上海宝山和青浦区表土磁性特征的差异及环境指示意义

分别在上海宝山区和青浦区设置49和36个监测点,对表土磁化率(χl)f和主要重金属污染元素含量进行比较研究。结果表明:宝山表土Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Mn和Ni的平均含量分别为31.2、194.1、140.8、0.55、85.5、805.7和36.5 mg kg-1;青浦区表土平均含量分别为39.7、128.8、38.5、0.36、62.4、567.2和34.7 mg kg-1。宝山表土重金属污染程度普遍高于青浦,尤其是Pb、Cd、Zn含量显著高于青浦。宝山表土χlf显著增强,平均为180.1×10-8 m3 kg-1,且区域分异性较大,变异系数达110.4%;青浦表土χlf平均为32.7×10-8 m3 kg-1,变幅为10.4×10-8~117.5×10-8 m3 kg-1,变异系数为75.5%。宝山表土χlf与Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Mn、Ni、Fe含量存在极显著正相关关系(P<0.01);但青浦表土χlf仅与Zn、Mn(P<0.01)、Cu(P<0.05)显著相关。两区表土磁性特征、重金属累积以及两者相关性的差异,与不同的土地利用方式有关。尤其是青浦稻田土壤磁性弱,是该区χlf与重金属含量相关程度较低的重要原因。     

上海宝山不同功能区表土磁化率特征及对重金属污染的指示作用

以上海宝山区为例,开展表土磁化率与其重金属含量相关性研究。根据研究区域土地功能特征,选取工业区表土、公路边表土、居民区表土和农田表土(0~5 cm)作为研究对象,共采集80个样品,进行磁化率和重金属元素(Fe、Zn、Cr、Ni、Mn、Cu、Pb和Cd)含量分析。结果表明,宝山各功能区表土多数重金属含量和磁化率,均不同程度地超出上海土壤背景值。其中,工业区表土重金属Zn、Cr、Pb元素含量以及公路边表土Zn、Pb、Cd元素含量均超出上海土壤背景值的4倍以上,且空间分异性较大。工业区和公路边表土磁性增强显著,且空间变异性大。工业区表土磁化率与Zn、Mn、Pb和Cd含量呈极显著正相关(P0.01);公路边表土磁化率与Zn、Cr、Mn、Cu、Fe2O_3含量呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。表明受工业和交通影响的表土,其磁化率对重金属污染有很好的指标作用。居民区和农田表土的磁化率,只与个别重金属元素呈显著相关,表明以土壤磁化率来指示重金属污染会受到土地利用方式及周边环境等因素的限制。     

城市土壤污染的磁学监测研究

对上海市典型工业区(宝山区淞南镇)与农业区(宝山区罗泾镇)土壤磁性特征和重金属含量进行研究,结果表明:工业区土壤磁化率(χlf)平均为271×10-8m3/kg,最高达1660×10-8m3/kg,频率磁化率(χfd)平均<2%;农业区土壤χlf平均为32.5×10-8m3/kg,变化范围为:(15~58.6)×10-8m3/kg。工业区土壤磁性异常增值,与工业活动与交通运输中含Fe磁性颗粒的排放有关;工业区土壤χlf与土壤Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Mn、Fe的含量存在极显著正相关性,表明土壤磁性可作为监测城市/工业土壤污染的有效手段。农业区土壤χlf接近土壤背景值,与土壤重金属的相关性不显著。     

有色金属矿区周边土壤磁化率与Pb、Zn、Cd的相关性研究

有色金属矿区周边土壤是典型的人为污染土壤,人为污染土壤具有特殊的磁化率特征。本文选取有色金属矿区表层土壤来研究土壤磁化率与Pb、Zn、Cd的关系,研究结果表明:兰坪与会泽土壤表现出不一样磁性特征,兰坪磁化率变异系数较大。兰坪和会泽均表现为Cd污染最为严重。兰坪土壤仅重金属Cd与磁化率χlf相关性显著;有效态Pb、Zn、Cd均与磁化率χlf的相关性显著;而会泽土壤仅Pb与磁化率χlf呈显著相关关系;有效态仅Zn与磁化率χlf的相关性达到显著水平。兰坪土壤pH、电导率与磁化率χlf相关性较好,有机质与磁化率χlf的相关性不显著;会泽土壤pH、电导率及有机质与磁化率的相关性均未达到显著水平。本研究为矿区土壤环境状况调查提供参考,同时也为找寻土壤磁化率χlf和重金属的关系、实现快速掌握土壤重金属污染状况提供理论基础。     

