托克托县不同土地利用类型土壤有机碳和碳密度分布

对内蒙古托克托县4种典型土地利用类型土壤50 cm剖面各层的土壤含水率、土壤容重和有机碳含量进行测定,研究了该地区土壤有机碳(SOC)和有机碳密度(SOCD)分布特征。结果表明,4种土地利用类型的SOC含量和SOCD均为表层较高,沿土壤剖面垂直变化总体呈下降的趋势。农田、枸杞林和草地3种土地利用类型土壤表层0~20 cm各层SOC含量和SOCD均高于底层,防护林地表层0~30 cm各层SOC含量高于底层。土地利用类型对SOC和SOCD有一定的影响,4种不同土地利用类型的SOC含量和SOCD从高到低依次为草地防护林枸杞林农田。草地、防护林和枸杞林对土壤有机碳的贮存优于农田地。     

风沙采煤塌陷区土壤水分空间分布特征

李家塔矿区位于毛乌素沙地与黄土高原过渡带,其地理位置特殊,地表塌陷对矿区土壤水分运移造成了严重的影响,故为探究塌陷区土壤水分特征空间分布状况,本试验针对一定水平范围内及不同土壤层次下土壤水分变化进行了研究。结果表明:①由于采煤活动的破坏及影响,增加了地面与空气的接触面积,导致其表层土壤蒸发面积较大,水分丧失严重,故而在不同土层下,土壤含水量的变化表现为0～10 cm10～20 cm20～40 cm40～60 cm;②试验区位于风沙区,多年风沙作用下其裂缝处大部分已被风沙进行了天然回填,在水平范围上,各宽度裂缝土壤含水量均在距裂缝25 cm处出现最小值,在距裂缝及塌陷地25～75 cm处土壤含水量逐渐趋于稳定,在距裂缝及塌陷地100 cm处的测定样点与对照值无明显差异;③随着裂缝宽度及塌陷程度的加剧,土壤受损程度越显著,各土层土壤水分逐渐减小,裂缝周边土壤所受影响也逐渐增加。     

喀斯特断陷盆地不同植被恢复模式土壤水分动态变化

[目的]以喀斯特断陷盆地小流域中典型植被恢复模式,即桉树(Eucalyptus maideni)林、冲天柏(Cupressus duclouxiana)林、马尾松(Pinus massoniana)林以及天然次生灌丛、高盖度车桑子(Dodonaea viscosa)灌丛和低盖度车桑子灌丛为研究对象,探究断陷盆地不同植被恢复模式土壤水分时空变异规律,为该地区植被生态恢复工作提供参考。[方法]利用自动气象观测系统和土壤水分传感器同步监测2016年5月—2017年4月期间小流域降雨量与各林地土壤水分,采用变异系数与克里金插值分析方法,对6种植被恢复模式林地的土壤水分时空异质性以及持续干旱条件下土壤水分衰减特征进行研究。[结果]表明:(1)同一植被类型不同土层雨季和旱季土壤体积含水量垂直变化趋势相同,且雨季土壤水分含量显著高于旱季(P0.05),均为中等变异(Cv:12.88%28.66%)。(2)同一乔木林雨季和旱季的土壤活跃层与次活跃层垂直分布不同,但同一灌丛雨季和旱季分布相同。(3)6种植被恢复模式土壤体积含水量均在降雨量较充足的8—9月达到最大值,其变化范围介于26.25%44.08%之间,在降雨量明显不足的3—4月达到最小值,土壤体积含水量介于9.48%17.47%之间。(4)3种乔木林0 30 cm土层、3种灌丛0 10 cm土层充分降雨后约10 d土壤水分恢复为降雨前1 d水平,低盖度和高盖度车桑子灌丛10 30 cm土层土壤水分降雨后15 d恢复为降雨前1 d水平,并且接近植物萎蔫系数。[结论]不同植被恢复模式间雨季、旱季和月均土壤体积含水量均表现为桉树林天然次生灌丛冲天柏林马尾松林高盖度车桑子灌丛低盖度车桑子灌丛。喀斯特断陷盆地季节性干旱和临时性干旱问题严峻,乔木林和灌丛经充足降雨,达到田间持水量后,在连续放晴天气下林地土壤水分可供植物10 15 d的消耗。     

