Effects of Size Grading on Growth and Non-Specific Immunity Factors of the Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Boone

The study aims to determine the effects of graded farming on growth performance and non-specific immunity factors of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Boone. Three size groups of shrimp, i.e., the small size group [Gs, with an average body length （BL） of （3.04 ± 0.36） cm and body weight （BW） （0.412± 0.35） g], the large group [GL, with a BL of （4.29±0.55） cm and BW of （1.098 ±0.42） g], and the ungraded group [Gm, with a BL of （3.47±0.81） cm and BW of （0.611 ±0.79） g], were reared under the same conditions for 8 wk. Growth performance and non- specific immunity factors were measured. The results showed that BW gain, biomass gain and the specific growth rate of body length （SGRL） were significantly influenced by size grading （one-way ANOVA, P 〈 0.05）. The peroxidase （POD） and antibacterial （Ua） activities of GL were lower than those of G. Superoxide dismutase （SOD） and lysozyme （U1） activities of Gm were lower than those of G. No significant difference （P = 0.121 〉 0.05） was found on phenoloxidase （PO） activity among the three size groups. Synthetically, size grading could enhance growth and rearing efficiency, and did not have a significant influence on the immunity of L. vannamei Boone. Therefore, graded fanning in L. vannamei Boone was feasible in the culture practice.     

苜蓿蓟马抗性与生理活性相关性研究(英文)

[Objective] The experiment explored of resistance of different Medicago sativa through synthetic variations of all physiological indexes and the correlation analysis between physiological activity and damage degree after thrips damage. [Method] According to studying physiological activity (POD activity, SOD activity, PPO activity, PAL activity, MDA content and free proline content) of alfalfa in alfalfa resistance to different number of thrips, the correlation between physiological activity and resistance was investigated. [Result] It was shown that there were negative correlations among POD, SOD, PPO, PAL, MDA, free praline and the number of thrips, and there were negative correlations among POD, SOD, PPO, PAL, MDA, free praline and CAT. The content changes of POD,SOD,PPO,CAT,MDA and free proline in high resistant alfalfa were slow and PAL was quick and the activities of PPO,PAL,CAT were high, and the activities of POD、SOD were low. [Conclusion] The research provided theoretical basis and materials for identifying resistance varieties of alfalfa to thrip.     

拮抗链霉菌AFLP分析技术体系的研究(英文)

[Objective] The aim of this study was to investigate the preparation method and amplification system of antagonistic streptomyces DNA templates based on AFLP assays, and also provide a basis for the application of AFLP technology in the analysis of streptomyces or even actinomyces. [Method] The DNAs were extracted by the modified CTAB method and amplified by the Pst Ⅰ/Mse Ⅰ AFLP kit and its reaction system. The amplified products were analyzed by the denatured polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. [Result] The genomic DNAs of ten antagonistic strains of Streptomyces were extracted and tested. The result of 0.8% agarose gel electrophoresis showed that the major DNA bands were clear without degradation and RNA residue, with the fragment sizes ranging from 37.64 to 40.86 Kb. By ultraviolet spectrophotometry, the OD260/OD280 values varying from 1.625 to 1.833 were obtained. Furthermore, the agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA products digested by Pst Ⅰ/Mse Ⅰ presented the dispersed fluorescent long band, which indicated that the enzymatic hydrolysis was fully carried out. The amplified bands of DNA templates by the screened three pairs of primers were clear with rich polymorphism. [Conclusion] The preparation method and amplification system of DNA template established in this study can be used in the AFLP analysis of Streptomyces.     

The Susceptibilities of Oxya chinensis （Orthoptera： Acridoidea） to Malathion and Comparison of the Esterase Properties from Three Collected Populations in Tianjin Area,China