开封市城市土壤磁化率空间分布及对重金属污染的指示意义

建立基于土壤磁化率的重金属污染等级标准可为土壤重金属污染评价提供更为简便的磁学方法。采集开封市城市土壤表层样品99个,测定As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn含量以及低频磁化率(χLF)和高频磁化率(χHF)。采用普通Kriging插值法探讨χLF的空间分布,污染负荷指数(PLI)评价土壤重金属污染程度,并在PLI与χLF相关分析的基础上建立了基于χLF的土壤重金属污染等级标准。结果表明,开封市城市土壤各样点7种重金属的平均PLI为2.53,呈中度污染,Cd是最主要的污染因子。土壤χLF平均值为125.7×10-8m3kg-1,总体上由东南向西北递减,高值区出现在东南部、老城区北部和陇海铁路沿线附近。各样点土壤重金属PLI与其χLF的回归方程为PLI=0.011χLF+0.320(r=0.663),呈极显著正相关(p0.01)。用土壤χLF可以评价开封市城市土壤重金属污染程度:当土壤χLF≤62×10-8m3kg-1时,为无污染;当62×10-8χLF≤153×10-8m3kg-1时,为轻度污染;当153×10-8χLF≤244×10-8m3kg-1时,为中度污染;当χLF244×10-8m3kg-1时,为强度污染。     

大气颗粒沉降对城市土壤性状的影响：道路灰尘的磁学证据

为研究大气颗粒物沉降对城市土壤性状的影响,对上海宝山区典型工业区、交通区、居民区和农业区表土和道路灰尘的磁化率(χ_lf)、重金属元素含量进行了监测分析。结果表明,上海宝山各功能区表土磁性普遍增强,χ_lf平均值为130.7×10^-8 m³·kg^-1,86.2%表土样χ_lf高于当地土壤背景磁性。与各功能区表土相邻的道路灰尘χ_lf增强更加显著,平均值达903.3×10^-8 m³·kg^-1。各功能区道路灰尘重金属的累积量也远高于相邻表土。其铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、镍(Ni)、铬(Cr)、钴(Co)、锰(Mn)、铁(Fe)的平均含量分别为表土的3.4倍、2.4倍、4.7倍、2.2倍、1.5倍、2.8倍、1.2倍、1.4倍和1.6倍。宝山区表土χ_lf与Cu、Zn、Mn、Cr、Ni、Cd含量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与Pb、F...     

土壤磁性矿物的多元成因——成土作用成因与人为污染成因磁性的区分

对黄土高原古土壤和上海市城市土壤磁性特征进行比较,研究和区分土壤磁性的多元成因。结果表明,黄土高原古土壤磁化率(χlf)平均值为108×10-8m3kg-1;频率磁化率(χfd%)平均值为11·4%,且χlf与χfd%呈极显著正相关性,表明风化成土作用形成超细顺磁颗粒(SP)是其磁性增强的主要原因。χlf与游离态铁(Fed)、铁游离度(Fed/Fet)和黏粒含量相关性达极显著水平,也说明古土壤磁性增强与风化成土作用有关。上海城市土壤χlf异常增强,变化范围为127～1959×10-8m3kg-1,χfd%2·0%,表明其不含SP,磁性增强并非由于风化成土作用,应与人为污染有关。非滞后剩磁(χarm)、非滞后剩磁/饱和等温剩磁(χarm/SIRM)、非滞后剩磁/磁化率(χarm/χlf)和饱和等温剩磁/磁化率(SIRM/χlf)等参数及组合的研究表明,城市土壤磁性矿物占主导的是多畴(MD)和稳定单畴(SSD)颗粒;而古土壤磁性矿物中占主导的是SP颗粒。软等温剩磁(SOFT)、硬等温剩磁(HIRM)、软磁百分含量(SOFT%)、硬磁百分含量(HARD%)、IRM300mT/SIRM(F300mT)等磁性参数的研究表明,城市土壤矫顽力低,软磁组分高,以铁磁性矿物为主导;黄土高原古土壤也以铁磁性矿物为主导,但HARD%通常高于城市土壤。用磁学参数及组合,能较有效分辨土壤磁性的风化成土作用成因或人为污染成因。     

