落盖度、生物量、净初级生产力、物种多样性以及群落稳定性进行研究。结果表明:1)轮牧使荒漠草原优良牧草重要值下降,但可增加植物物种种类;增加轮牧分区有利于优良牧草和多年生草本重要值的保持,但对半灌木的影响较小;2)植被盖度以封育和四区轮牧较高,地上生物量和净初级生产力以四区轮牧和六区轮牧草地较高,地下生物量以封育和六区轮牧处理较高,草地凋落物量以封育较高;3)轮牧可增加物种丰富度、多样性以及优势度,但群落均匀度指数下降;4)各处理下植物群落均不稳定,相比之下,围封禁牧群落稳定性最高,连续放牧最低。综合植被特征和生产中的便利性,研究认为四区轮牧是研究区最适宜的轮牧方式。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.