The susceptibilities of Oxya chinensis to malathion were studied in three populations collected from outskirt of Tianjin, China, using bioassays and biochemical analysis. Populations were chosen to represent different exposure to insecticides： BDG （Beidagang; low exposure）, BD （Baodi; high exposure previously but low exposure now）, and JN （Jinnan; high exposure）. The results showed that the LD50 values of BD and JN populations were 3.95- and 12.02-fold and 3.64- and 10.07- fold higher than that of BDG population in females and males, respectively. The LD50 values in females were higher than those in males. The results of biochemical analysis indicated that the esterase （EST） activities in JN population were higher than those in BD and BDG populations. They showed that when α-NA, α-NB, and α-NA were used as substrates, females＇ EST activities of JN population were 1.11-, 1.30-, and 1.14-fold and 1.39-, 1.59-, and 1.54-fold higher than those of BD and BDG populations, respectively. When α-NA, α-NB, and β-NA were used as substrates, males＇ EST activities of JN population were 1.13-, 1.12-, and 1,00-fold and 1.20-, 1.14-, and 1.07-fold higher than those of BD and BDG populations, respectively. The results also showed that the specific activities of the females were higher than those of the males in the BD and JN populations, whereas the specific activities of the males were higher than those of the females in the BDG population. The results of bioassay were consistent with those of biochemical analysis. Thus, it was inferred that the elevated ESTs activities might play an important role in conferring the differences of susceptibility of O. chinensis to malathion in the three collected populations. Enzyme kinetic studies indicated that the Km and Vmax values were different among the three collected populations and between the females and the males. The observed changes in the kinetic parameters might be explained by differential expression patterns of isozymes so that the insect esterases have different affinities and maximum velocities toward the same substrate.     

Effect of Glutamine Supplementation on Abilities of Antioxidative and γ-glutamyl Transpeptidase Activities in Liver and Intestine of Piglets Fed Diets Containing Raw Soybean

Eighteen male piglets weaned at 28 days age were randomly assigned to one of three treatments(1% glutamate, 1% and 2 % glutamine supplementation). The basal diet contained 5 % raw soybean. The di-ets were calculated to be isonitrogenous and isoenergetic. The level of plasma glutahione (GSH) increasedmarkedly in piglets fed glutamine, and the response was related to dose. In treatments Ⅰ and Ⅱ, the levels ofplasma GSH were significantly higher than that in the control at the 35 days age (P＜0.05). The level of plas-ma GSH in treatment Ⅱ was significantly higher than that in the control at 42 days age (P＜0.05). At 49days age, there was no significantly difference of the level of GSH in plasma, liver, spleen, intestine and mes-enteric lymph node. The level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in liver and spleen was higher than that of thecontrol, however, the difference wasn't significant. Dietary glutamine supplementation decreased γ-glutamyltranspeptidase(γ-GT) activities in liver. The activities of γ-GT of liver protein in treatment Ⅱ were signifi-cantly lower than that in the control (P＜0. 05). The activities of γ-GT of duodenum in treatments Ⅰ and Ⅱwere also significantly lower than that in the control (P＜0.05). But there were no significant differences ofthe activities of γ-GT in jejunum and ileum. The results showed that dietary glutamine supplementation in-creased the level of plasma GSH, and decreased γ-GT activities.     

Analysis of the Lignin Contents and Related Enzymes Activities in Seed Coat Between Black-Seeded and Yellow-Seeded Rapes （Brassica napus L.）

One pair of near isonegic yellow/black seeded rape （Brassica napus L） were used as experimental materials to study the changes of lignin contents and enzymes activities of 4-coumarate： CoA ligase （4CL）, Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase （CAD） and ferulate 5-hydroxylase （F5H） in seedcoats during the stage of seed development. The variation analysis showed that the changes of lignin contents and enzyme activities of 4CL, CAD and F5H in seed coat had significant differences between black- and yellow-seeded rapes, and also between different development stages. The correlation analysis demonstrated that the lignin contents were positively correlative to the activities of all three enzymes investigated in the study, and the interactions between them in the seed coat of the two lines. For yellow-seeded rape, the correlation coefficient （0.7262018） of lignin content and the interaction between 4CL and F5H was significant, the lignin contents were highly positively correlative to the activities of CAD and F5H, the interaction between 4CL and CAD, and the interaction between CAD and F5H. For the black-seeded rape, only the lignin content was highly positively correlative to the activity of F5H （the correlation coefficient was 0.772949）, the other correlation coefficients, i. e. lignin contents to 4CL, CAD activities, the interactions between the three enzymes were not significant although all the correlation coefficients were above 0.5000. The results suggested that 4CL, CAD and F5H regulated the biosynthesis of lignin in seedcoat of rapes, leading to the lignin contents in the seedcoats of the yellow-seeded rape much lower than that of the black-seeded line, and affecting the thickness of the developing seedcoats in rapes. Therefore, it was likely to change the seedcoat ratio by overexpressing or suppressing the activities of one of the enzymes, both of them or all of them.     

