大粒优质小麦新种质核生2号

核生2号小麦系1987年利用原丰6号幼胚进行离体培养,将愈伤组织在转分化前用~(60)Co-γ射线辐照处理,从其体细胞无性系变异后代中选育而成,是山东省首批利用生物技术与诱变技术相结合的方法选育而成的     

水稻空间诱变效应的研究

利用返回式卫星塔载５个水稻品种的干种子，进行空间诱变处理，研究其诱变效应。结果表明，空间飞行水稻的细胞染色体畸变率极显著高于地面对照组，而有丝分裂指数极显著大于γ射线处理，空间环境在Ｍ２能诱发较高频率的叶绿素缺失，株高和抽穗期突变，其有益突变频率高于γ辐照。     

苯甲酰胺（Benzamide）对碱辐射损伤修复抑制及遗传效应的研究

本试验以大麦“吉农８７－９号”风干种子为材料，用不同剂量＾６０Ｃｏγ－射线处理后，再用苯甲酰胺（浓度为０、５、１０ｍＮ）处理，研究其诱变效应。结果表明：苯甲酰胺无诱变作用，但与γ－射线复合处理诱变效应优于γ－射线单因子处理。苯甲酰胺加重了Ｍ１辐射损伤，提高了Ｍ２突变频率。因此，在诱变育种中苯甲酰胺可作为有效的修复抑制剂加以利用。在较低的照射剂量下，苯甲酰胺修复抑制效果较好。     

γ-射线辐照粳稻愈伤组织后代突变体的筛选

创建粳稻新的种质资源,对加速粳稻遗传育种研究具有重要意义。以粳稻品种秀水11、日本晴为材料,利用30Gy60Coγ-射线辐照其成熟胚愈伤组织筛选突变体。在MR2代群体中观察到叶片、茎秆、籽粒和穗等形态性状发生变异的突变体以及育性和生育期等生理性状方面的变异株;这些突变体为水稻新品种选育和功能基因组学研究提供了良好的基础材料。γ-射线辐照粳稻愈伤组织,利用核诱变与体细胞无性系变异相结合方法,增加再生植株中有利突变类型,其中一些突变体在水稻生产上有较高的应用价值。     

水稻“9311”突变体的筛选和突变体库的构建

利用γ射线和EMS溶液诱变处理籼稻“9311”种子,经过M₂筛选和M₃重复鉴定,分别获得465份和210份,共675份叶、茎、穗和根等性状变异的突变体,突变频率为5.62%。γ射线诱变群体的变异范围要大于EMS诱变群体,突变频率也较高,但紫色叶鞘和叶片类病斑等少数突变类型只在EMS诱变群体中出现。新构建的突变体库将有助于进一步开展水稻功能基因的研究。     

空间环境和地面γ辐照对水稻诱变的差异

研究了不同类型的水稻品种空间搭载和地面⁶⁰Co γ辐照两种条件下的诱变敏感性和诱变效应。结果表明，诱变的敏感性均以粳稻强于籼稻，推广种强于农家种，籼稻中以中籼和晚籼>早籼，而不同粳稻气候生态型间的差异较小。对γ辐照不敏感的品种大多数对空间诱变也不敏感，而对γ辐照敏感的品种中仅有1/4对空间诱变敏感。空间搭载对54.2%的品种的处理当代秧苗生长具有加速作用，有的同时提高结实率。M₂代研究表明，两种诱变处理均能诱发株高和抽穗期突变，但其突变频率差异较大。空间搭载处理的M₂代矮秆、高秆和早熟的突变频率与M₁代总生理损伤存在显著正相关。表明空间环境与地面γ辐照的诱变机制可能不完全相同。本研究结果对开展水稻空间诱变育种具有一定的指导意义。     

水稻"9311"突变体筛选和突变体库构建

利用γ射线和EMS溶液诱变处理籼稻“9311”种子，经过M2筛选和M3重复鉴定，分别获得465份和210份（共675份）叶、茎、穗和根等性状变异的突变体，突变频率为5．62％。γ射线诱变群体的变异范围要大于EMS诱变群体，突变频率也较高，但紫色叶鞘和叶片类病斑等少数突变类型只在EMS诱变群体中出现。新构建的突变体库将有助于进一步开展水稻功能基因的研究。     

