生物土壤结皮发育及其影响因素研究进展

生物土壤结皮在干旱、半干旱地区分布较为广泛,约占陆地总面积的40%,生物土壤结皮是支撑该区生态系统主要的生物表面特征,在改善生态环境和草地土壤养分调控方面起着重要作用。自1960年以来,国内外许多学者对其生态功能进行了大量研究,但对生物土壤结皮演替机制及其微生境土壤养分变异特征的研究尚不明确。为此,本文就国内外该领域近50年来的研究进展和成果进行了详细阐述,以期了解生物土壤结皮发育对土壤肥力的作用过程;同时,也为研究干旱半干旱区退化草地生态系统的恢复与重建提供一定的科学思路。     

草地生态系统土壤呼吸及其影响因素研究进展

土壤呼吸在全球碳收支中占有重要的地位,笔者对草地生态系统土壤呼吸在陆地生态系统碳平衡中的作用、土壤呼吸的分类及其影响因素等方面进行了综述。结果表明,草地生态系统土壤呼吸在不同时间空间各组分所占比例不同,生物、非生物及人为活动等因素对草地土壤呼吸影响各异,主要从土壤温度、气候变暖、土壤湿度、降水、干旱化、土壤C/N等非生物因素,叶面积指数、植物光合作用、植被凋落物等生物因素以及人类干扰活动等方面具体阐述这些因素变化对土壤呼吸产生的影响,并对草地土壤呼吸的Q₁₀值及各影响因素间的交互作用进行归纳总结。提出草地生态系统土壤呼吸研究存在的问题和今后重点发展方向,并对未来草地生态系统土壤呼吸的研究工作做了进一步的展望。     

不同措施对草地土壤微生物的影响

草地土壤微生物是草地生态系统的重要组成部分,是土壤有机复合体的重要组成部分,在有机物质分解转化过程中起主导作用,具有巨大的生物学活力。从而能动地影响草地生态系统中能量流动和物质转化过程,在土壤肥力评价和生物净能等方面有着重要作用。土壤微生物区系组成、数量以及土壤酶活性都不同程度地与上述过程有关。其节,不同类型的土壤微生物数量或生物量可以很好地反映它们各自的贡献。     

放牧对草地生态系统温室气体的影响

放牧主要通过影响草地生态系统中土壤的理化性质(土壤含水率、孔隙度、微生物和有机物含量的构成)来影响整个生态系统温室气体的排放。草地生态系统土壤中,植物根系的呼吸作用、土壤微生物的活动以及各种物理、化学和生物作用为温室气体的主要来源。本文在阐述草地生态系统温室气体排放机制和作用的基础上,主要从放牧管理模式、放牧强度、放牧动物等放牧作用对草地生态系统温室气体的排放情况进行了综述,就今后放牧对草地生态温室气体的研究重点和方向进行了展望,总结了适合不同放牧条件下整个生态系统温室气体的减排措施。     

草地和荒漠生态系统生物土壤结皮对土壤养分及酶活性的影响

为探讨在草地和荒漠生态系统中生物土壤结皮(Biological soli crusts, BSCs)对土壤养分及酶活性的影响，本研究选取国内外30篇中英文文献当中11个指标进行Meta分析，通过亚组分析对草地与荒漠两种生态系统下不同类型BSCs对土壤养分及酶活性的影响，并通过土壤养分恢复指数(NRI)和随机森林分析对其影响程度做出统一评价。结果表明：在荒漠生态系统中BSCs对NRI的作用大于在草地生态系统中；地衣结皮>混合结皮>苔藓结皮>藻结皮。并且通过随机森林分析和对年平均降雨量(MAP)与年平均温度(MAT)的拟合回归分析发现磷酸酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶对NRI贡献显著高于其余所选指标，其中磷酸酶与MAP、蔗糖酶与MAT均呈极显著正相关关系，而脲酶与MAP,磷酸酶与MAT均呈显著负相关关系。在今后的研究中，可以考虑将不同生态系统与BSCs类型匹配，从而更有效的利用BSCs进行土地退化和荒漠化的治理。     