微胚乳玉米籽粒中淀粉积累规律的研究(英文)

[Objective] The experiment aimed to study laws of accumulation of starch in micro-endosperm maize kernel. [Method] The laws of accumulation of starch in maize embryo and OSK(the other section of a kernel except embryo) of MEM(micro-endosperm maize) were studied in this experiment by taking Gaoyou 115 maize as control. [Result] The starch accumulation speed of MEM embryo was slightly lower than that of Gaoyou115 and the starch accumulation speed of MEM OSK was far lower than that of Gaoyou 115, so the starch content of the whole kernel of Gaoyou 115 was 3.4 to 4.5 times as high as that of MEM during harvesting. The embryo starch weight ration of Gaoyou 115 maize during harvesting was only 3% to 4% while that of MEM was 16% to 22%. Moreover, starch accumulation speeds of different MEM materials were different and there were significant differences in starch content during harvesting among different MEM materials. [Conclusion] The starch accumulation in MEM was slow, and MEM has widely variation on starch accumulation.     

影响水蕨分布的两个水化学因子相关性分析(英文)

[Objective] This study was to analyze the two hydrochemical factors affecting the distribution of Ceratopteris thalictroides, further to provide basis for its habitat protection and population restoration. [Method] Twenty two hydrochemical parameters of 22 sampling sites in China's tropical and subtropical zones were respectively averaged for calculating their variation coefficients, of which the two showing significant differences were used for multiple comparisons and correlation analyses via least significant difference and correlation coefficient. [Result] The correlation coefficients of all the 22 tested hydrochemical parameters varied hugely, but only pH value and conductivity showed significantly differences in two water body (type A and type B). Analysis of correlation presented that pH value were positively correlated with conductivity; further the multiple comparisons showed that the significant difference of pH value was higher than that of conductivity. [Conclusion] With regard to the two hydrochemical parameters showing significant differences, pH value influences the distribution of C.thalictroides more.     

基于nrDNA ITS序列的18份宁夏枸杞资源的遗传多样性(英文)

[Objective] The study aimed to investigate the genetic polymorphism of eighteen Lycium barbarum resources via nrDNA ITS sequencing. [Method] The genomic DNAs from Lycium barbarum leaves were isolated by modified CTAB method for PCR amplification on the nrDNA ITS region using specifically synthesized primers; the amplified fragments were cloned and sequenced, then the sequencing results were clustered. [Result] nrDNA ITS sequences of the tested eighteen Lycium barbarum were firstly obtained in the present study. For all eighteen tested materials, the variation range of whole ITS region was 559-634 bp, with an average of 612 bp; alignment analyses showed that the whole length of internal transcribed spacer (ITS1+ITS2) was 480 bp, within which there are 194 variation sites (accounting for 40.4%) and 286 conserved sites (accounting for 59.6%). The cluster results showed that the eighteen tested materials could be grouped into three classes. [Conclusion] Analysis of nrDNA ITS sequence may avail to identify the Lycium barbarum germplasm resources.     

3种虾类超氧化物歧化酶同工酶比较

[目的]比较日本对虾、克氏原螯虾、凡纳滨对虾不同组织的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)同工酶差异。[方法]将供试材料进行预处理后,测定各材料SOD活性,并采用聚丙烯酰胶凝胶电泳分析同工酶差异。[结果]SOD活性存在组织差异和种属差异性;电泳谱带在3种虾类中也存在着明显的差异,其中日本对虾和凡纳滨对虾的SOD的电泳谱带和迁移率较为相似,与克氏原螯虾存在明显不同。[结论]SOD同工酶活性比较可揭示虾类的亲缘关系与起源。     