上海市杨浦区表土重金属污染的磁学响应

[目的]揭示上海市杨浦区土壤重金属污染情况,为环境磁学在城市表土重金属污染的应用提供科学依据。[方法]结合磁学方法与传统化学方法,对杨浦区5个功能区内的17个表土样品进行磁学特征和重金属浓度的分析。[结果]杨浦区表土磁化率值平均值为2.42×10~(-6) m~3/kg,磁性特征以低矫顽力的亚铁磁性矿物为主导,颗粒较粗。除频率磁化率外,磁学参数整体呈现工业区与交通区值较高的特点;重金属Zn,Pb,Cu,Cr浓度值高于背景值,且高值集中在工业区、交通区、居住区,污染负荷指数(PLI)的值为1.962,属于轻度污染。除工业区外,各功能区之间重金属含量与磁学参数的相关性较好(p0.05),磁化率(χlf)、饱和等温剩磁(SIRM)、硬剩磁(HIRM)对杨浦区表土重金属含量有良好的指示作用。[结论]环境磁学方法可以快速简便地提供城市污染信息。     

黄河三角洲芦苇湿地不同水期土壤-植被重金属分布特征

ICP-AES法研究了黄河三角洲湿地平水期(4月)、丰水期(8月)和枯水期(10月)土壤和植被重金属(Hg,Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd和Cr)含量分布特征,并分析了土壤和植被重金属含量的关系。结果表明:(1)黄河三角洲芦苇湿地表土和底泥Hg,Cu,Zn平均含量变化呈递减趋势,依次表现出:平水期丰水期枯水期,不同时期土壤重金属Hg,Cu,Zn含量均表现为表土底泥;黄河三角洲芦苇湿地表土和底泥Pb,Cd和Cr平均含量变化呈递增趋势,依次表现出:枯水期丰水期平水期,并且不同时期土壤重金属Pb,Cd和Cr含量均表现为底泥表土,局部有所波动,综合分析可知,黄河三角洲芦苇湿地平水期的Hg,Cu,Zn污染最严重,枯水期Pb,Cd和Cr污染最严重;(2)黄河三角洲芦苇湿地表土重金属Hg,Cu,Zn含量高于底泥,表土重金属Pb,Cd和Cr含量低于底泥;(3)黄河三角洲芦苇湿地植被重金属Hg,Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd和Cr含量均显著高于土壤(p0.05),说明植被的吸收作用在土壤重金属污染中起着关键作用;(4)主成分分析表明黄河三角洲芦苇湿地土壤中Hg和Zn含量、植被中Pb和Cd的含量变化是黄河三角洲芦苇湿地的重金属污染主要影响因子;相关性分析表明,植被体内的重金属含量主要来自和依赖于土壤重金属含量,同时植被对于土壤各重金属的吸收也保持一定的独立性。     

钢铁工业区降尘对周边土壤的影响

分别在南京的两个钢铁厂收集降尘并采集周边表土,并用ICP-AES和磁化率仪分析得到16种元素含量和表土、地面尘的磁化率。结果表明,两个钢铁工业区的大气降尘的年沉降通量分别为190t km-2a-1和407 t km-2a-1,这可能会影响着周边地区土壤的形成;Al、K、Na、Ti、V在降尘中的含量显著低于表土,而Ca,Fe,Zn,Mn,Pb,Cu在降尘中含量要显著高于表土;表土的磁化率除水田外均大于100×10-8m3kg-1,并且地面尘的磁化率要远远高于表土的磁化率。研究表明,钢铁工业区降尘对其周边土壤中污染元素的积累有明显影响,突出地表现在土壤表层重金属含量升高,而磁化率可以很好地表征这种表聚的特点。     

上海宝山区城市表土重金属累积的空间分布规律

检测了上海宝山区127个表土样点的重金属含量。宝山区表土Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb、Cu、Ni、Mn的平均含量分别为228.6、127.6、0.56、118.5、55.2、55.7、718.7mg/kg。其中Pb、Zn、Cd的含量分别是上海土壤背景值的5.6、3.0、2.8倍,受污染较明显。宝山区地表的重金属含量呈现出明显的空间分布规律:工业区地表,如吴淞、大场等地,多种重金属污染均很重,Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb、Cu的平均含量分别高达407.6、319.0、0.75、101.2、76.2mg/kg;马路绿地土壤Pb的累积较显著,平均为180.2mg/kg;远郊菜地土壤重金属污染不明显。     

Magnetic signature and source identification of heavy metal contamination in urban soils of steel industrial city,Northeast China

Purpose

Identifying the spatial distribution and degree of heavy metal contamination in the soils is required for urban environmental management. Magnetic measurement provides a rapid means of determining spatial distribution and degree of soil pollution and identifying various anthropogenic sources of heavy metals. The purpose of this study was to characterize the magnetic signature of heavy metal contamination and identify the sources of heavy metals in urban soils from steel industrial city.

