抓住机遇 开拓创新 全面推进水土保持生态建设

“九五”期间 ,全国完成水土流失综合治理面积 2 3万km2 ,八片治理工程、“长治”工程已成为典型的生态建设示范工程 ,有力地推动了面上的治理工作 ,调动了全社会参与水土保持生态建设的积极性。“十五”期间 ,要把保护和改善生态环境放在首位 ,突出生态效益 ,进行防治战略调整 ,充分发挥生态的自然修复能力 ;全国完成综合治理面积 2 5万km2 ,基本遏制生态环境恶化趋势 ,加强水保执法监督队伍建设 ,提高水保科技含量     

创建“长治”工程样板 推动楚雄水保发展

自 198 9年开展“长治”工程至 2 0 0 0年底止 ,楚雄州共完成水土流失初步治理面积 40 0 6 19km2 ,年土壤侵蚀模数由 182 4t/km2 减少到 1486t/km2 ,有效地改善了农业生产条件和生态环境 ,治理区农民年人均纯收入增长 96 1% ,群众把“长治”工程誉为党和政府的“爱民工程”、“富民工程”。各级党委、政府重视水土保持工作 ,建立健全机构 ,有效地保证了水保工作的开展 ;重视宣传 ,强化监督 ,依法防治 ,使边治理、边破坏的现象得到有效控制 ;保证投入 ,严格资金管理 ,形成了良好的投入机制。介绍了取得的成绩和具体做法与经验。     

曲靖市“九五”期间水保生态建设成效

曲靖市“九五”期间治理水土流失面积1 536.32km2,治理速度从“八五”期间的年均180.2 kn2上升到307.3km2。“长治”工程小流域综合治理取得显著成效,国家生态环境建设项目、退耕还林项目及以工代赈片区农业综合开发项目的实施,使防治区域逐渐扩大,投入逐年增加。“九五”期间共审批水土保持方案676件,征收水保“两费”478.03万元,查处违法案件145起,督促开发建设单位投入防治资金1 540万元。     

抓住发展机遇 加快治理步伐 为构建和谐社会做贡献

“十五”期间,“长治”工程累计完成水土流失治理面积2.1万km2,实施生态修复面积2060km2,开展预防保护面积11万km2;水土流失监测面积达70万km2,预报处理滑坡、泥石流灾害86处,累计审批水土保持方案8.1万起;经过17年的连续治理,长江流域水土流失面积减少了15%,治理区人均基本农田达到约1亩、人均产粮增至530kg、农民人均纯收入翻了一番。“长治”工程建设的主要经验是领导重视、齐抓共管,与时俱进、开拓创新,强化管理、完善制度。“十一五”时期“长治”工程建设必须坚持人与自然和谐相处,以人为本,政府推动,统筹协调,预防为主,保护优先的原则,完成水土流失综合治理面积1.23万km2,改建或新建20个重点监测预警站点,全面落实水土保持方案,执行率达到90%以上,完成监测面积160万km2,强化水土保持规划、科研、示范等基础工作。明确了近期要抓好的几项工作。     

柳西小流域综合治理效果好

柳西小流域自 1993年被列为国家水土流失防治重点 ,8年来共完成水土保持综合治理措施面积 10 0 7km2 ,治理程度达 80 %以上。综合治理使流域年土壤侵蚀模数由 1940t/km2 下降到 480t/km2 ,年人均经济收入由 1992年的948元提高到 43 0 0元。该流域水土资源得到了有效保护 ,生态环境已趋向良性循环。介绍了具体做法与经验。     

