我国南亚热带森林群落先锋树种马尾松的水分利用特征

利用Granier热消散探针法(Thermal dissipation probes,TDP),对我国南亚热带鼎湖山针阔叶混交林中马尾松Pinus massoniana的树干液流变化进行了监测,结合同步监测的光合有效辐射、空气相对湿度、空气温度等环境因子进行了分析。研究表明:1)马尾松树干液流速率的日变化呈单峰型曲线,日间中午(13:00—14:00)的树干液流速率最高,湿季最高峰值为25.24 g·m^-2s^-1,干季最高峰值为17.75 g·m^-2s^-1,夜间也存在微量树干液流;2)马尾松树干液流速率主要受光合有效辐射和水汽压亏缺(vapor pressure deficiency,VPD)的影响,湿季中光合有效辐射起主要作用(P<0.001),干季中水汽压亏缺起主要作用(P<0.001);在干湿两季,树干液流速率滞后于光合有效辐射,提前于水汽压亏缺;3)湿季的蒸腾量显著高于干季(P<0.001);与森林恢复初期的马尾松树干液流相比,本地区树干液流速率相对较低,表明随着演替的进行,马尾松树干液流速率下降;4)研究结果揭示了华南地区的群落先锋树种马尾松在演替中期时的水分利用特征,对该地区森林恢复和生态环境建设提供了理论依据。     

黄土高原半干旱区人工林刺槐展叶期树干液流动态分析

应用热扩散式树干茎流计(TDP)于2008年4月26日至5月31日,在黄土高原半干旱区安塞县对人工林刺槐展叶期树干液流及其气象、土壤水分等6个指标进行连续测定.结果表明:刺槐展叶期可分为芽期、展叶初期、中期和全叶期.在芽期,刺槐树干液流速率日变化无明显昼夜波动;在展叶初期至全叶期日变化呈现出从微弱波动逐渐增大到趋于平稳的剧烈波动;在展叶中期以后液流速率表现为上升快、下降缓慢的单峰曲线;在全叶期平均峰值约为0.002 7 cm·s-1;树干液流速率与光合有效辐射强度、大气温度、水蒸气压亏缺和风速呈极显著正相关,与相对湿度呈负相关,其相关程度依次为光合有效辐射强度>大气温度>水蒸气压亏缺>相对湿度>风速,且可用光合有效辐射强度和大气温度线性表达式来估测;土壤水分在展叶期呈逐渐减少趋势,但对树干液流的胁迫不显著;在展叶期刺槐单株日蒸腾耗水量随直径的增大而增大并与胸径呈良好的线性关系,可用来估算展叶期刺槐人工林蒸腾耗水量.     

天目山柳杉树干液流动态研究

利用热扩散式液流探针（TDP）对天目山柳杉（Cryptomeria fortunei）树干液流进行连续测定,同步测定太阳有效辐射、空气温度、空气湿度等气象因子,探讨环境因子与树干液流之间的内在响应关系。结果表明：柳杉树干液流速率呈单峰曲线;柳杉液流在7：00-8：00启动,12：30-14：00达到峰值,夜间仍然存在微弱的液流变化;不同天气柳杉液流日变化差异明显,晴天液流启动较早峰值最大,阴雨天气液流启动延迟峰值较小;柳杉液流速率与光合有效辐射、空气温度、水汽压亏缺呈极显著正相关关系,而与空气湿度呈极显著负相关关系,其相关性大小排序依次为：空气温度＞水汽压亏缺＞空气湿度＞光合有效辐射。     