60Coγ射线与EMS对小麦近等基因系TcLr10的复合诱变

为获得60Coγ射线与EMS对小麦近等基因系TcLr10的复合诱变体系,研究以小麦抗叶锈近等基因系为材料,应用60Coγ射线进行辐照并用EMS溶液进行处理,对小麦的发芽率、三叶期、致死率及抗病性进行分析。结果表明,本试验所用的诱变剂量对小麦近等基因的发芽率影响不显著。所用处理中到达三叶期的时间基本相同,但三叶期到四叶期的时间却随着浓度的增加而减少。当辐照剂量达到或大于0.15 kGy时,致死率显著增加。在EMS浓度为0.4%,60Coγ射线辐照剂量为0.15 kGy时,得到了3株小麦抗叶锈病近等基因系的突变体所得最佳诱变组合为EMS浓度为0.4%,60Coγ射线辐照剂量0.15 kGy。     

60Co-γ射线辐照百合鳞茎诱变育种研究初报

以0Co-γ射线辐照处理切花百合‘科瓦拉’、‘不同凡响’、‘双重惊喜’鳞茎,开展辐射诱变育种试验。经0、3、6、9Gy 60Co-γ处理的成苗（株）率‘科瓦拉’分别为100％、37．5％、0和0;‘不同凡响’的成苗（株）率分别为100％、35％、7．5％、2．5％;‘双重惊喜’的成苗（株）率分别为100％、100％、66．7％、0。结果表明,各处理对百合植株的生长和发育出现较明显的辐射损伤,主要表现在植株变矮,单株叶片数减少,花蕾数减少,开花延迟。用60Co-γ射线辐射诱变切花百合有明显效果,适宜诱变剂量因品种不同而变化。     

烟草种子和花粉的γ射线适宜诱变剂量探究

为了寻求更加简便快捷的γ射线适宜诱变剂量的评价指标,明确γ射线诱变烟草种子和花粉的适宜剂量范围,本研究以250 Gy、350 Gy剂量γ射线诱变368-4Q1、Coker176、K326和红花大金元种子,以50 Gy、100 Gy和150 Gy的γ射线诱变RBST、K326和LY10的花粉,对诱变后种子的发芽势、发芽率、出苗率和花粉授粉后的单果种子重量和出苗率进行测定,结果表明,供试品种7 d发芽势和14 d发芽率与对照相当,诱变剂量间无显著差异,而诱变剂量间的出苗率呈显著差异;21 d出苗率50%可作为烟草种子γ射线适宜诱变剂量的评价指标;不同烟草品种的种子和花粉对γ射线辐射的敏感性不同,用21 d出苗率50%确定烟草种子和花粉的适宜诱变剂量,368-4Q1种子的γ射线适宜诱变剂量应低于250 Gy,Coker176、K326种子的γ射线适宜诱变剂量为250 Gy,红花大金元种子的γ射线适宜诱变剂量为250~300 Gy,K326和LY10花粉的γ射线适宜诱变剂量为0~50 Gy,RBST花粉的γ射线适宜诱变剂量为50~100 Gy。本研究首次提出的以21天出苗率50%作为γ射线适宜诱变剂量的评价指标,更加简单直观;本研究确定的供试品种的种子和花粉的γ射线适宜诱变剂量可为烟草辐射诱变育种提供参考。     

锌、锰对棉花吸收氮、磷养分的影响及机理研究

较高或较低浓度的土壤锌、锰影响棉花对氮、磷养分的吸收、而合适的土壤锌、锰浓度能促进棉花根系和地上部对氮、磷的吸收和积累。提高植株及茎、叶、蕾、铃中氮、磷的含量,对棉花的生产发育,产量及产量构成因素都表现出明显的促进作用,通过水培试验研究发明,锌、锰在一定浓度条件下所表现的促进作用,主要是提高了棉花植株的根系活力,增加棉株叶片的叶绿素含量,调节棉株体内的酶活性,从而增加了棉花对营养物质的吸收、运输和代谢、提高了氮、磷的利用率、增加棉花的产量。     