Materials and methods

A total of 115 urban topsoils from Anshan city, Northeast China, were collected and determined for magnetic properties and heavy metal concentration. Magnetic susceptibility (χlf) and saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) were determined as proxy for ferrimagnetic mineral concentration. Magnetic minerals were identified by using Curie temperature, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). The Pearson’ correlation and matrix cluster analyses were used to establish the relationship between magnetic parameters and heavy metal concentrations.

Results and discussion

Urban topsoils exhibit characteristic magnetic enhancement. The magnetic measurement in particle size fractions indicates that 50–2 μm fraction has the highest low-field magnetic susceptibility (χlf), while <2 μm has the highest frequency-dependent magnetic susceptibility (χfd) value. The soil χlf and SIRM values are significantly correlated with the contents of metals (Fe, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cr) and Tomlinson pollution load index (PLI), which indicates that χlf and SIRM could be served as better indicators for the pollution of heavy metals in the urban topsoil. Spatial distribution maps of χlf, SIRM, and PLI indicate that the pollution hotspots tend to associate with the regions within and close to steel industrial zones. XRD and Curie temperature analyses indicate that the main magnetic minerals of urban topsoils are magnetite (Fe₃O₄), hematite (α-Fe₂O₃), and metallic iron. Magnetic minerals mostly occur in the pseudo-single-domain/multidomain (PSD/MD) grain size range, which is the dominant contributor to the magnetic enhancement of topsoils. SEM observation reveals that magnetic particles in soils exist in irregular-shaped particles and spherule. Results reveal that heavy metals from industrially derived and traffic emissions coexist with coarse-grained magnetic phases.

Conclusions

It is concluded that the magnetic measurement could be regarded as a proxy tool to detect the level of heavy metal pollution and identify the source of heavy metals in urban soils. Magnetic properties provide a fast and inexpensive method to map the spatial distribution of long-term pollution from steel industrial origin on region scale.

     

天水苹果园土壤重金属富集状况评价及来源分析

对天水果园表层（0~20 cm）219件土壤样品进行研究,测定5种重金属（Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr和Cd）及有机质含量,以天水小陇山土壤为对照,运用相关分析和主成分分析方法区分土壤中重金属的来源。结果表明,①Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr和Cd含量分别为77.39、23.03、23.62、61.49 mg.kg-1和0.07 mg.kg-1,其中Cd极显著（P〈0.01）高于小陇山土壤,其余4种重金属虽高于小陇山土壤但无显著差异性（P〉0.05）;②研究区土壤Cu、Pb、Cr三者间在0.01或0.001水平上具有显著正相关性,且这3种重金属与土壤有机质具有显著正相关性,其余重金属间不存在显著相关性;③主成分分析显示Cu、Pb和Cr来源相似,主要来自于成土母质,Cd来源于人为施肥因素,Zn的富集受多种因素影响。研究评价结果显示,天水地区果园土壤Cd受人为施肥影响较大,具有一定程度的富集。     

黑龙江省海伦市农田土壤重金属分布特征及污染评价

海伦市是以农业为主导产业的黑龙江省县级市,为了解该市土壤重金属时空分布特征及其污染现状,对农田耕层及亚耕层土壤中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn、Hg和As等重金属全量进行了分析,并采用单因子污染指数法和Nemerow综合污染指数法分别对土壤的重金属污染状况进行了评价。结果表明,该地区土壤重金属含量较低,总体表现为西南和西北含量较高、西部含量高于东部的空间分布特征。以松嫩平原土壤元素背景值为标准进行评价,已出现一定程度的污染。以GB15618-1995土壤环境质量标准二级标准进行评价,综合污染指数为0.504,所有样点土壤重金属均未达到污染水平。与耕层土壤相比,亚耕层土壤Hg和Cd含量显著下降,其他元素含量及分布特征则与耕层相似。从1980年到2008年,随着时间的变化,该区域土壤重金属含量增加趋势不明显,近期土壤出现重金属污染风险较小。     

长期污灌农田土壤重金属污染及潜在环境风险评价

以西安市某典型污灌区农田土壤为研究对象,分析长期污水灌溉对表层土壤重金属含量及富集状况的影响,采用内梅罗指数法和Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对其污染现状及潜在环境风险进行评价。结果表明：长期污灌已导致农田土壤Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn7种重金属相对自然背景有不同程度累积,其富集比例依次为100%、82.69%、100%、100%、80.77%、98.08%和100%,仅有土壤As平均含量低于其背景水平;以国家土壤环境质量标准二级限量值作为污染评价阈值,其中Cd和Hg污染表现突出,按其污染指数平均值排序为Cd〉Hg〉Ni〉Cu〉Zn〉As〉Cr〉Pb;土壤重金属综合潜在环境风险为＂强＂等级,Hg、Cd的环境影响占据主导;随污灌年限增长,离灌渠越近,农田土壤重金属的污染水平和环境风险越高。鉴于该区土壤重金属已呈现较强生态危害性,应及时采取必要防治措施,调整土地利用结构,确保农田环境及农产品安全生产。     