依法防治水土流失 促进长江流域可持续发展

水土保持法颁布实施 10年来 ,以“长治”工程为骨干的长江流域水土流失重点治理快速推进。截至 2 0 0 0年底 ,累计完成水土流失初步治理面积 2 1万km2 ,其中“长江”工程 12年初步治理水土流失面积 6 8万km2 ;水土保持监督执法不断加强 ,建立了一支有 70 0 0名专职监督人员的执法队伍 ,初步建立健全了贯彻实施水土保持法的配套法规体系 ,累计对 6 80 0多起开发建设项目造成的人为水土流失违法案件进行了立案查处 ,审批水土保持方案超过 4 1万个 ,开发建设单位交纳水土流失防治费 35 0 0多万元 ,补偿费 370 0多万元 ,自行投入水土流失防治费累计超过 6 7亿元 ,取得了许多值得推广的好经验。     

抓住机遇 全面推进陇南地区生态环境建设

陇南地区自 1989年实施“长治”工程以来 ,国家和地方先后投入资金 1 5亿元 ,对全区 3 68条小流域进行了综合治理 ,共治理水土流失面积 90 2 9 3km2 。已竣工的重点小流域水土流失面积减少 60 %～ 80 % ,土壤侵蚀量减少 60 %以上。全区新增林地 3 0万hm2 、草地 8 67万hm2 ,林草覆盖率提高 3 0 %～ 40 % ;人均产粮 3 3 0kg ,比治理前增长 40 % ;2 0 0 1年人均纯收入比治理前净增 70 0余元 ,农村贫困面由治理前的 66%下降到 14 8%。介绍了主要做法     

宣威市“长治”工程建设的成效与做法

宣威市“长治”第4期工程实施的5条小流域,共完成水土流失综合治理措施面积116.94 km2,超额完成了国家下达的115 km2的治理任务,创建了一批示范样板工程,起到了典型示范作用。     

与时俱进 加快发展 再铸“长治”工程新的时代丰碑

20 0 2年 ,“长治”工程共治理水土流失面积 4160 8km2 。其特点是大示范区建设初见成效 ,改革创新力度加大 ,预防监督进入新的发展阶段 ,生态修复取得可喜进展 ,基础工作得到加强。在新形势下 ,要与时俱进 ,改革创新 ,努力实现“长治”工程的新跨越。 2 0 0 3年 ,“长治”工程计划治理水土流失面积 4180km2 。其工作要点是狠抓落实 ,更有力地推进大示范区建设 ,做好三项前期工作 ,抓好水土保持预防监督工作 ,积极推进生态修复 ,大力加强监测工作。     

项目带动 注重民生 四川水土流失综合治理成效显著

正改革开放以来,四川坚持小流域综合治理技术路线,先后启动实施了"长治"工程、"农发"水保项目、坡耕地水土流失综合治理工程、国家水土保持重点建设工程、中央财政水利发展资金水土保持项目等一批水土流失重点防治工程,全省治理水土流失面积9.61万km~2,治理区水土流失面积和土壤侵蚀量减少70%以上,粮食单产平均提髙30%以上,生态环境得到有效保护,水土保持措     

首都圈典型区土地退化的原因分析

 根据野外工作,在地理信息系统和遥感技术的支持下,探讨以防止风蚀为目的的首都圈的范围及主要特征,着重分析首都圈典型地区土地退化的机制、分布状况和防治的季节。结果表明,土地退化的主要原因是近年持续干旱少雨,土地利用的强度过大,以及在干旱季节里没有适当的防护措施等。建议采用适宜于首都圈的封育和垄耕等防治措施。     

Transformation of the Bryansk Paleosol in Microdepressions in the Center of the East European Forest-Steppe during the Maximum of Valdai Glaciation and in the Holocene

Eurasian Soil Science - Recent and Late Pleistocene soils of the central forest-steppe in the East European Plain have been studied. The main objective of the work is to reveal changes in the...     