神农架华山松树干液流特征及其影响因素

以神农架华山松为研究对象,采用热扩散探针法对树干液流进行连续1 a的测定,结合同步观测的环境因子,分析华山松树干液流规律及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明:(1)华山松树干液流具有明显的昼夜与季节变化规律。全年夜间树干液流量占整日液流量的10.37%,树干液流速率在不同季节表现为夏季春季秋季冬季。(2)不同天气条件下树干液流速率表现为晴天阴天雨天,晴天和阴天树干液流速率日变化规律均为单峰曲线,而雨天树干液流日变化规律不明显。(3)空气相对湿度和蒸汽压亏缺为影响华山松树干液流月通量的主要因子。不同季节影响树干液流日通量的主要因子存在差异,春季主要影响因子是太阳总辐射和蒸汽压亏缺;夏季主要影响因子是风速、空气相对湿度和太阳总辐射;秋季主要影响因子是降水量、空气相对湿度、太阳总辐射和蒸汽压亏缺;冬季主要影响因子是空气温度、空气相对湿度和蒸汽压亏缺。     

刺槐树干液流的环境响应

2010年6月3-6日,利用热扩散式树干液流探针对北京西山林场刺槐Robinia pseudoacacia树干液流进行连续4 d观测,同时测定环境因子的数据。结果显示,太阳总辐射和土壤温度是影响刺槐树干液流的主要因子,其相关系数排序为:土壤温度太阳总辐射风速空气温度空气水汽压亏缺空气相对湿度,其中,只有空气相对湿度与液流呈负相关关系,其他因子均为正相关;刺槐液流存在一定的时滞;与各环境因子的曲线拟合均为三次曲线;同时建立了刺槐树干液流速率与各环境因子的多元回归模型。     

冀北山地华北落叶松全生长季树干液流及蒸腾耗水特征

依据组织热平衡原理,运用热扩散探针法,于2015年3月1日—2016年3月1日对冀北山地小五台自然保护区华北落叶松的树干液流速率进行连续监测,并同步观测气温、相对湿度、净辐射、总辐射、风速等环境因子的变化,研究其树干液流特征以及与环境因子的关系。结果表明:(1)小五台地区,华北落叶松树干液流启动于4月下旬,结束于10月上旬,前后历时160多d。晴天条件下,不同月份树干液流速率日变化均呈典型的单峰曲线,且液流的启动、到达峰值、结束时间以及液流升降速率存在差异。(2)生长季华北落叶松树干液流速率峰值以7、8、9月最高,都达到0.034 kg·h~(1)cm~(1)以上;日均值以7、8月最高,达到0.014 kg·h~(1)cm~(1)以上。(3)华北落叶松树干液流速率与空气温度、净辐射、总辐射、水汽压亏缺、风速呈极显著正相关,与空气湿度呈极显著负相关。环境因子对树干液流速率影响的大小顺序为:净辐射空气温度总辐射空气湿度风速。(4)整个生长季华北落叶松单株总耗水量为2 145.73±379.30 kg,其中以7、8月耗水量最大,分别为517.23±54.60和515.01±71.58 kg。     

干旱区杏李树干液流时滞特征研究

为探讨树干液流速率与气象因子之间的时滞特性,采取PS-TDP8型热耗散式树干液流测定系统持续监测,以掌握树体蒸腾耗水规律,从而为杏李科学灌溉提供理论依据。研究结果表明:杏李生长季液流速率日均最大值在6月18日;决定其第1主成分大小的是温度及水气压亏缺,决定第2主成分大小的是光照强度及空气相对湿度。4—8月液流速率均与1 h前第1、2主成分相关性最大;杏李生长季液流与1 h前光照强度相关性最大,相关系数为0.810,与1 h后的气温、空气相对湿度、水汽压亏缺相关性最大,系数分别为0.757,-0.572,0.736;回归方程中液流与实时气象因子拟合决定系数最大,为0.751。杏李生长季液流速率与实时气象因子回归拟合模型效果最好,体现了杏李在长期树干液流数据模拟中,可以不用考虑液流速率与气象因子的时滞效应。     