荒漠草原不同土地利用方式下春季表土水分变化研究

通过对阴山北麓荒漠草原不同土地利用方式下春季表土水分的动态监测,对土壤水分变化特征进行分析和探讨,结果表明：阴山北麓荒漠草原不同土地利用春季表土含水量大部分小于10%;不同耕地利用中,免耕地土壤含水量最高,且第3次采样中土壤含水量增加最明显;已翻耕地第2次采样土壤含水量变化很大;林地较其他土地利用表土水分含量高,且波动幅度较小。研究区不同土地利用类型土壤含水量依次为：林地〉草地〉灌丛〉耕地,这主要与土地利用状况和植被覆盖度有关。     

林地土壤水分模型SWUF在晋西黄土高原的适用性

采用EnviroSMART土壤水分定位监测系统于2008-05-14至2008-10-11及2009-05-05至2009-08-05对晋西黄土区刺槐人工林、油松人工林(水平条整地)、天然次生林0～150cm土层的土壤水分进行实时监测。以这些监测数据为基础,分析SWUF模型参数的敏感性,进行参数率定,验证SWUF模型在晋西黄土高原水土保持林地的适用性。结果表明:SWUF模型中的蒸发参数、产流参数、非饱和水流参数属于高度敏感性参数,使用SWUF时必须对这些参数进行率定;SWUF模型对刺槐人工林20～150cm各土层、油松人工林和次生林0～150cm各土层土壤水分动态模拟效果较好,模拟值与实测值相对误差在20%以内;SWUF适用于模拟油松人工林和天然次生林各土层每日土壤含水量,也能够比较充分地模拟3种林地不同深度土壤层土壤水分的日变化趋势,但在模拟耗水量大的刺槐林表层土壤水分方面还需要改进。     

沿海木麻黄防护林土壤pH值空间变异特征

以福建省福州市21年生沿海木麻黄林地土壤为研究对象,结合样地法和地统计学测定并分析了不同土壤层p H值的空间变异特征。结果表明:1)该木麻黄林土壤p H值整体呈强酸性,0~20(A)、20~40(B)和40~60 cm(C)土壤层的p H值均值分别为4.04、4.16和4.14;变异系数分别为10.73%、9.13%和13.26%;2)A、B和C土壤层,p H值块金效应值分别为0.879、0.233和0.080,空间变异最优模型分别为线性有基台值模型、指数模型和指数模型。克里格最优插值分析结果显示表层土壤pH值受结构影响,底层则受林分影响为主;3)该林地土壤酸化主要受土壤母质、大气酸沉降、土壤含水量和林分等因素共同作用。研究结果为沿海木麻黄及其它防护林的保护与建设提供理论参考依据。     

2种不同土地利用方式对山麓耕地土壤养分的影响

研究不同土地利用方式对土壤养分的影响,以便了解土壤质量状况,为实现不同植被管理和可持续利用提供科学依据。以小陇山山麓区移栽至耕地(前期种植柴胡)后生长3年的油松Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.苗木土壤为对象,并以长期种植柴胡Bupleurum chinense的耕地作对照,采用对比和主成分分析方法,对2种人工植被类型下不同土层(0～10、10～20和20～30 cm)土壤养分特征进行了分析。结果表明:1)油松苗地3个土壤层的有机质、全磷和全钾含量均小于柴胡耕地,除0～10 cm土层有机质外,其余差异均达到显著水平(P <0.05);3个土壤层的全氮含量在油松地和柴胡地两者之间均无显著差异(P> 0.05)。油松苗地3个土壤层的速效钾均显著大于柴胡地(P <0.05);而有效磷含量却小于柴胡地(10～20 cm除外),且仅在20～30 cm土层两者差异达显著水平(P <0.05);同样,3个土壤层的碱解氮含量在油松地和柴胡地两者之间均无显著差异(P> 0.05)。2)2种植被类型下土壤的有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量表现出"表聚现象",即养分含量从表层向下层呈递减趋势;而全钾含量在2种植被类型下均表现出相反的变化趋势,即从表层向下层呈递增趋势,但差异均不显著(P> 0.05)。3)主成分分析表明:速效钾和全磷是影响油松苗地土壤质量的最主要土壤因子,而全氮和全磷是影响柴胡地土壤质量的最主要土壤因子,且土壤养分综合得分表现为油松地(1.467)<柴胡地(1.504)。可见,油松人工苗明显地降低了耕地土壤养分含量,长期栽植将会导致土壤养分处在较低水平,因此在大苗培育期间要因土施肥,提高土壤肥力,尤其需要及时补充土壤有机磷肥;而对柴胡耕地也应该补充有机氮肥和磷肥。这些结论可为小陇山山麓区域耕地进行土地合理利用和土壤科学管理提供科学参考。     

