盐藻的营养价值及其在动物生产中的应用

盐藻是一种具有较高营养价值的浮游生物,在动物生产中具有较高的应用价值。本文具体介绍了盐藻的营养价值,简述了盐藻在鱼类养殖、虾类养殖、奶牛生产中的应用情况,以期为相关人员提供参考。     

利用体外法研究盐藻粉对奶牛瘤胃发酵特性的影响

试验采用体外批次培养法研究在体外条件下添加不同剂量盐藻粉对奶牛瘤胃发酵功能的影响。结果表明：（1）与负对照组相比,添加盐藻粉可以降低培养液的pH值。9mg盐藻粉组显著增加培养液中MCP浓度：添加盐藻粉增加培养液中TVFA浓度,其中以添加18mg盐藻粉组效果最佳。（2）添加盐藻粉可以改善培养液中VA的累积状况,添加9mg盐藻粉组培养液VA浓度高于其他各组;可以明显提高培养液中β-胡萝卜素的浓度,并且随添加剂量的增加培养液中β-胡萝卜素浓度也增加。综合整个试验效果来看,添加9mg盐藻粉组对改善奶牛瘤胃发酵特性和提高培养液VA浓度较好。     

盐藻粉对奶牛产奶性能与血清免疫球蛋白的影响

为了探讨盐藻粉对奶牛产奶性能免疫机能的影响,试验选择处于泌乳中期的健康荷斯坦奶牛18头分为对照组、1.5倍VA(165IU/kg)组和盐藻粉组进行饲喂试验。结果表明,日粮中添加盐藻粉或1.5倍VA对奶牛的产奶性能有一定促进效果,盐藻粉组优于1.5倍VA组;添加盐藻粉可显著降低乳中体细胞数,血清IgG抗体和IgM抗体浓度也有明显增加的趋势;添加1.5倍VA也可显著降低乳中体细胞数,血清IgG抗体浓度有明显升高的趋势。     

盐藻粉对奶牛产奶性能与血清免疫球蛋白的影响

为了探讨盐藻粉对奶牛产奶性能免疫机能的影响,试验选择处于泌乳中期的健康荷斯坦奶牛18头分为对照组、1.5倍VA（165IU/kg）组和盐藻粉组进行饲喂试验。结果表明,日粮中添加盐藻粉或1.5倍VA对奶牛的产奶性能有一定促进效果,盐藻粉组优于1.5倍VA组;添加盐藻粉可显著降低乳中体细胞数,血清IgG抗体和IgM抗体浓度也有明显增加的趋势;添加1.5倍VA也可显著降低乳中体细胞数,血清IgG抗体浓度有明显升高的趋势。     

盐藻粉对奶牛产奶性能与血清免疫球蛋白的影响

为了探讨盐藻粉对奶牛产奶性能免疫机能的影响,试验选择处于泌乳中期的健康荷斯坦奶牛18头分为对照组、1.5倍维生素A(165 IU/kg)组和盐藻粉组进行饲喂试验.结果表明:日粮中添加盐藻粉或1.5倍维生素A对奶牛的产奶性能有一定促进效果,盐藻粉组优于1.5倍维生素A组;添加盐藻粉可显著降低乳中体细胞数,血清IgG抗体和IgM抗体浓度也有明显增加的趋势;添加1.5倍维生素A也可显著降低乳中体细胞数,血清IgG抗体浓度有明显升高的趋势.     

盐藻粉对奶牛产奶性能与血清免疫球蛋白的影响

为了探讨盐藻粉对奶牛产奶性能免疫机能的影响,试验选择处于泌乳中期的健康荷斯坦奶牛18头分为对照组、1.5倍VA( 165 IU/kg)组和盐藻粉组进行饲喂试验.结果表明,日粮中添加盐藻粉或1.5倍VA对奶牛的产奶性能有一定促进效果,盐藻粉组优于1.5倍VA组；添加盐藻粉可显著降低乳中体细胞数,血清IgG抗体和IgM抗体浓度也有明显增加的趋势;添加1.5倍VA也可显著降低乳中体细胞数,血清IgG抗体浓度有明显升高的趋势.     

盐藻粉、壳聚糖和维生素A对奶牛日粮中氮、钙与磷表观消化率的影响

试验主要通过研究壳聚糖、盐藻粉、维生素A对奶牛日粮中N、Ca及P表观消化率的影响,旨在为科学地确定奶牛日粮中壳聚糖、盐藻粉及维生素A的添加剂量提供理论依据。试验分两部分进行,试验一选用18头荷斯坦奶牛作为试验动物,随机分成壳聚糖组、盐藻粉组和对照组,每组6头,壳聚糖和盐藻粉在奶牛日粮中的添加剂量为15g(/d·头)、9mg(/d·头),对照组不添加。试验二选用24头荷斯坦奶牛作为试验动物,采用2×2随机试验设计分成4个处理组,各组在基础日粮中添加不同水平(110、165IU/kgBW,)及处理(未处理、过瘤胃保护)的维生素A。两个试验的试验期均为60d,其中预饲期10d,正试期50d。试验结果表明,奶牛日粮中添加壳聚糖可以显著地提高日粮N、P的表观消化率,降低Ca的表观消化率(P0.05)。盐藻粉可以显著地提高日粮中N的表观消化率(P0.05)。奶牛日粮中添加高剂量(165IU/kgBW)的维生素A及过瘤胃保护的维生素A对日粮N、P、Ca的表观消化率无显著的影响,但N、P表观消化率有增加的趋势,Ca的表观消化率有降低的趋势。     

