我国杂草稻危害现状及其防控对策

随着直播稻和稻麦免、少耕技术的推广,杂草稻在我国的危害越来越重,已严重影响水稻产量和稻米质量.笔者分析了稻田杂草稻的发生危害原因,提出了采用高纯度的种子,从源头上防止杂草稻蔓延和侵入危害;及时清理收割机等农机上携带的杂草稻种子,防止杂草稻的传播;翻耕、诱杀以及手工拔除,轮作、直播改移栽水稻栽培方式;使用化学除草剂防除等综合防除技术.     

东北稻区稻田杂草稻控制措施的探讨

东北稻区自生杂草稻在目前常用的稻田除草剂常规剂量处理下株防效为0,种子埋深10 cm以下才能控制其萌发出土,灌水深度10 cm对种子发芽没有明显的抑制作用.在秋季灌水条件下越冬的种子冻死率为100％,而在干燥态土壤中多数种子可安全越冬.     

杂交稻自生苗中类似杂草稻的生物学特性

在自然条件下,种植不同时间籼型杂交稻后改种常规粳稻,对粳稻田中的杂交稻自生苗展开调查,分析杂交稻自生苗中出现类似杂草稻的频率及其生物学性状,测定杂交稻自生苗对粳稻产量的影响.结果表明,在粳稻田中籼型杂交稻自生苗可以转变成类似杂草稻,即存在籼粳亚种间异交产生杂草稻的可能;连续种植杂交稻3年后改种常规粳稻田块的杂交稻自生苗密度最高,对常规粳稻产量的影响最大.     

稻曲病对产量损失的影响

稻曲病是我县近几年逐步蔓延、日趋严重的水稻病害之一。以前认为稻曲病的损失仅限于病粒,对水稻产量影响不大。据我们2年考查,稻曲病的危害损失不仅限于病粒,而且影响整个稻穗,随着病粒的增加,结实率不断降低,产量损失逐渐加大。     

稻水象甲的监测与防控对策

稻水象甲是全国植物检疫性有害生物,其危害大,防治难,一般造成水稻减产损失达30％～40％,严重的达70％-80％,甚至绝收。稻水象甲自2008年传人湖北省以来,发生范围逐年扩大,为害程度有加重的趋势,严重威胁湖北省水稻生产安全。为延缓稻水象甲疫情的扩散蔓延速度,将疫情封锁控制在有限区域内,减轻为害损失,确保水稻生产安全,必须加强检疫监测,强化综合防控。     

稻水象甲越冬场所的调查及防治对策

稻水象甲是山西近年新发生的检疫对象.经调查,稻水象甲主要集中在土壤表层2cm处越冬.通过加强检疫、适当控水、铲除杂草、药剂控制等措施可以有效控制其传播危害.     

稻纵卷叶螟控制方法研究进展

近年来,稻纵卷叶螟已成为害水稻的重要害虫。结合生产实际,介绍稻纵卷叶螟的发生、分布、危害情况,重点讨论了控制稻纵卷叶螟发生的新方法和技术,指出存在的问题及对策。     

四川省杂草稻发生危害初步调查与防除研究

2010年和2011年对四川省水稻主产区的杂草稻发生危害情况进行了初步调查.结果表明,除德阳市绵竹市新市镇局部地区杂草稻发生危害较重(危害级别4级)外,全省范围内杂草稻发生危害较轻,危害级别以1级为主.同时,在杂草稻发生危害调查的基础上,进行了化学除草剂初步筛选试验.结果表明,供试药剂中只有扫茀特对杂草稻有效,药后30 d和60 d的防效均在50％以上.     

冀东滨海盐碱地稻区稻潜叶蝇发生特点及防治措施

稻潜叶蝇是冀东滨海盐碱地稻区的主要害虫,为控制其危害,我们进行了发生规律特性的研究,并摸索出了防治措施,现简介如下:一、发生特点1.在秧田、本田均可成害:本稻区采用常规薄膜育秧及单一的一季稻栽培体制.播种、插秧早而集中,秧田4月下旬揭膜时,正值越冬代潜叶蝇成虫活动产卵盛期,5月中旬即可使     