杭州市城市土壤中重金属、磷和其它元素的特征

Health implications of inhaling and/or ingesting dust particles with high concentrations of heavy metals from urban soils are a subject of intense concern. Understanding the geochemistry of these metals is key to their effective management. Total concentrations of heavy metals, phosphorus (P) and 8 other elements from topsoil samples collected at 82 locations in Hangzhou City were measured to: a) assess their distribution in urban environments; and b) understand their differentiation as related to land use. Metal mobility was also studied using a three-step sequential chemical fractionation procedure. About 8.5%, 1.2%, 3.6%, 11.0% and 30.3% of the soil samples had Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations, respectively, above their allowable limits for public and private green areas and residential use. However, in commercial and industrial areas, most samples had metal concentrations below their allowable limits. Statistical analyses revealed that the 16 measured elements in urban soils could be divided into four groups based on natural or anthropic sources using a hierarchical cluster analysis. Additionally, Cu, Pb, and P showed similar spatial distributions with significant pollution in commercial zones, suggesting vehicle traffic or commercial activities as dominant pollutant sources. Also, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Zn, Mn and Fe had the highest concentrations in industrial locations, signifying that industrial activities were the main sources of these seven metals. Moreover, the data highlighted land-use as a major influence on heavy metal concentrations and forms found in topsoils with large proportions of soil Cd, Co, Cr, and Ni found in residual fractions and soil Cu, Pb and Zn mainly as extractable fractions.     

典型设施栽培土壤重金属含量变化及其风险评价

采用野外调查采样和室内分析相结合的方法,对典型设施栽培地山东寿光的部分土壤重金属含量进行测定,并根据温室蔬菜产地环境质量评价标准,选取单项污染指数法和尼梅罗综合指数法对土壤的重金属污染状况进行了环境质量评价。结果表明,重金属Cu、C r、Pb在设施栽培土壤耕层(0—20 cm)的含量达最大值,显著高于露地土壤;而设施栽培土壤中Zn和Cd的含量分别在20—40 cm和40—60 cm的土层达到最大值,其中Zn含量在0—20 cm和60—80 cm的土层显著高于露地土壤,Cd含量在0—20 cm,40—60 cm,60—80 cm和80—100 cm的土层显著高于露地土壤。从不同使用年限设施栽培土壤中重金属含量变化看出,重金属在设施栽培24~年的土壤中含量最高。对研究区设施栽培土壤重金属含量进行风险评估及分级发现,山东寿光设施土壤耕层主要受到重金属Cd的污染。     

Heavy Metals, Phosphorus and Some Other Elements in UrbanSoils of Hangzhou City, China

Health implications of inhaling and/or ingesting dust particles with high concentrations of heavy metals from urbansoils are a subject of intense concern. Understanding the geochemistry of these metals is key to their effective management. Total concentrations of heavy metals, phosphorus (P) and 8 other elements from topsoil samples collected at 82locations in Hangzhou City were measured to:a) assess their distribution in urban environments;and b) understand theirdifferentiation as related to land use. Metal mobility was also studied using a three-step sequential chemical fractionationprocedure. About 8.5%, 1.2%, 3.6%, 11.0% and 30.3% of the soil samples had Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations,respectively, above their allowable limits for public and private green areas and residential use. However, in commercialand industrial areas, most samples had metal concentrations below their allowable limits. Statistical analyses revealedthat the 16 measured elements in urban soils could be divided into four groups based on natural or anthropic sourcesusing a hierarchical cluster analysis. Additionally, Cu, Pb, and P showed similar spatial distributions with significantpollution in commercial zones, suggesting vehicle traffic or commercial activities as dominant pollutant sources. Also, Cd,Co, Cr, Ni, Zn, Mn and Fe had the highest concentrations in industrial locations, signifying that industrial activities werethe main sources of these seven metals. Moreover, the data highlighted land-use as a major influence on heavy metalconcentrations and forms found in topsoils with large proportions of soil Cd, Co, Cr, and Ni found in residual fractionsand soil Cu, Pb and Zn mainly as extractable fractions.