兴安落叶松天然林不同分化等级林木树干液流对综合环境因子的响应

[目的]以大兴安岭北部典型寒温带针叶林优势建群树种兴安落叶松为对象,分析不同分化等级林木树干液流对环境因子的综合响应,构建不同分化等级林木树干液流模型。[方法]利用热扩散式液流监测系统和通量塔的梯度气象系统连续监测树干液流及环境因子的变化。[结果]表明:1)观测期间,优势木具有较强的蒸腾能力,其平均液流密度分别为中等木和被压木的1.9倍、2.5倍。总体上,分化程度越高的林木日树干液流持续时间越长,液流密度峰值出现时间越早,液流密度的峰值也越高。2)利用主成分分析将降雨、净辐射、空气温度、空气湿度、风速、土壤温度、土壤含水量和水汽压亏缺降维为蒸发需求因子(EDI)、土壤水热因子和降水因子。EDI(与净辐射、温湿度、水汽压亏缺显著相关)是影响该地区林木树干液流的关键环境要素,其携带环境数据信息量的45%;土壤水热因子和降水因子分别携带20%和13%。3)各分化等级林木树干液流密度对EDI呈顺时针时滞,对净辐射和水汽压亏缺则分别呈逆时针、顺时针时滞,且EDI的时滞效应明显较小。不同分化等级林木液流密度对EDI和水汽压亏缺的时滞表现一致,对净辐射的时滞则以优势木最小。4)各分化等级林木树干液流密度对EDI的响应均符合"S"型模型,即液流升高到阈值后,不再随蒸发需求的增加而增大。模型中,中等木(0.458)和被压木(0.457)的过渡斜率略高于优势木(0.443),表明优势木树干液流对环境因子的敏感性略低。该模型对不同分化等级林木液流密度的模拟精度均在90%以上,考虑EDI的时滞效应或引入土壤水热因子、降水因子对模型精度的影响较小。[结论]兴安落叶松树干液流对综合环境因子存在较强的响应性,且在不同分化等级间存在差异;利用"S"模型和综合环境因子可有效估算不同分化等级兴安落叶松的树干液流。     

云南干热河谷的植物资源及开发利用研究

一、干热河谷的气候特点 云南的干热河谷气候,受大气环流尤其是地形因素的影响较大。就环流因子而言,各流域所受影响大体相似,从而形成相似的气候特点:干湿季非常分明,干季湿度小、云量少、晴天多、日间气温高、昼夜温差大;湿季水汽多、云量多、阴天多、日间气温不高、昼夜温     

西藏拉萨河谷区藏川杨和北京杨树干液流特征及其对环境因子的响应（英文）

【目的】研究西藏拉萨半干旱河谷地带藏川杨和北京杨树干液流的干湿季变化特征及环境影响因素,以期为该地区造林树种选择和合理配置提供科学依据。【方法】运用Granier热扩散探针技术,于2015年旱季和雨季在西藏拉萨半干旱河谷对藏川杨和北京杨的树干液流进行连续观测,并同步测定太阳辐射(Q)、空气温度(T_a)、土壤含水量(SWC)、饱和蒸气压亏缺(VPD)等环境因子。【结果】1)拉萨河谷区主要气象因子在旱季和雨季存在较大差异,雨季的Q、T_a、SWC、VPD等均高于旱季,主要气象因子的平均值为雨季的60%左右。2)藏川杨和北京杨的树干液流日变化表现出昼高夜低的规律,二者在雨季的日变化为多峰曲线,旱季为单峰曲线。旱季和雨季藏川杨液流速率均显著大于北京杨,北京杨液流密度在旱季和雨季相比藏川杨的液流密度分别下降71%和58%;相比雨季的液流密度,2种杨树的液流密度在旱季分别下降65%和76%。3)在旱季和雨季,主要环境因子Q和VPD与2种杨树树干液流间具有显著相关性,且Q和VPD的日变化与2种杨树的液流速率日变化之间存在明显的时滞效应。Q和VPD对北京杨树干液流的影响小于对藏川杨树干液流的影响。【结论】在拉萨河谷区旱季和雨季较大气候差异的环境下,藏川杨和北京杨树干液流速率均具有较为明显的昼夜节律。但2树种树干液流在峰值、日平均值、启动时间以及受环境因子的影响方面均存在明显差异,特别是在干旱季节尤为显著,藏川杨作为乡土树种显示出更强的适应性。     