异色瓢虫对菜缢管蚜、禾谷缢管蚜和白杨毛蚜捕食的作用

异色瓢虫是一种重要的捕食性天敌,可捕食多种蚜虫,在生物防治中具有很大应用前景。研究了异色瓢虫对3种蚜虫(即菜缢管蚜、禾谷缢管蚜和白杨毛蚜)的捕食功能反应。结果表明：异色瓢虫对3种蚜虫的日捕食量中,其中四龄幼虫最大,成虫和三龄幼虫次之,1、2龄幼虫最小。捕食者对猎物的功能反应均属于Holling-Ⅱ型方程。     

Synthesis of somatic hybrids (RCBB) by fusing heat-tolerant Raphanus sativus (RR) and Brassica oleracea (CC) with Brassica nigra (BB)

Brassica carinata (BBCC), a potential oilseed crop for dry land agriculture, is sensitive to high temperatures during germination and early stages of growth, which thereby restricts the possibility of using the residual soil moisture available after the rainy season for its cultivation. To overcome this problem, a three‐genome hybrid, RCBB, was synthesized using Raphanus sativus (RR) and Brassica oleracea (CC) as donor sources for the desired heat tolerance. Protoplasts of RC hybrids obtained through sexual crosses between R. sativus (female) and B. oleracea (male) were fused with protoplasts of Brassica nigra (BB) to produce RCBB somatic hybrids. The hybrid colonies regenerated with an average frequency of 7.6%. Twelve out of 36 hybrids grown to maturity were characterized for their nuclear and organelle genomes. While all the hybrids showed the presence of B. nigra chloroplasts, 10 of the hybrids showed B. nigra‐specific mitochondria and two had Raphanus‐spedfic mitochondria. The somatic hybrids could be backcrossed to B. carinata.     

Origin and evolution of teosinte (Zea mexicana (Schrad.) Kuntze)

Summary The tripartite hypothesis postulates that cultivated maize was derived from a wild podcorn which was once indigenous to the lowlands of South America; that this wild Z. mays is now extinct; that Z. mexicana (teosinte) originated from natural hybridization of Z. mays and a species of Tripsacum after cultivated maize was introduced into Central America; and that most modern races of maize resulted from introgression of primitive maize with teosinte, Tripsacum, or both. This hypothesis has been criticized primarily on the basis that it involves too many theories for the available facts.The basic question that needs to be answered is whether maize was domesticated from a wild Z. mays or from Z. mexicana. The oldest known archaeological remains suggest that a wild Z. mays existed before Z. mexicana came on the scene. This question can only be settled by further archaeological research.Accepting the assumption that a species of Zea which is distinctly different from Z. mexicana gave rise to maize, however, does not necessarily lead to accepting a hybrid origin for teosinte. Judging from present day breeding behaviour, Z. mays and Z. mexicina are conspecific and only distantly related to Tripsacum. This cytogenetic similarity could be explained on the basis of extensive introgression between teosinte and maize. Introgression of germplasm from teosinte into maize is obvious wherever these taxa are sympatric. This pattern of a crop absorbing genes of its wild progenitor across a weedy race, is commonly encountered in all other cereals. Should this not be true in maize, it certainly will be a rare exception.The assumption that teosinte originated as a hybrid between domesticated Z. mays and a species of Tripsacum remains an intriguing possibility. However, after weighing the pros and cons of the available morphological and genetical evidence, the level of confidence with which this hypothesis can be excepted appears rather low.     

异色瓢虫对菜缢管蚜、禾谷缢管蚜和白杨毛蚜的捕食作用

异色瓢虫是一种重要的捕食性天敌,可捕食多种蚜虫,在生物防治中具有很大应用前景。研究了异色瓢虫对3种蚜虫(即菜缢管蚜、禾谷缢管蚜和白杨毛蚜)的捕食功能反应。结果表明:异色瓢虫对3种蚜虫的日捕食量中,其中四龄幼虫最大,成虫和三龄幼虫次之,1、2龄幼虫最小。捕食者对猎物的功能反应均属于Holling-Ⅱ型方程。     