稻水象甲的危害特点及检疫控制方法

文章介绍了稻水象甲的发生危害特点,并有针对性地提出了稻水象甲的检疫控制对策。     

Control of wild rice in rice

The four main wild rice species are: Oryza rufipogon Griff, embracing a wide range of “red rice” types closely related to O. sativa L.; O. longistaminata Chev. & Roehr, a rhizomatous perennial; O. barthii Chev. the annual wild rice of West Africa; and O. punctata Kotschy ex Steud, a small seeded annual. The distribution and importance of these species are discussed in relation to the different systems of rice growing. Annual wild rice problems are favoured by dry sowing followed by flooding. For cultural control, soil puddling and direct sowing into water are recommended. In a series of pot experiments with O. punctata and rice, 18 herbicides were shown to be at least partially selective, including: alachlor, butachlor, S-4-chlorobenzyl diethyldithiocarbamate (B-3015), 4-(2,6-dichlorobenzyloxymethyl)-4-ethyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan (WL 29226), 3-(α α-dimethylbenzyl)-1-methyl-1-phenylurea (K 1441), isoproturon, metamitron, molinate and perfluidone. B-3015 was the most selective of these but the selectivity of alachlor and molinate could be greatly increased and became comparable to B-3015 when the crop seed was dressed with the protectant 1,8-naphthalic anhydride (NA). Other herbicides for which NA provided a protective effect were: butachlor, metolachlor (CGA 24705), epronaz, ethofumesate, perfluidone and 4,4,4-trichloro-2-phenylbut-1-ene (Dowco 221).     

水稻条纹叶枯病个体茎、蘖显症特点

2003～2004年定点调查表明,水稻条纹叶枯病在秧苗期主茎显症后,同株的分蘖全部显症,病株死亡。分蘖期主茎显症后,同株的分蘖全部显症;部分分蘖显症后,同株的主茎和其余分蘖全部显症,病株死亡或不成穗。拔节期主茎显症后,同株的大部分分蘖(68.9%～79.2%)显症,部分茎、蘖(32.9%～23.0%)成穗,产量损失较大(80.8%);部分分蘖显症后,同株的主茎不显症,其余分蘖部分显症(分蘖总显症率为53.0%～66.7%),全部主茎和部分分蘖成穗(总成穗率61.1%～48.1%),产量损失较小(34.5%)。病株不侵染同穴健株。由此提出治虫防病、改茬和病后处理方法。     

Transgenic rice plants that over-express the mannose-binding rice lectin have enhanced resistance to rice blast

Mannose-binding rice lectin (MRL), which is almost identical to the salt-induced protein SalT, binds to mannose and glucose residues. Expression of the MRL gene in response to infection with Magnaporthe oryzae, the rice blast fungus, was stronger in the incompatible interaction than in the compatible. Transgenic rice plants that constitutively over-expressed MRL strongly suppressed the growth of invasive hyphae of the fungus on leaf sheaths and the development of typical susceptible-type lesions on leaf blades, but did not affect penetration by the fungus in comparison with the wild-type. On a polycarbonate plate, purified recombinant MRL inhibited conidial attachment and appressorium formation but not conidial germination. These results suggest that MRL may play an essential role in disease resistance by suppressing development of M. oryzae in situ.     

稻田杂草稻发生趋重水稻生产受到威胁

杂草稻,一般认为是栽培稻和野生稻的天然杂交种,但目前尚未肯定杂草稻的真正起源.杂草稻以易落粒、能休眠以及与栽培稻的竞争性等特征使其成为一种杂草.杂草稻在大部分种植水稻地区均能生长.在泰国、越南、马来西亚等水稻生产国发生危害较重.近年来,在我国的江苏、湖南、广东、辽宁、上海等省(直辖市)的一些稻区发生越来越重,严重影响水稻的产量和品质.     

杂交稻对稻瘟病和稻白叶枯病的抗性鉴定

对广东省将推广的54份杂交稻组合对稻瘟病和白叶枯病的抗病性进行了鉴定。对稻瘟病的抗病性鉴定表明:抗病组合共49个,占90.7%;其中,高抗(抗性比≥91%)组合30个,占55.6%。对稻白叶枯病的抗病性鉴定表明:没有高抗(HR)和抗(R)的组合,仅有一个杂交稻组合(西胜2175)表现为中抗(mR),仅占1.9%,其余53个组合都表现感病,占98.1%。进一步分析表明:对稻瘟病表现高抗的30个杂交稻组合都不抗白叶枯病,而中抗白叶枯病的杂交稻组合西胜2175对稻瘟病表现为中抗,抗性比为74%。     

直播稻田自生稻的识别与防除

水稻直播具有省水、省田、省工、节本的优点,加之直播稻推迟了水稻播期,可以避开灰飞虱迁移高峰,减轻灰飞虱及其传播的条纹叶枯病的发生为害,深受广大稻农喜爱.     