Nocturnal sap flow characteristics and stem water recharge of Acacia mangium

In this paper, we studied the nocturnal stem water recharge of Acacia mangium. It is helpful to improve the precision of canopy transpiration estimation and canopy stomatal conductance, and to further understand the lag time of canopy transpiration to stem sap flow. In this study, the whole-tree sap flow in an A. mangium forest was measured by using Granier’s thermal dissipation probe for over two years in the hilly land of South China. The environmental factors, including relative humidity (RH), precipitation, vapor pressure deficit (VPD), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), and air temperature (T _a) were recorded simultaneously. The stem water recharge of A. mangium was analyzed on both daily and monthly scales. Sap flux density was lower at night than during the day. The time range of nighttime sap flux density was longer in the dry season than in the wet season. The water recharging mainly occurred from sunset to midnight. No significant differences were observed among inter-annual nighttime water recharges. Nighttime water recharge had no significant correlation with environmental factors, but was well correlated with the diameter at breast height, tree height, and crown size. In the dry season the contribution of nighttime water recharge to total transpiration had significant correlations with daytime transpiration, total transpiration, VPD, PAR and T _a, while in the wet season it was significantly correlated with daily transpiration and total transpiration. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2007, 26(4): 476–482 [译自: 生态学杂志]     

Sap flow characteristics of three afforestation species during the wet and dry seasons in a dry-hot valley in Southwest China

Assessing and using tree species (exotic or native) with superior tolerance to environmental stresses (such as drought and high temperature) play an important role in afforestation practices. In the present study, stem sap flow characteristics and responses to ambient meteorological factors of three tree species, Albizzia kalkora (native), Azadirachta indica (exotic), and Acacia auriculaeformis (exotic), in a dry-hot valley (Yuanmou, Yunnan Province, China) were investigated using thermal dissipation probes. The diurnal dynamics of sap flow in three studied species displayed an obvious circadian rhythm during the wet and dry seasons, with the exception of A. indica during the dry season. The sap flow velocity (SFV) in A. kalkora and A. auriculaeformis was significantly positively correlated with photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), air temperature, vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and wind speed, but negatively correlated with atmospheric relative humidity over the two seasons. The cross-correlation analysis also revealed that the SFV of the three species was significantly correlated with PAR and VPD (P < 0.001). Additionally, stem sap flow lagged behind PAR but ahead of VPD, and the diurnal sap flow was more dependent on PAR than on VPD. However, we found that the dominant climatic factor influencing the stem sap flow differed between daytime and nighttime. PAR was more influential than other meteorological factors during the daytime, while VPD or other factors were more influential overnight. When the nighttime refilling ability of the three tree species was compared, our results suggest that A. indica has higher drought resistance and better for afforestation of the studied region.     

云南松光合特性日进程及与叶面微气象因子的相关性分析

云南松(Pinus yunnanensis Franch.)是常绿针叶乔木,云南的重要乡土树种.在云南的亚热带高原,从南到北,从东到西,海拔700～3200m都有大面积分布,其森林面积约占云南森林面积的70%[1],是云贵高原荒山造林的先锋树种,不仅具有较强的水土保持、水源涵养、改善环境,同时提供大量的建筑用材和林副产品,在生态经济建设中发挥了重大作用[2].有关云南松形态特征、分子遗传、良种选育、木材利用等多方面的研究取得了一些成果[3-8],对其光合生理生态特性方面研究较少.光合作用是植物一切生理活动的基础,其大小不仅与自身遗传特性有关,而且受众多环境因子的影响[9].     