武夷山不同类型毛竹林的土壤水分物理性质分析

调查分析了武夷山不同类型毛竹林的土壤水分物理性质状况。结果表明,不同类型毛竹林的土壤容重大小为对照地竹杉林竹阔林毛竹纯林;土壤总孔隙度大小为毛竹纯林竹阔林竹杉林对照地;各林地土壤最大持水量、毛管持水量大小为毛竹纯林竹阔林竹杉林对照;最小持水量大小为毛竹纯林竹杉林竹阔林对照;三项持水量依次是对照值的1.04~1.19倍、1.06~1.14倍、1.09~1.14倍。毛竹林分在0~60 cm土壤层的质地较为疏松,孔隙增多,透气性好,有利于水分的运输与贮存,适宜毛竹鞭根生长,因此,科学合理地经营毛竹林分,避免过度人为干扰可有效改善林分的水分物理状况,促进竹林丰产。     

毛乌素沙地不同林龄杨柴灌木林土壤剖面水分变化特征

以毛乌素沙地不同林龄杨柴灌木林为研究对象,采用TRIME-TDR土壤水分测定系统,测定了不同林龄杨柴灌木林的土壤体积含水量,分析了其空间变化特征。结果表明:(1)在0~180 cm范围内,林龄为38年的样地土壤体积含水量显著高于30年和15年样地,30年和15年样地差异不显著。(2)随着土层深度的增加,林龄为38年和30年的样地土壤体积含水量分别在80~100 cm和20~40 cm间达到最大值,为8.21%和7.85%,15年样地则呈现降低的趋势。土壤体积含水量最大值随着林龄的增加有向深层次运移的趋势,并且最小值均出现在140~180 cm范围内。(3)随着杨柴灌木林林龄的增加,0~20 cm土壤层水分呈现减小趋势,20~100 cm土壤层水分基本呈现增大趋势,100~180 cm土壤层水分出现先减小后增大的趋势。     

元谋干热河谷8种植被类型的林地土壤特性研究

通过对元谋干热河谷区加勒比松人工林、加勒比松 车桑子人工混交林、山合欢天然更新林、车桑子 山毛豆人工混交林、桉树人工林、草地、荒坡、膨胀土8种植被类型林地1 m土层内不同层次雨季(8月2日~9月2日)土壤水分含量的分析研究得出:在雨季8种植被类型林地土壤的水分含量均较低,因其土壤的物理性能较差,故蓄水保水能力也较差;各植被类型林地土壤的有机质、养分含量均极低,按照土壤养分含量分级标准,各植被类型林地土壤的养分含量均在6级以下。元谋干热河谷区林地土壤的贫瘠特性致使林木长势较弱,是造成其植被恢复困难的一个原因。     

Effects of landscape restoration on soil water storage and water use in the Loess Plateau Region,China

Large-scale vegetation restoration in China's Loess Plateau has been initiated by the central government for controlling soil and water losses in the past three decades. However, there is virtually no guidance for plant species selection for the restoration purpose. We investigated the effects of planting trees and shrubs, land-use conversions from croplands to pastures and native grasslands on soil water dynamics and water stresses by using long-term field measurements from 1986 to 1999 in the semi-arid loess hilly area. Our research has led to the following three major findings. Firstly, the amount of soil water storage within a 100 cm depth decreased as measured at both the beginning and the ending point of growing seasons regardless land cover types. The soil water replenishment by rainfall during rainy seasons was not sufficient to fully recharge the soil water storage. Landscape restoration through shrub planting may help retain more soil water than other land cover types. Secondly, the ratio of actual evapotranspiration (ET) and pan evaporation (PET) generally declined for all land cover types during the study period. Shrub lands had the largest ET/PET ratio, followed by native grassland, cropland/alfalfa, and pine woodland. The ET/PET ratio of native grasslands declined fastest, followed by pine woodlands, shrub lands, alfalfa, and croplands. Pine woodland's low ET/PET ratios were mainly caused by its higher runoff due to soil compaction resulted from soil desiccation. Lastly, we found that the soil water storage at the beginning of growing season was important in determining the ET/PET ratios. This study suggested that pine plantations may not be appropriate for landscape restoration in such a semi-arid loess hilly area while shrubs may be highly recommended.     