Tomato glycoalkaloids: role in the plant and in the diet

Tomatoes, a major food source for humans, accumulate a variety of secondary metabolites including phenolic compounds, phytoalexins, protease inhibitors, and glycoalkaloids. These metabolites protect against adverse effects of hosts of predators including fungi, bacteria, viruses, and insects. Because glycoalkaloids are reported to be involved in host-plant resistance, on the one hand, and to have a variety of pharmacological and nutritional properties in animals and humans, on the other, a need exists to develop a better understanding of the role of these compounds both in the plant and in the diet. To contribute to this effort, this integrated review presents data on the history, composition, and nutrition of tomatoes, with special focus on the assessment of the chemistry, analysis, composition, nutrition, microbiology, and pharmacology of the tomato glycoalkaloids comprising alpha-tomatine and dehydrotomatine; their content in different parts of the tomato plant, in processed tomato products, and in wild and transgenic tomatoes; their biosynthesis, inheritance, metabolism, and catabolism; plant-microbe relationships with fungi, bacteria, viruses, insects, and worms; interactions with ergosterol and cholesterol; disruption of cell membranes; tomatine-induced tomatinases, pantothenate synthetase, steroid hydroxylases, and cytokines; and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. Also covered are tomato-human pathogen relationships and tomatine-induced lowering of plasma cholesterol and triglycerides and enhancement of the immune system. Further research needs in each of these areas are suggested. The overlapping aspects are discussed in terms of general concepts for a better understanding of the impact of tomato glycoalkaloids in the plant in general and in food in particular. Such an understanding can lead to the creation of improved tomatoes and to improved practices on the farm and in the consumption of tomatoes.     

Coregionalization of trace metals in the soil in the Swiss Jura

The provenance of trace metals in soil, whether from the parent material or from pollution, is rarely known with certainty, and the metals' history must usually be pieced together from fragmentary statistical information. This is particularly true in the Swiss Jura where the concentrations of several heavy metals around La Chaux de Fonds exceed the statutory recommended thresholds for safety. The topsoil of the 14.5-km² region was sampled on a square grid at 250-m intervals with additional nesting with distances of 100 m, 40 m, 16 m and 6 m. The concentrations of seven potentially toxic metals, namely Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn, were measured. Their coregionalization could be represented by a linear model consisting of a nugget component plus two spherical structures with ranges of 0.2 km and 1.3 km. The short-range component dominated the variograms of Cd, Cr, Cu and Pb; the long-range component dominated those of Co and Ni; the variogram of Zn combined the two in approximately equal proportions. The coregionalization matrices contain moderate correlation among the nugget and the short-range components, notably between Cu and Pb, between Cd and Zn, and between Cr, Ni and Zn. The strongest correlations are at the long range between Co, Cr and Ni, and to a somewhat smaller degree between Zn and Co. Analysis of variance showed Co and Ni to be related to geology, and to the Argovian formation in particular. The indicator variogram of this formation has also a short-range component. The analysis also showed Cr and Cu to be related to land use (in different ways). Copper and Pb are strongly correlated to one another and distinct from the five other metals. The long-range structure is almost certainly a geological effect, whereas the one of short range probably results from both the geology and human activities.     

Minerals in the three-component combination of agrochernozems in the Kamennaya Steppe

Properties and mineralogy of fine fractions separated from agrochernozems forming a three-component noncontrasting soil combination in the Kamennaya Steppe have been characterized. The soil cover consists of zooturbated (Haplic Chernozems (Clayic, Aric, Pachic, Calcaric)), migrational-mycelial (Haplic Chernozems (Clayic, Aric, Pachic)), and clay-illuvial (Luvic Chernozems (Clayic, Aric, Pachic)) agrochernozems. All the soils are deeply quasi-gleyed because of periodical groundwater rise. The mineralogy of the fraction <1μm includes irregular mica–smectite interstratifications, di- and trioctahedral hydromicas, imperfect kaolinite, and magnesium–iron chlorite. The profile distribution of these minerals slightly varies depending on the subtype of spot-forming soils. A uniform distribution of clay minerals is observed in zooturbated agrochernozem; a poorly manifested eluvial–illuvial distribution of the smectite phase is observed in the clay-illuvial agrochernozem. The fractions of fine (1–5 μm) and medium (5–10 μm) silt consist of quartz, micas, potassium feldspars, plagioclases, kaolinite, and chlorite. There is no dominant mineral, because the share of each mineral is lower than 35–45%. The silt fractions differ in the quartz-to-mica ratio. The medium silt fraction contains more quartz, and the fine silt fraction contains more micas.     