丙草胺防治直播稻田杂草稻的技术研究

为了探寻对栽培稻安全的杂草稻防除技术,采用整株测定法研究了丙草胺对杂草稻的毒力及解草啶减轻丙草胺对栽培稻药害的应用技术,并通过田间试验检验了这一技术的安全性。结果表明:丙草胺在450g/hm2时,可显著抑制杂草稻和栽培稻的生长;采用30mg/L解草啶浸种48h,可显著减轻丙草胺对栽培稻的药害,随着丙草胺施药量的增加,解草啶的保护作用逐渐减弱。田间试验结果说明:用30mg/L解草啶浸种栽培稻48h,丙草胺的施药剂量在450~675g/hm2时对栽培稻安全;当丙草胺剂量为900g/hm2时,栽培稻产量显著下降。     

烯啶虫胺在水稻和稻田环境中的残留及消解动态

采用高效液相色谱-紫外检测器(HPLC-UVD)测定了烯啶虫胺在稻田水、土壤、水稻植株和糙米样品中的消解动态及最终残留。田水样品用二氯甲烷萃取;土壤样品用水提取后经二氯甲烷萃取;水稻植株和糙米样品依次用水、丙酮提取,提取液经液液萃取及柱层析净化;HPLC-UVD检测。当烯啶虫胺在田水和土壤中的添加水平为0.1~5 mg/L和0.1~5 mg/kg,在植株和糙米中的添加水平为0.2~5 mg/kg时,其平均添加回收率在77.2% ~100.3%之间,相对标准偏差 (RSD)在1.9% ~12.9%之间。烯啶虫胺在稻田水、土壤、植株和糙米中方法的定量限(LOQ)分别为0.1 mg/L和0.1、0.2、0.2 mg/kg,检出限(LOD)分别为0.04 mg/L和0.04、0.08、0.08 mg/kg。温室模拟消解动态试验结果显示,以推荐使用高剂量的20倍(有效成分1 500 g/hm2) 施药,烯啶虫胺在稻田水、土壤以及水稻植株中的消解动态规律均符合一级动力学方程,其半衰期分别为0.58、3.31及2.70 d,消解速率较快。最终残留试验表明,于大田分蘖期按推荐使用高剂量的1.5倍(有效成分112.5 g/hm2)分别施药3次和4次,间隔期为7 d,距最后一次施药7 d后采样,糙米中烯啶虫胺的残留量均低于LOD值(0.08 mg/kg)及日本规定的最大残留限量(MRL)值(0.5 mg/kg)。     

Potential allelopathic rice lines for weed management in Cambodian rice production

In Cambodia, the planting of rice lines with a competitive and/or allelopathic ability would be a very useful way to supplement weed management in the rain‐fed, low‐input production systems. The present study examines a wide range of rice germplasm, mainly from Cambodia, and uses a series of bioassay techniques to identify those that might have a weed growth‐suppressing, allelopathic trait. A laboratory bioassay study that involved 359 rice lines showed that there were 15 that could significantly reduce the growth of awnless barnyard grass seedlings. In a second laboratory bioassay, involving the best 96 rice lines that were identified in the first study, 14 were shown to suppress the shoot growth of awnless barnyard grass, 11 could suppress the shoot growth of barnyard grass, six could suppress the shoot growth of small umbrella sedge, four could suppress the shoot growth of two‐leaf fimbristylis, four could suppress the shoot growth of water primrose, and three could suppress the shoot growth of gooseweed. Of the 13 rice lines that were able to suppress the growth of at least two weed species, there were three lines that could suppress the growth of three weed species, one line that could suppress the growth of four weed species, and one line that could suppress the growth of five weed species. In a third soil‐based, pot bioassay that studied the 18 best lines coming from the second laboratory bioassay, all showed a significant weed growth‐suppressive ability. A linear regression analysis showed that there was no correlation between their weed growth‐suppressive ability and their physical seedling size, supporting the idea that the growth suppression was allelopathic in nature and not a physical competition effect. In summary, the results indicate that an allelopathic trait does exist in some Cambodian rice lines and that this trait is effective in the growth suppression of a number of major rice weeds.     

Screening rice varieties for resistance to rice yellow mottle virus disease

Abstract

Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) is one of the major constraints to rice production in Kenya. The reactions of 30 varieties of rice to an isolate of RYMV were studied. The appearance and development of symptoms in the various varieties were scored on a 0–5 scale. The observed reactions ranged from highly susceptible to highly resistant. Thirty‐six per cent of the varieties showed a high level of resistance while 23.3% were highly susceptible. The intermediate reactions were 16.7% resistant, 6.6% susceptible and 16.7% moderately susceptible.