Response of canopy stomatal conductance of Acacia mangium forest to environmental driving factors

Granier’s probes were applied to measure the sap flow of 14 sample trees in an Acacia mangium forest on the hilly lands in Heshan City, Guangdong, during the time period of October, 2003. The photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), air relative humidity (RH) and temperature of air (T) above the forest canopy were recorded. The sap flow measurement was used in combination with morphological characteristics of tree and forest structure to calculate the whole-tree transpiration (E), stand transpiration (E _t), and mean canopy stomatal conductance (g _c). Analyses on the relationships between tree morphological characters and whole-tree water use, and on the responses of g _c to PAR and vapor pressure deficit (D) were conducted. The results showed that whole-tree transpiration correlated significantly and positively with tree diameter at breast height (DBH) (p<0.0001), with sapwood area (p<0.0001), and with canopy size (p = 0.0007) logarithmically, but exponentially with tree height (p = 0.014). The analyses on the responses of canopy stomatal conductance showed that the maximum g _c (g _cmax) changed with PAR in a hyperbolic curve (p<0.0001) and with D in a logarithmic one (p<0.0001). The results obtained with sap flow technique indicate its reliability and accuracy of the methods of estimation of whole-tree and stand transpirations and canopy stomatal conductance. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2006, 17(7): 1149–1156 [译自: 应用生态学报]     

Sap flow of Castanopsis jianfengensis and its relationship with environmental factors in a tropical montane rainforest

Using thermal dissipation and the ICT-2000TE equipment made in Australia, the sap flow of Castanopsis jianfengensis and various environmental factors were measured simultaneously in a mixed tropical montane rainforest at Jianfengling Nature Forest Reserve (18°369′N, 108°52′E, 860 m elevation) during the dry and rainy seasons of 2002. The results show that sap flow velocity of C. jianfengensis exhibited a monopeak pattern on clear days and a multi-peak pattern on cloudy or rainy days. Sap flow velocity had significant positive correlations with solar radiation, air temperature, vapor pressure deficit and wind speed and a negative correlation with air relative humidity. In the dry season, sap flow velocity had a significant positive correlation with soil temperature and poor correlation with soil moisture; it was the opposite in the rainy season, indicating that precipitation clearly affected sap flow. Linear regression models between sap flow and environmental factors were established and were significant at the 0.005 level of probability. The mean transpiration rates of C. jianfengensis were 103.5 and 41.3 kg/d in our single tree and 1.94 and 0.77 mm/d in stand level in the dry and rainy season, respectively. __________ Translated from the Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2007, 18(4): 742–748 [译自:应用生态学报]     

晚霜冻害对黄土区苹果树水分利用能力的影响

[目的]通过对比研究,明确晚霜冻害对苹果树生长季水分利用能力影响的程度与机理。[方法]利用热扩散技术(TDP)对黄土区苹果树未发生霜冻年和霜冻年主要生长季边材液流速率(J_s)开展连续监测,并同步观测净辐射(R_n)、气温(T_a)等气象因子,计算大气水分亏缺(VPD)等变量。通过对比、相关分析阐明晚霜冻害对苹果树水分利用能力的影响。[结果]霜冻发生后,当日午间液流速率最大值(J_(s-max))比霜冻前数日内的最大值降低9%～27%,苹果树水分利用能力(J_(s-max)/VPD)在霜冻后的数日内连续下降。霜冻后当年(2018)生长季平均液流速率比未发生霜冻年(2017)同期下降35%。在整个生长季内,液流速率日平均值(J_(s-mean))与R_n、VPD均具有显著的指数关系,但在相同的R_n或VPD水平下,霜冻年的J_(s-mean)显著低于未发生霜冻年。[结论]严重低温霜冻和霜冻后快速升温共同导致了苹果树生长季水分利用能力的显著下降。研究结果为认识霜冻对苹果树水分生理的影响机制提供了理论支撑。     

