深化内部改革 发展林区经济

深化内部改革发展林区经济刘统汉近几年来，子午岭林区各国营林场为适应市场经济，利用林区资源，瞄准市场，“种养加并举，林工商一体”逐步建立起初具规模的林、果、瓜、药、畜五大支柱产业。但是，由于长期受建立在计划经济基础之上的林业体制的制约，还存在着生产基础...     

制定优惠政策 增强发展活力──庆阳地区采取措施扶持子午岭林区建设

制定优惠政策增强发展活力──庆阳地区采取措施扶持子午岭林区建设尉祖庚庆阳地委、行署于１９９３年１１月在子午岭林区的正宁县专门召开了子午岭林业建设工作会议，全区党政工群各界人士共聚林区，同商振兴子午岭林区的林业建设大计。会议的中心议题是深化改革，增强活...     

子午岭林区林虫发生特点与防治对策

根据子午岭林区林虫区系组成和区划特征，结合主要树种害虫危害特点，提出了预防和除治子午岭林区森林害虫的3项措施。     

浅析甘肃子午岭林区的发展思路

甘肃子午岭林区是庆阳地区主要的国有林区,其发展直接关系着庆阳市林业和全市生态文明建设的步伐。文章在分析现阶段子午岭林区发展现状的基础上,对林区发展思路进行了初步探讨,以期为甘肃子午岭林区转型、高质量发展提供思路。     

林海捕狼

隆冬季节，一只披着人皮的“恶狼”，突然窜至陇东高原的子午岭林区，偷盗、抢劫、强奸，无恶不做。公安机关闻警而动，跟踪觅迹。１９９８年１０月１３日上午１０时左右，甘肃省子午岭林业公安局接到辖区湘乐林业派出所报告，地处子午岭山脉、马莲河流域的桂花塬林区连续...     

庆阳市子午岭林区森林防火体系建设现状与对策

通过对庆阳市子午岭林区森林防火体系的现状分析,并针对森林防火体系建设中存在的困难和问题以及实际工作情况的需要,提出了加强庆阳市子午岭林区森林防火体系建设的具体对策和建议,以期对促进庆阳市子午岭林区森林防火工作具有指导意义和推动作用。     

子午岭林区油松密度管理图的编制

利用先进的计算工具，编制了“子午岭油松人工林密度管理图”，经检验达到了精度要求。该较为子午岭林区人工油松林的抚育间伐，生长量预测，造林设计等经营活动提供了科学依据。     

子午岭林区林虫区划初探

在对子午岭林区林虫区系结构及林虫进行水平划分论述的基础上，分别阐述了梁峁顶部群落区、干旱阳坡群落区、较湿润阴坡群落区、沟道群落区４区的主要林虫种类及其危害特征，提出了子午岭林区今后开展森林害虫防治工作的意见。     

国有林区林场所居民冬季生活采暖用热如何解决

对国有林区国营林场所冬季采暖问题在经过广泛的调研考察之后,针对不同的国营林场所现状及发展情况,提出了相应改造治理方案,以集中供热为主并辅以清洁能源提供国有林区国营林场所冬季采暖用热。     

文冠果在子午岭林区的发展前景

文冠果。又名木瓜，无患子科，文冠果属。在甘肃的庆阳、平凉、天水、临夏、定西等地区均有分布，尤以庆阳子午岭林区为多。它结果早，收益期长，适应性强，是很有发展前途的木本油料和水土保持树种，也是当前发展的生物能源林树种之一，在子午岭林区具有广阔的发展前景。     

Douglas-fir planted forests

A combination of superior wood quality and high productivity has made Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) one of the premier timber trees in the world. As such, it is grown as a plantation species in several countries in Europe, South America, New Zealand, and Australia, as well as throughout its extensive natural range in western North America. Decades of experience with the silviculture of young stands have demonstrated that practices such as planting, the use of genetically improved seedlings, precommercial and commercial thinning, and fertilization may dramatically increase the yield of industrial products over that of natural forests. Further, such silviculture is compatible with the production of desired amenities. Vigorous implementation of such practices wherever Douglas-fir is cultivated will increase the world's timber resources, and be an effective strategy for reducing the pressure, occasioned by the world's rapidly increasing population, to harvest the fragile tropical and boreal forests.     

什么是森林

在经济全球化进程中 ,环境是人们关注的一个问题 ,其中森林尤其倍受重视。人们希望有一个统一的概念。浏览下面的表 ,将会明白 :“统一概念”是一个困难的工作。森林的定义因地区、人们对生存环境认知的不同而异 ,它是一个民族、一个地区历史、文化底蕴的表达。“在中国什么叫森林”不时有林业外宾提问。中国森林的概念也是在随人们对客观的认识而变动的。我将此表呈现在林业工作者面前 ,希望能从中悟出有益的东西。对我国制定科学、合理、符合实际、与国际接轨的森林概念有所助益。     

Planted forests: poplars

Poplars (Populus spp.) have been planted in Europe and Asia since very early times. Known in the Near East as the blessed tree, poplars have been the primary timber producer in regions lacking natural forests in the northern hemisphere. Now, though, we are seeing poplar plantations becoming part of the forest resources even in the abundantly forested Pacific Northwest. Though still a minor contributor to the world's timber supply, the area of land planted to poplars is, nevertheless, increasing rapidly, particularly in China, South Korea, and the United States. The 1992 report from the International Poplar Commission listed nineteen countries with at least 10,000 ha of planted poplars and seven with more than 100,000 ha. Much of the success of poplar plantations results from the breeding of fast-growing and disease-resistant poplar hybrids. Accordingly, at least eleven countries support poplar breeding programs. Uses of poplar wood range from peeled poles for rafters and other elements of construction in agrarian economies to the manufacture of paper, plywood, oriented strand board, and engineered lumber in industrial nations. Interest has also developed in poplar plantations as a renewable source of energy.     

