牦牛肉夏天香肠的研制

对全牦牛肉乳化发酵香肠工艺和配方进行研究 ,并采用正交试验法对配方进行了探索。结果表明 :在脂肪添加量为 17.33%的情况下 ,牦牛肉在低温下腌制 36h ,乳化肉斩拌 4min ,在 6 0℃下烘烤 30min ,82～ 85℃煮制 4 5～ 5 0min为最佳工艺条件     

软包装牦牛肉干的工艺优化和配方筛选

试验以牦牛肉为原料,将牦牛肉干在松肉粉的嫩化作用下,经蒸煮、配料、复煮、烘烤、成型等工艺制成组织弹性、嫩度、色泽、口味最佳的牦牛肉干.采用L9(34)正交试验,确定制品的最佳工艺参数为牦牛肉块形25.00g,嫩化时间/松肉粉克数为15min/0.86g,煮制时间50min,烘烤时间为180 s,优化配方:酱油/食盐为24.00g/0.08 g,黄酒/生姜为8.00g/1.00g,白糖/味精为48.00g/0.03 g,复合调味料0.50 g.牦牛肉干软包装袋的厚度为0.25 mm,真空密封机温度为60℃,保温温度为25℃.通过试验得到了牦牛肉干的优化工艺、筛选配方和软包装的选择等.     

东北林蛙卵油脂肪酸化妆品的研制

以东北林蛙卵油脂肪酸为研究对象,将其应用到化妆品的研制中。并对化妆品的配方和制备工艺进行了筛选,根据综合性能评分方法表对化妆品的基质进行打分,以分数为指标确立了护肤乳的配方和制备工艺,最终确定了护肤乳的配方为脂肪酸2 g、单硬脂酸甘油酯3 g、十六醇1.5 g、十八醇1 g、丙三醇4 g、凡士林3 g、吐温-80 3 g、三乙醇胺5 g、生育酚0.75 g。最佳的制备工艺条件为乳化温度70℃、乳化时间40 min、搅拌速度800 r/min。     

豪猪肉香肠加工技术研究

为了探究豪猪肉香肠的加工技术,特用豪猪肉为原料制作豪猪肉香肠.采用L<,9>(34)正交试验设计方案,进行腌制剂配方试验、原料最佳配方试验和调味料最佳配方试验,同时也研究了豪猪肉香肠加工的工艺参数.结果表明,豪猪肉与猪肥膘的配比为8:2时,豪猪肉香肠的风味、弹性、组织状态最佳;腌制剂最佳配方:亚硝酸钠100mg/kg、复合磷酸盐0.5%、腌制时间为36 h;调味料最佳配方为:白糖1.5%、食盐3.0%、味精0.3%、香辛料1.5%;在55℃条件下连续烘烤24 h,豪猪肉香肠的成品率和质量都较高.该研究丰富了豪猪产品深加工技术,是豪猪肉加工的新途径.     

西式牦牛肉香肠营养成分测定及营养标签设计

对研制的西式牦牛肉香肠的营养成分进行了实验室常规分析。试验结果 :水分含量平均为 73 % ,干物质为2 1.5 % ,粗蛋白质为 19.15 % ,粗脂肪为 1.5 5 % ,灰分为 0 .95 % ,总能量 71.0 6MJ kg。并按营养成分设计西式牦牛肉香肠的营养标签     

低温贮藏对调理牦牛肉品质的影响

本试验以经过一定加工工艺处理后的调理牦牛肉为试验原料,将调理牦牛肉在4℃和-4℃两种条件下进行贮藏,测定调理牦牛肉pH值、蒸煮损失、肉色、质构等品质特性,并进行相关性分析。结果表明:在4℃贮藏条件下,随着贮藏时间的增加,调理牦牛肉的pH值、蒸煮损失、亮度值L^*值呈增大的趋势;红度值a^*、硬度呈减小的趋势。在-4℃贮藏条件下,随着贮藏时间的增加,调理牦牛肉的pH值、亮度值L^*、黄度值b^*、咀嚼性呈增大的趋势;红度值a^*、硬度、弹性呈减小的趋势。     

西式耗牛肉香肠营养成分测定及营养标签设计

对研制的西式耗牛肉香肠的营养成分进行了实验室常规分析。试验结果：水分含量平均为73％，干物质为21．5％，粗蛋白质为19．15％，粗脂肪为1．55％，灰分为0．95％，总71．06MJ／kg。并按营养成分设计西式牦牛肉香肠的营养标签。     

生产饲用大豆粉末油脂乳化工艺参数的研究

通过对饲用大豆粉末油脂进行乳化剂的配比、乳化剂的含量、乳化温度、乳化时间、壁材比（壳聚糖：麦芽糊精）和壁材含量这6个因素对乳化稳定性的影响的单因素试验研究。得到各单因素最佳工艺参数。之后进行对乳化温度、乳化时间、壁材比和壁材含量的4因素3水平正交试验。获得最佳乳化工艺参数组合为乳化温度60℃，乳化时间10min，壁材含量10％，壁材比1：10。     

乳化条件对饲用大豆粉末油脂乳化稳定性的影响

为获得最佳的饲用大豆粉末油脂乳化工艺参数,分别进行了乳化剂的配比、乳化剂的含量、乳化温度、乳化时间、壁材比(壳聚糖∶麦芽糊精)和壁材含量6个因素对饲用大豆粉末油脂乳化稳定性的影响的单因素试验。结果表明,各单因素最佳工艺参数分别为:单甘酯与蔗糖酯的质量比1∶9,乳化剂含量1%,乳化温度70℃,乳化时间10min,壁材含量15%,壁材比1∶5。另外,对乳化温度、乳化时间、壁材比和壁材含量的4因素3水平正交试验结果表明,最佳乳化工艺参数组合为乳化温度60℃,乳化时间10min,壁材含量10%,壁材比1∶10。     

利福平脂质体制备工艺的初步研究

用薄膜分散法制备利福平脂质体,在单因素考察的基础上进行正交试验设计,筛选出利福平脂质体的最佳制备工艺条件。结果表明,成膜后,在初次乳化温度为20℃,氯仿:PBS(v:v)为1:5,药脂比(g:g)为1:7,乳化速度为400r/min的条件下,先乳化30min,再将乳化温度升至30℃乳化30min,所制得的脂质体微球形态圆整,粒径在2.5~10μm范围内的占总数82.4%,其中5~10μm的占33.8%,包封率32.8%。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.