沙地不同密度樟子松林地土壤水分的垂直变化

通过在辽宁省章古台试验区对沙地不同密度樟子松林地土壤水分垂直变化规律的研究,结果表明:该地区樟子松林分不论密度大小,雨季土壤含水量整体上明显高于春季;不同林分密度的樟子松林土壤水分含量在不同时期不同层次有所不同,春季试验地各层土壤的含水量从上到下大体上呈下降趋势,北试验地0～60cm层次土壤含水量下降的比较明显,南试验地在60～100cm层次间出现了急剧下降的情况;雨季0～40cm土层间,试验地土壤水分含量都呈上升趋势,40～150cm这几个层次间,试验地土壤含水量均呈下降趋势,且在40～100cm的层次上2试验地下降的幅度都比较大。     

梯田地埂灌木树种栽培技术研究

对西吉县梯田地埂灌木树种(以杞柳和柠条为主)的栽培技术进行了研究。结果表明：(1)造林整地时，梯形槽和鱼鳞坑整地均可，整地深度以40cm左右为宜，整地时间以雨季预整地最佳；(2)造林方法要根据具体树种而定。柠条最好选择植苗造林，春秋皆宜，杞柳适宜秋季造林，总体上秋造的苗木成活率和存活率明显好于春造。另外，在柠条播种造林时，坡向最好在阴坡；(3)杞柳造林时的种植深度以种条覆土2cm最佳，适宜的几种种植深度模式为：阳坡种条覆土2cm、阴坡种条齐地面、阴坡种条覆土2cm；(4)造林整地、种植深度对苗木生长量的影响较大，造林方法、造林坡向、种植深度对造林成活率和保存率的影响相对显著。     

黄土丘陵区不同坡向柠条林地土壤水分动态研究

为了解黄土丘陵区不同坡向林地土壤水分的变化规律,在山西中阳县的圪针耳流域内,以不同坡向柠条林地为对象,对其土壤水分动态特征进行了研究。结果表明:土壤水分变化具有明显的时空规律。1)土壤剖面按含水量变化幅度大小分为活跃层、次活跃层和相对稳定层3个层次,3个层次土壤相对含水量的变异系数从上至下呈由大而小变化;2)土壤水分的季节变化可分为明显的3个时期:土壤水分消耗期、土壤水分补偿期、土壤水分消退期。3)降水是影响土壤水分变化的重要因素,土壤水分对降雨具有一定的滞后性。坡向对土壤水分的时空分布有重要影响。     

High organic carbon stock in a karstic soil of the Middle-European Forest Province persists after centuries-long agroforestry management

Little is known on soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in karst areas worldwide, although many of them have seen long-term application of agroforestry systems with a potential for carbon sequestration. Therefore, our study aimed to assess landscape-level SOC concentration and stock in the Silica Plateau, a part of the Slovak Karst Biosphere Reserve located in the Western Carpathians (Slovakia) with a centuries-long agroforestry record. The most represented local soil units are Chromi-Rendzic Leptosols and Chromic Cambisols with clayey loam texture, C/N ratio 9–12, and $ {\text{pH}}_{{{\text{H}}_{2} {\text{O}}}} $ 6.6–6.2 in their organo-mineral surface horizons. Mull surface humus form prevails under mixed forest stands dominated by hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.), oak (Quercus petraea L.), and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). A total of 2,700 soil samples were collected from 150 soil pits. Both SOC concentrations and stocks were determined for the 0–60?cm mineral soil layer. Soil stoniness was accounted for by means of electrical resistivity tomography. According to the analysis of covariance, cropland SOC concentration (0.026?g?g^?1) is significantly lower compared to forestland (0.040?g?g^?1) and pastureland (0.041?g?g^?1) (P?<?0.01). During the period of 130?years after forest clearing, cropland SOC stock has been reduced at an exponential decay rate of ca 0.002?year^?1, while the SOC stock in pastureland has increased following land use change from cropland by approximately 30% during the same period of time. Irrespective of land use history, overall SOC stock is high reaching on average 207.4?Mg?ha^?1, out of which 66% are stored within 0–30?cm and 34% within 30–60?cm soil layers.     