pH胁迫对3种对虾存活率、离子转运酶和免疫酶活力的影响

比较研究了中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)、凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)和日本囊对虾(Marsupenaeus japonicus)在对照组(pH 8.2)、低pH胁迫组(pH 7.2)和高pH胁迫组(pH 9.2)养殖水体条件下的存活率、鳃离子转运酶(Na+-K+-ATPase)活力及血淋巴iNOS、PO、SOD、GSH-PX、LSZ活性。结果表明:对照组3种对虾的存活率整个实验期间均为100%;低pH和高pH胁迫条件下,日本囊对虾存活率分别为96.7%和97.0%;凡纳滨对虾存活率分别为60.1%和54.6%,中国明对虾的存活率分别为58.6%和13.3%。对照组条件下,凡纳滨对虾鳃离子转运酶(Na+-K+-ATPase)活力最大,中国明对虾其次,日本囊对虾最小;在低和高pH胁迫条件下,中国明对虾鳃Na+-K+-ATPase活力变化幅度均比凡纳滨对虾大,日本囊对虾的变化幅度最小,并且3种对虾鳃Na+-K+-ATPase活力在高pH胁迫条件下变化幅度均较大。对照组条件下日本囊对虾和凡纳滨对虾血清中非特异性免疫酶活性均显著或极显著高于中国明对虾,且日本囊...     

江苏沿海虾类养殖现状及气候适宜性分析

[目的]确定江苏沿海虾类养殖的气候区划。[方法]主要通过养殖试验和生产调查,收集养殖现状和养殖适宜气象指标。[结果]江苏沿海的气候适宜养殖南美白对虾、中国对虾、日本对虾、斑节对虾。不同气候适宜性区域间有差异。影响养殖虾类产量和品质的主要气象因素有夏季高温和强降水。[结论]只有加强养殖技术培训,提高生产管理水平,加强养殖生产过程的气象条件研究,提高抵御自然灾害的能力,才能提高虾类产量和品质。     

凡纳滨对虾CrustinⅠ基因的克隆与序列分析

抗菌肽是无脊椎动物内源性免疫系统的重要组成部分,Crustin Ⅰ是属于抗菌肽的一类物质,是对虾抑制病原感染最重要的体液因子之一。参考基因库公布CrustinⅠ基因序列的设计引物,以抗桃拉综合症病毒（TSV）凡纳滨对虾血液总RNA为模板进行RT—PCR扩增,并将扩增产物进行克隆测序以及同源性比较。结果表明,克隆到了一个大小为539bp的核酸片段,经序列测定,该片段与凡纳滨对虾cmstin基因同源性达95．6％,而与斑节对虾、中国对虾、日本对虾的Cmstin—like基因的核酸序列同源性分别达35．1％、30．9％、55．4％。     

蜈蚣藻多糖对凡纳滨对虾免疫相关基因表达的影响

[目的]研究蜈蚣藻多糖对凡纳滨对虾免疫相关基因表达的影响,为今后将蜈蚣藻多糖开发成凡纳滨对虾免疫增强剂提供理论依据.[方法]将试验凡纳滨对虾随机分为4组,其中A组（对照组）对虾投喂基础饵料,B、C、D组对虾分别喂食含有0.1％、0.2％和0.3％蜈蚣藻多糖的药饵,饲养15d后采用实时定量PCR对各组凡纳滨对虾的肝胰腺组织真核细胞翻译起始因子5A、巨噬细胞移动抑制因子、血蓝蛋白、酚氧化酶原、C凝集素、溶菌酶、热休克蛋白70等7个免疫相关基因的表达水平进行检测.[结果]投喂基础饵料和投喂蜈蚣藻多糖药饵的凡纳滨对虾在外表和行为上无明显差别,且均未出现对虾死亡现象.与A组相比,B、C、D组对虾肝胰腺组织中血蓝蛋白、酚氧化酶原、热休克蛋白70等3个基因的表达量明显升高,且均表现为D组＞C组＞B组＞A组;而真核细胞翻译起始因子5A、巨噬细胞移动抑制因子、C凝集素、溶菌酶等4个基因的表达量无明显变化.[结论]蜈蚣藻多糖可影响凡纳滨对虾的非特异性免疫功能,今后可将蜈蚣藻多糖用于对虾病害防治,以减少化学药物的使用.     

克氏原螯虾SOD同工酶的组织特异性研究

了解克氏原螯虾体内不同组织中SOD同工酶的表达情况,以期为克氏原螯虾生化遗传研究提供参考。采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直平板电泳法,研究克氏原螯虾4种组织或器官（肌肉、眼球、肝胰腺和心脏）中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）同工酶的表达情况。结果表明：肌肉、眼球和心脏中只有1条带（Sod-1）,肝胰腺中表达出2条带（Sod-1和Sod-2）。肝胰腺中的Sod-1表达最强,Sod-2只在肝胰腺中表达,肌肉中Sod1的表达为单态。不同组织中SOD同工酶的表达存在差异,表现出明显的组织特异性。     