2010 − 2020年草地土壤氮循环研究现状与发展趋势

氮素是蛋白质、核酸、叶绿素等物质的主要组成成分,是限制生态系统功能的主要因子;氮循环作为土壤生态系统元素循环的核心之一,将草地生态系统与社会、环境联系起来,尤其是氮的投入对于草地生产力的高低至关重要。但是,土壤氮素的损失会降低环境质量、影响人类生活。因此,研究草地土壤氮循环对维持草地生态系统的结构和功能、促进人与自然和谐共生具有重要意义。本文基于Citespace软件,对Web of Science核心合集数据库2010 ? 2020年草地土壤氮循环方面文献进行计量分析。结果表明,国内外在氮循环方面的研究呈不断上升趋势,国内外研究需进一步加强合作以提高文章质量。此外,本文系统综述了生物因子(植物、微生物)、人类活动(放牧、火烧、开垦、刈割等)和非生物因子(大气氮沉降、增温与CO2浓度升高、降水)对草地土壤氮循环过程的影响。基于上述背景,对未来亟待研究的问题进行探讨和展望,提出要注重全球变化因子耦合作用下,对草地土壤氮循环区域尺度上的长期研究,完善氮循环模型,实现草地的可持续发展。     

2010−2020年草地土壤氮循环研究现状与发展趋势

氮素是蛋白质、核酸、叶绿素等物质的主要组成成分,是限制生态系统功能的主要因子;氮循环作为土壤生态系统元素循环的核心之一,将草地生态系统与社会、环境联系起来,尤其是氮的投入对于草地生产力的高低至关重要.但是,土壤氮素的损失会降低环境质量、影响人类生活.因此,研究草地土壤氮循环对维持草地生态系统的结构和功能、促进人与自然和谐共生具有重要意义.本文基于Citespace软件,对Web of Science核心合集数据库2010?2020年草地土壤氮循环方面文献进行计量分析.结果表明,国内外在氮循环方面的研究呈不断上升趋势,国内外研究需进一步加强合作以提高文章质量.此外,本文系统综述了生物因子(植物、微生物)、人类活动(放牧、火烧、开垦、刈割等)和非生物因子(大气氮沉降、增温与CO2浓度升高、降水)对草地土壤氮循环过程的影响.基于上述背景,对未来亟待研究的问题进行探讨和展望,提出要注重全球变化因子耦合作用下,对草地土壤氮循环区域尺度上的长期研究,完善氮循环模型,实现草地的可持续发展.     

草地土壤动物群落结构及多样性的研究进展

土壤动物在草地生态系统中扮演着重要的角色,在加速物质循环和能量流动过程中起着重要作用。近些年来,有关草地土壤动物的研究日益增多,也取得了一定的研究成果。通过综述近10年国内外文献,从环境因子、季节、不同生境等多方面对土壤动物群落结构和多样性的影响等方面进行了总结,分析草地生态系统土壤动物的响应机制。以期增强对草地土壤动物的认识和了解,为日后关于草地土壤动物的研究提供一定理论基础。并以此为基础,对草地土壤动物未来的研究方向进行展望,为草地土壤动物的生态学研究提供参考。     

近15年草地领域国际研究态势分析

草地资源在陆地生态系统中发挥着重要的作用，草地生态系统对维系生态平衡、区域经济发展具有重要价值，草地领域研究已经成为近年来国际关注的热点。为全面宏观地了解草地领域最新国际研究进展和发展态势，本研究基于Web of Science核心合集中的SCI-Expanded(SCIE)和Social Sciences Citation Index(SSCI)数据库，检索并分析了近15年(2007-2021年)草地领域的相关论文。结果表明，近15年，全球范围内草地领域年度发文量呈上升趋势，发文领域呈学科交叉融合态势，美国在该领域的发文量居全球首位，中国位居第二，中国科学院发文量远大于其他机构。研究主题集中在草地生态系统生物多样性、草地农业生态学研究、草地生态系统对全球气候变化的响应、草地土壤研究、草地资源监测与管理、草地生态系统的竞争/适应和演替过程、生物地球化学循环和物种入侵8个方面，机器学习等新兴技术手段在草地监测领域的应用、草地土壤健康、草地退化与荒漠化研究是近年来重点关注的方向。     

气候变暖对草地生态系统碳循环的影响

人类活动导致的温室效应以及由此造成的气候变暖对草地生态系统的影响已引起人们普遍关注。草地生态系统碳循环作为陆地生态系统碳循环的重要组成,是未来陆地生物圈碳源/碳汇的关键环节之一,揭示这一作用对精确理解碳循环的过程和相关政策的制定具有重要的指导意义。本研究围绕气候变暖对草地生态系统初级生产力、土壤呼吸、凋落物输入与分解、土壤碳库的影响,探讨了草地生态系统碳循环对气候变暖响应的机制及其过程,简述了相关研究进展,提出了草地生态系统碳循环研究存在的问题和未来重点发展的方向,对草地生态系统碳循环的研究工作进行展望。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.