Accumulation of chemical elements in the raised peatbogs of the subtaiga Trans-Urals in the Holocene

The results of studying the variability of the geochemical parameters of the layers of the Sartamskii upland peatbog in the south of Tyumen oblast based on the radiocarbon time scale are given. Four basic types of peat and stages of peat deposits formation in the Holocene are distinguished: the organomineral layer of the sediments in a paleolake (up to 5065 ± 60 years ago), the low moor layer (4300–4900 years ago), the transitional layer (3100–4300 years ago), and the high moor peat (250–3100 years ago). The upper peat layer (last 200–300 years) significantly differs from its main portion; in particular, it is characterized by an increased ash content and the accumulation of a number of elements. The relationship between the various characteristics of the deposit is analyzed using principal component analysis, and the conditions of the formation of the peat deposit in different time periods are estimated, including the climatic conditions (in relative units). The anthropogenic signal of the accumulation of some elements in wetland systems is identified.     

20世纪陇南洪涝灾害特征分析

历史上发生的自然灾害可以作为今后防灾减灾的重要参考资料。通过整理统计历史文献资料,对陇南20世纪洪涝灾害的时空分布特征、区域差异性进行分析、灾害序列趋势持续性计算。结果表明:20世纪陇南共发生洪涝灾害33次,平均3.3年1次;中度灾害最多,为11次,特大灾害共发生3次;灾害多发生在1949年到1990年,月份主要集中在6、7月,连年洪涝灾害也有发生;本区内的西和为高发区,礼县、两当、武都次之;徽县、成县最少。R/S分析法计算结果表明陇南市洪涝灾害时间序列具有长期相关的特征,未来有增加的趋势。     

Inferences from fluctuations in the local variogram about the assumption of stationarity in the variance

Geostatistics is commonly used to describe and predict the variation of soil properties over the landscape. However, many geostatistical methods require the assumption that our observed data are a realization of a random function which is intrinsically stationarity. Under stationarity, observations of a single realization of the random function at different positions can be treated as a form of replication. There are various ways in which a random function may breach the assumption of intrinsic stationarity and numerous geostatistical techniques have been developed that are able to cope with some forms of non-stationarity. What is currently needed is a set of diagnostic tools capable of detecting and identifying when data cannot plausibly be treated as a realization of a process which is stationary in the variance.In this paper, we propose an inferential method that can identify when stationarity in the variance cannot plausibly be assumed. The basis of our approach is to obtain a model for the random function under the assumption of intrinsic stationarity. If the global dataset can be regarded as a realization of a Gaussian process (perhaps after transformation), then the global variogram is sufficient for this purpose. By using a window-based method to locally estimate variograms, we can define some statistic of homogeneity of the sample variation of the data. This allows us to obtain a sample distribution for this statistic, under the null hypothesis of intrinsic stationarity, by generating multiple realizations of the postulation random function at the original sample points using Monte Carlo methods and recomputing the statistic for each realization. We selected as statistics the interquartile ranges of: i) the spatial dependence ratio (s), the proportion c₁ / (c₀ + c₁), ii) a distance parameter (a), which is the maximum lag over which the random function is autocorrelated for variograms like the spherical, and iii) the local variances (v; c₀ + c₁), where (c₀) is the nugget component and (c₁) the spatially structured component. We demonstrated this method using data from the large scale sampling (n = 1341 over 8248 km²) of the Florida Everglades, United States.     

库区周边湿地开发利用途径探讨

对三峡库区的湿地生增进行了分析研究,由水库的调度方式形成的库区周边湿地,可分为四个区域段,不同的区域段可采用相适宜的开发利用方式,这种因地制宜的湿地生境开发利用途径对缓解库区人地矛盾,改善库区生态环境和景观将发挥积极作用 。