N-(1-萘乙酰基)-N'-(4-氨替吡啉基)硫脲(NAT)对小麦生理活性影响的初步研究

以新合成的NAT配制成不同浓度(0.1、1.0、10.50mg·L~(-1))的水溶液,对小麦进行漫种、水培幼苗和大田灌浆期叶面喷洒处理,以与NAT相同浓度的NAA作对比,研究了喷后一定时期小麦叶片生理活性和收割时籽粒千粒重。结果表明,NAT使小麦在不同生长发育时期叶片中的叶绿素含量均增加;幼苗叶片呼吸速率下降;幼苗期低浓度处理NR活性增高,高浓度显著抑制,灌浆期则随处理浓度的升高而显著增加;籽粒千粒重明显高于对照。不论对叶片生理活性还是对籽粒千粒重的影响,NAT的总体效果均明显优于NAA,其中以1 mg·L~(-1)左右浓度的NAT处理效果最佳。     

香菇新品种L934和L937的培育

用香菇Ｌ８６７与Ｃｒ０４两品种单核菌丝体配对杂交，培育出Ｌ９３４；用香菇Ｌ３３与Ｃｒ０４两品种单核菌丝体配对杂交，培育出Ｌ９３７。拮抗实验和酯酶同工酶实验完全证实与它们与杂交亲本的不同，从而确认Ｌ９３４和Ｌ９３７为两个各自独立的香菇新品种。     

Cu~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Fe~(2+)对绿豆干物质积累及产量的影响

2010-2011年对白绿9号进行了Cu SO4、Mg SO4、Fe SO4溶液(浓度均为50mmol/L)浸种、喷施、浸种+喷施、蒸馏水(CK)4种处理试验。探讨Cu2+、Mg2+、Fe2+对绿豆根系、茎秆、叶片干物质积累分配及产量性状和产量影响,目的是指导绿豆高产栽培。试验结果:不同处理对干物质积累等的促进作用为浸种浸种+喷施喷施;从离子作用上看,Mg2+Fe2+Cu2+。     

Utilization of flow cytometry for festulolium breeding (Lolium multiflorum (2x) × Festuca arundinacea (6x))

Festulolium is a hybrid between Festuca and Lolium species that has valuable agronomic traits from both grass species. The purpose of our breeding program is to produce hexaploid festulolium that introduces tolerance to summer depression into Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) by crossing it with tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). However, we found the DNA ploidy of hexaploids was not stable and was reduced in successive generations. We aimed to find out how to obtain stable high-ploidy festulolium. F1 hybrids of L. multiflorum and F. arundinacea were produced. The F3 generation was produced from putative hexaploid F2 individuals by open pollination. The F4 to F6 generations were obtained by polycrossing. The DNA ploidy levels of F2 to F6 individuals were estimated by flow cytometry. Cytological characteristics of the F5 and F6 individuals were investigated by FISH and GISH. The DNA ploidy level of hexaploid festulolium was reduced and stabilized at almost the same level as a tetraploid. Seed fertility was inversely correlated with an increase in ploidy level. GISH revealed no preferential Lolium transmission. FISH with a telomere probe revealed that counting the exact number of chromosomes in festulolium was difficult. DNA ploidy level was strongly correlated with the number of chromosomes.     

Inheritance of seed phytate in mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek)

Phytic acid (PA) is the main storage organic form of phosphorus (P) in seeds of cereals and legumes. It is a strong inhibitor against the absorption of nutrients in monogastric animals. The objective of this study was to determine the variation of total P (TP) in seeds of mungbean germplasm and investigate the inheritance of seed P compound and phytate contents. TP content in seeds of 250 accessions were found to range from 2.34 to 5.75 mg/g. The inheritance was studied in the F₂ population derived from a cross between 2 accessions with the lowest and highest PA contents, viz. V1658BBR and V1141BG. Broad-sense heritability estimates of TP, inorganic P (IP), and phytate P (PhyP) contents were 80.8, 78.6 and 80.7%, respectively. The 9:7 segregation ratio of F₂ population in this study indicated that high TP and PhyP were controlled by dominant alleles at 2 independent loci of major genes showing duplicated recessive epistasis.