水培灌木柳在克氏原螯虾育苗中的作用

[目的]为利用灌木柳作为克氏原螯虾实验室培养以及环境友好型的清洁化水产养殖的育苗材料提供基础性研究参数。[方法]使用传统的曝气水培育克氏原螯虾"仔虾"以及较大规格的幼体,研究了灌木柳根系对螯虾存活率、体长增长量和体长变异系数的影响。研究了较大规格的螯虾幼虾在2种氨氮浓度的Ⅴ类污水中的存活情况,并分析了氨氮浓度的变化。[结果]曝气水中灌木柳组"仔虾"存活率和体长增长量均显著高于空白组,体长变异系数无显著差异。在2 mg/L氨氮污水中,灌木柳组幼虾存活率和氨氮净化率均极显著高于空白组。在10 mg/L氨氮污水中,灌木柳组幼虾存活率显著高于空白组,而2组氨氮净化率没有显著差异。[结论]灌木柳对提高螯虾幼虾存活率、生长速度具有显著效果,而灌木柳对水体氨氮净化范围为2～10 mg/L。     

克氏原螯虾暴发病细菌性病原的研究

从患暴发病的克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)的肝胰腺中分离到3株细菌.人工注射感染显示,KSAX-3分离菌在浓度1010cfu/mL时可使95%以上健康克氏原螯虾死亡;在106cfu/mL浓度时可导致70%的健康克氏原螯虾死亡,并使克氏原螯虾出现明显的与自然条件下相似的疾病症状,试验结果表明该分离菌为克氏原螯虾致病菌.KSAX-3菌的主要生理生化特性为:革兰氏阴性,单鞭毛,发酵葡萄糖,甘露醇、氧化酶、鸟氨酸脱羧酶、赖氨酸脱羧酶阳性,精氨酸脱羧酶、水杨酸、枸橼酸盐(西蒙氏)阴性,在含0%、10%NaCl的普通培养基中不生长,在含2%、4%、6%、8%NaCl的普通培养基中生长,在30℃、35℃、40℃、42℃条件下生长良好.鉴定该菌为副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus).药敏试验结果表明,该菌对盐酸土霉素、盐酸四环素、环丙沙星、诺氟沙星、金霉素、硫酸卡那霉素、交沙霉素、烟酸诺氟沙星等8种药物敏感.     

家蝇抗菌肽对凡纳滨对虾抗白斑综合征病毒能力的影响

为研究饲料中添加家蝇抗菌肽对凡纳滨对虾抗白斑综合征病毒能力的影响,在基础饲料中分别添加家蝇抗菌肽提取物0、1、2、3、4、5 g/kg,配制6种试验饲料.选取960尾健康、初始体均重为0.86(±0.01)g的凡纳滨对虾,分为6组,饲养8周后进行攻毒试验.结果显示,当抗菌肽提取物添加量为3 g/kg时,72 h内的累计死亡率与对照组相比显著降低.血细胞数量和吞噬率均以3 g/kg组最高,显著高于对照组、1、5g/kg组.当抗菌肽提取物添加量为2～3 g/kg时,对虾血清过氧化物酶(POD)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、溶菌酶(LZM)活性和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)均维持在一个较高的水平,且显著高于对照组;4 g/kg组超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性与对照组相比显著升高,肝胰腺AKP活性、T-AOC水平均以4 g/kg组最高,显著高于对照组;3g/kg组LZM活性显著高于对照组、1、4、5 g/kg组.结果表明,饲料中添加适量的家蝇抗菌肽可以提高凡纳滨对虾的免疫力和抗白斑综合征病毒的能力.     

蛋白质、维生素E和Se对克氏原螯虾性腺发育的影响

[目的]分析饲料中添加蛋白质、维生素E和Se对克氏原螯虾繁殖发育的影响。[方法]通过L9(34)正交试验,研究蛋白质、维生素E和Se对克氏原螯虾雌虾性腺发育、抱卵量、抱卵指数和抱卵率的影响。[结果]在最优组合中,VE为主要因素,其次为蛋白质和Se;最优水平为0.05%VE、28.9%蛋白质和1 mg/kg Se。[结论]VE和Se的组合对克氏原螯虾性腺发育、抱卵量的增加、抱卵指数的增大和抱卵率的提高等具有补偿与协同作用。