Suppression of debris movement by forests and damage to forests by debris deposition

 Forest buffer zones have recently been introduced in an attempt to suppress debris movement caused by mass wasting. There are, however, many questions left unsolved regarding the role of forests in suppressing debris movement and damage to forests by debris deposition. A number of debris avalanches occurred in southern Fukushima Prefecture and Hiroshima Prefecture in August 1998 and June 1999, respectively. Suppression of debris movement by forests and damage to forests by debris deposition were investigated in this study using aerial photographic interpretation and topographic analysis. Of the debris avalanches delineated in the Fukushima and Hiroshima areas, 282 and 84 sites, respectively, were forested, and 43 and seven sites, respectively, were nonforested. Topographic parameters, land use, and forest type at each site were surveyed by aerial photographic interpretation and topographic analysis. Suppression of debris movement by forest vegetation was confirmed by higher equivalent coefficients of friction and shorter average deposition zone length (about 28% and 55% shorter in the Fukushima and Hiroshima areas, respectively) in forested sites compared with nonforested sites. While previous studies suggested that the width of the forest zone required to prevent sediment outflow by surface erosion increases with increasing slope gradient, no clear relationship was found in this study. While the length of deposition zone of debris material (this study) is strongly affected by the dynamic solid friction coefficient and fluid friction of debris material, the length of deposition zone of the outflow of surface wash (past studies) is mainly affected by the tractive force of water flow. Among the 65 trees that remained at the terminus of deposition zones at five sites, 36 were alive and 29 were dead. Damage to the forest increases with increasing thickness of deposits and decreases with increasing tree diameter. Such results are useful for designing forest buffer zones. Received: June 18, 2001 / Accepted: August 21, 2002 Correspondence to:Y. Ishikawa     

Emerging forests on abandoned land: Puerto Rico’s new forests

The species composition of forests change continuously as the earth’s biota evolves and adjusts to environmental change. Humans are accelerating the rate of species turnover by moving species around the planet and dramatically changing environmental conditions. Our focus is on new forests in Puerto Rico that emerge naturally on abandoned lands previously converted to agriculture and degraded. These forest stands have combinations of species that are new to the island’s landscapes. New forests exhibit high species dominance during forest establishment, which includes dominance by alien tree species. These alien tree species establish and maintain forest cover, which may facilitate regeneration of native tree species. Landscape analysis and literature review revealed that these emerging stands are highly fragmented (60% were <1 ha in 1991), function as refugia for native organisms, and at 60–80 years old have similar species richness and structural features as native stands of similar age. However, the island’s new forests exhibit important differences from mature native forests on unconverted forestlands. New forests have fewer endemic species and fewer large trees (≥55 cm dbh) than mature native forests; they have higher soil bulk density and lower soil carbon and litter stocks; and they accumulate aboveground biomass, basal area, and soil carbon more slowly than native forests of similar age. We suggest that new forests will become increasingly prevalent in the biosphere in response to novel environmental conditions introduced to the planet by humans.     

The relative importance of community forests,government forests,and private forests for household-level incomes in the Middle Hills of Nepal

To investigate the household-level economic importance of income from forests under different tenure arrangements, data were collected from 304 stratified randomly sampled households within 10 villages with community forest user groups in Tanahun District, Western Nepal. We observed that forest income contributed 5.8% to total household income, ranging from 3.8% in the top income quartile to 17.4% in the lowest quartile. Analyses of poverty indices and Gini decomposition showed that incorporating forest incomes in total household income reduces measured rural poverty and income inequality. Community forestry income constituted 49.7% of forest income, followed by 27.5% from government-managed forest, and 22.8% from private forests/trees. Community forestry income, however, contributed more than other sources of forest income to income inequality, indicating elite capture. We argue that a full realisation of community forestry's poverty reduction and income equalizing potential requires modifications of rules that govern forest extraction and pricing at community forest user group level.     

Stone Pine Forests in Siberia

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Ecosystem services in Swedish forests

We identify, describe qualitatively, quantify biophysically and, if possible, monetarily valuate the most important ecosystem services in Swedish forests. Existing Swedish and Nordic research and statistics within this area are reviewed and used to develop a first framework for the valuation of ecosystem services in Swedish forests. We base our analysis on the CICES framework and the Cascade-model. Despite the rather long occurrence and use of the concept of ecosystem services, we do not yet have enough information on the status and economic value of services in Swedish forests. The value of the forest ecosystem services is at best an indication of the different multifunctional objectives that should be met in the management of the Swedish forests. The five most central ecosystem services in Swedish forests according to annual flow are timber and pulpwood, bioenergy, game, climate regulation and recreation and training, each estimated to have a monetary value of several billion SEK. The different ecosystem services in multipurpose forests interact with each other and may lead to conflicts between use and conservation. We identified a number of trade-offs and synergies between services focusing on the five above ecosystem services.