Fine-root dynamics of coffee in association with two shade trees in Costa Rica

Fine-root dynamics (diameter < 2.0 mm) were studied on-farm in associations of Coffea arabica with Eucalyptus deglupta or Terminalia ivorensis and in a pseudo-chronosequence of C. arabica-E. deglupta associations (two, three, four and five years old). Coffee plants were submitted to two fertilisation types. Cores were taken in the 0–40 cm soil profile two years after out-planting and subsequently in the following year in depth layers 0–10 and 10–20 cm, during and at the end of the rainy season, and during the dry season. Fine root density of coffee and timber shade trees was greater in the coffee fertilisation strip as compared to unfertilised areas close to the plants or in the inter-rows. Coffee fine roots were more evenly distributed in the topsoil (0–20 cm) whereas tree fine roots were mostly found in the first 10 cm. Although the two tree species had approximately the same fine root length density, lower coffee / tree fine root length density ratios in T. ivorensis suggest that this shade tree is potentially a stronger competitor with coffee than E. deglupta. Coffee and tree fine root length density for 0–10 cm measured during the rainy season increased progressively from two to five-year-aged associations and coffee fine root length density increased relatively more than E. deglupta fine root length density in the four and five-year-aged plantations suggesting that contrary to expectations, coffee fine roots were displacing tree fine roots.     

不同桉树人工林土壤呼吸旱雨季变化特征

以雷州半岛气候背景条件下具有良好培育前景的5种桉树人工林(湿加松林为对照)为研究对象,测定并分析各个林分土壤呼吸速率在旱季和雨季的差异,以揭示其与土壤温、湿度的关系.结果表明:土壤呼吸速率在旱季表现为先减后增变化趋势,在雨季表现为先增后减或逐渐减小变化趋势,旱、雨季变化特征明显.6个林分旱、雨季土壤呼吸速率均值分别为1.63~3.32μmol·m-2·s-1和2.55~4.36μmol·m-2·s-1.旱季土壤温、湿度共同促进土壤呼吸作用,雨季土壤温度促进土壤呼吸,土壤湿度抑制土壤呼吸作用.     

半干旱区柠条植物篱水分再分配格局研究

通过对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区26年生柠条植物篱不同部位(带间、带前、带内、带后)土壤水分的2年监测,对比分析了柠条植物篱不同部位土壤水分的分布特征及其动态,探讨了柠条植物篱对降水的再分配效应。结果表明:带状柠条植物篱内不同部位间土壤水分物理性质有明显的不同,其中,带内部位土壤密度(0.99 g·cm-3)、非毛管孔隙度(8.77%)、毛管持水量(58.89%)等均优于带间、带前、带后,土壤更为疏松,透水保水性能更良,而带前更加黏性化;随着土壤深度的增加,各部位土壤含水量均表现出逐层降低的趋势,依次为0~20 cm(25.51%±2.28%)40~60 cm(12.96%±1.34%)60~80 cm(10.03%±0.59%)80~100 cm(9.16%±0.81%)100~120 cm(8.76%±1.00%),但越接近表层,带前、带内部位土壤水分含量的优势更明显。根据对土壤水分的有序聚类分析,将柠条植物篱土壤层次划分为弱利用层、利用层和调节层3层,其中,带内的土壤水分利用层(20~120 cm)大于带前、带后(20~60 cm)和带间(40~60 cm),与柠条对土壤水分的主要利用层次相一致,带内的土壤水分调节层在120 cm以下,较带间(80 cm以下)和带前、带后(60 cm以下)均深,反映了带状植物篱带前、带内土壤含水率提高而带后表层土壤含水率降低的分异特征。