新疆杨树杆液流密度轴向差异的初步研究

利用热扩散技术(TDP)分别监测新疆杨冠基部、杆基部处液流密度的变化,并结合同步气象观测,分析液流密度与大气蒸发潜力(ET0)的关系,结果表明:典型晴天日,新疆杨树冠、杆基部的液流密度日变化格局总体上与大气蒸发潜力相一致,但前者与ET0的相关性更强,可用Hill函数式得到较好的拟合,而后者与ET0间呈斜率不等的线性关系;在午间,冠基部液流密度是杆基部的3倍以上,在清晨,冠基部液流比杆基部液流提前平均约1 h启动。冠、杆基部边材液流间的"净"量因季节而异,在生长旺盛的7、8月份略有"亏损",而在6、9月份略有"盈余",新疆杨单株日吸收水分量与冠层日失水量并不完全一致。6—9各月冠基部液流日平均通量一般呈晴天>云天>阴天的规律,这与太阳辐射及大气蒸发潜力的变化格局相一致,而基部液流有时会呈现出云天>晴天的趋势。     

Estimating water use of a black locust plantation by the thermal dissipation probe method in the semiarid region of Loess Plateau, China

Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) is a major reforestation species in the semiarid region in the Loess Plateau of China. There has been increasing concern about the sustainability of the plantations because of their possible high water-use. This study was, accordingly, undertaken to quantify the stand-scale water use of a middle-aged black locust plantation in the region. The thermal dissipation probe method was applied to 27 trees to measure sap flux densities in an experimental plot during the growing season of 2008. The monoculture stand has a basal area of 23.3 m² ha^?1 and a maximum plant area index (PAI) of 2.89. Sapwood areas were estimated by use of a regressive relationship with the diameter at breast height (DBH) for scaling up of stand transpiration. The results showed that DBH could be a good predictor of sapwood area of individual trees. The diurnal cycles of average sap flux densities differed among DBH classes. Daily transpiration can be predicted from mean daily daytime vapor pressure deficit (VPD_m) using a fitted exponential saturation model. Model variables were different among seasons, probably owing to different soil water conditions and leaf phenology. By using the derived model for each month, stand canopy transpiration over the growing season was estimated to be 73.8 mm, with an average daily value of 0.41 mm day^?1 and a maximum of 0.89 mm day^?1. The relatively small estimates of stand transpiration might be attributed to low PAI and sap wood area of the middle-aged stand.     

Soil water affects transpiration response to rainfall and vapor pressure deficit in poplar plantation

Influences of environmental factors on transpiration are interactive. Sensitivities of transpiration responses to both evaporative demand and rainfall under contrasting soil water conditions constitute the physiological basis of the drought tolerance of trees. Such knowledge is practically significant for plantation management, especially for irrigation management. We therefore conducted a 6-year study on the transpiration of a poplar plantation in temperate China to elucidate the existence and pattern of the influence of the soil water over stand transpiration responses to (1) vapor pressure deficit (VPD), the major indicator of air dryness and (2) the rainfall, in terms of total amount and event size. The results showed that the response of plantation transpiration (E _c ) to VPD was conditioned by soil moisture. There was a significant difference in the frequency distribution of maximum sap flux under contrasting soil relative extractable water. E _c after rainfall of different sizes varied under similar VPD. The increasing occurrences of only large rainfall events led to enhanced total E _c during the growing season, but prolonged rainless intervals did not lead to a continuous decrease of E _c , suggesting appreciable supplements from the soil water were present to sustain transpiration. In addition, the balance of soil water between replenishment and extraction also conditioned the influence of rainfall over subsequent E _c during the respective rainless intervals. Based on the E _c responses to VPD and rainfall under different soil moisture levels, irrigation that directly replenishes the deep soil layers in order to alleviate water stress on transpiration during the small-rain event-dominated growing season is an effective and water-saving approach to guarantee trees survival during drought period.