盐藻粉、壳聚糖和VA对奶牛日粮中氮、钙与磷表观消化率的影响

试验主要通过研究壳聚糖、盐藻粉、VA对奶牛日粮中N、Ca及P表观消化率的影响,旨在为科学地确定奶牛日粮中壳聚糖、盐藻粉及VA的添加剂量提供理论依据。试验分两部分进行,试验一选用18头荷斯坦奶牛作为试验动物,随机分成壳聚糖组、盐藻粉组和对照组,每组6头,壳聚糖和盐藻粉在奶牛日粮中的添加剂量为15g/(d·头)、9mg/(d·头),对照组不添加。试验二选用24头荷斯坦奶牛作为试验动物,采用2×2随机试验设计分成4个处理组,各组在基础日粮中添加不同水平(110、165IU/kg·BW)及处理(未处理、过瘤胃保护)的VA。2个试验的试验期均为60d,其中预饲期10d,正试期50d。试验结果表明,奶牛日粮中添加壳聚糖可以显著地提高日粮N、P的表观消化率,降低Ca的表观消化率(P<0.05)。盐藻粉可以显著地提高日粮中N的表观消化率(P<0.05)。奶牛日粮中添加高剂量(165IU/kg·BW)的VA及过瘤胃保护的VA对日粮N、P、Ca的表观消化率无显著的影响,但N、P表观消化率有增加的趋势,Ca的表观消化率有降低的趋势。     

盐藻粉、壳聚糖和VA对奶牛日粮中氮、钙与磷表观消化率的影响

试验主要通过研究壳聚糖、盐藻粉、VA对奶牛日粮中N、Ca及P表观消化率的影响,旨在为科学地确定奶牛日粮中壳聚糖、盐藻粉及VA的添加剂量提供理论依据。试验分两部分进行,试验一选用18头荷斯坦奶牛作为试验动物,随机分成壳聚糖组、盐藻粉组和对照组,每组6头,壳聚糖和盐藻粉在奶牛日粮中的添加剂量为15g/（d·头）、9mg/（d·头）,对照组不添加。试验二选用24头荷斯坦奶牛作为试验动物,采用2×2随机试验设计分成4个处理组,各组在基础日粮中添加不同水平（110、165IU/kg·BW）及处理（未处理、过瘤胃保护）的VA。2个试验的试验期均为60d,其中预饲期10d,正试期50d。试验结果表明,奶牛日粮中添加壳聚糖可以显著地提高日粮N、P的表观消化率,降低Ca的表观消化率（P〈0.05）。盐藻粉可以显著地提高日粮中N的表观消化率（P〈0.05）。奶牛日粮中添加高剂量（165IU/kg·BW）的VA及过瘤胃保护的VA对日粮N、P、Ca的表观消化率无显著的影响,但N、P表观消化率有增加的趋势,Ca的表观消化率有降低的趋势。     

盐藻粉、壳聚糖和VA对奶牛日粮中氮、钙与磷表观消化率的影响

试验主要通过研究壳聚糖、盐藻粉、VA对奶牛日粮中N、Ca及P表现消化率的影响,旨在为科学地确定奶牛日粮中壳聚糖、盐藻粉及VA的添加剂量提供理论依据.试验分两部分进行,试验一选用18头荷斯坦奶牛作为试验动物,随机分成壳聚糖组、盐藻粉组和对照组,每组6头,壳聚糖和盐藻粉在奶牛日粮中的添加剂量为15 g/(d·头)、9 mg/(d·头),对照组不添加.试验二选用24头荷斯坦奶牛作为试验动物,采用2×2随机试验设计分成4个处理组,各组在基础日粮中添加不同水平(110、165 IU/kg·BW)及处理(未处理、过瘤胃保护)的VA.2个试验的试验期均为60d,其中预饲期10d,正试期50d.试验结果表明,奶牛日粮中添加壳聚糖可以显著地提高日粮N、P的表现消化率,降低Ca的表观消化率(P＜0.05).盐藻粉可以显著地提高日粮中N的表现消化率(P＜0.05).奶牛日粮中添加高剂量( 165 IU/kg·BW)的VA及过瘸胃保护的VA对日粮N、P、Ca的表观消化率无显著的影响,但N、P表现消化率有增加的趋势,Ca的表观消化率有降低的趋势.     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.