热压凝胶法制备营养质构米及其营养性质研究

为弥补食用精白米导致营养不良的状况,以大米加工过程中产生的碎米作为原料和载体,产生的米糠作为天然营养强化剂,采取热压凝胶法制备营养质构米。在预试验的基础上,采用响应面法考察热压凝胶过程条件包括喂料含水率,螺杆转速,5个加热区机筒温度对营养质构米的质构和营养特性的影响,得出制备最佳工艺条件:当喂料转速为30r/min,米糠添加量为4%,物料含水率为30%,螺杆转速为17.7r/min,5个区机筒温度分别为50,65,85,100,95～97℃。在此条件下制备的营养质构米含有质量分数总膳食纤维11.44%,蛋白质11.62%,脂肪6.49%,而维生素为B12.07μg/g,维生素B20.31μg/g和γ-谷维素12.04mg/100g。相比于天然精白米,质构特性相近,但维生素B1,维生素B2,γ-谷维素分别增加了1.17,0.06,5.83μg/g,为营养质构米工业化生产提供参考。     

酸法提取青稞麸皮结合酚工艺优化

为了提高青稞的附加利用价值,该文以青稞麸皮为研究对象,考察了提取试剂、酸质量分数、萃取pH值、料液比和提取温度对多酚质量分数和 DPPH·自由基清除能力的影响。采用中心组合设计优化其结合酚提取工艺。结果表明,青稞结合酚提取最优工艺条件为：提取试剂为硫酸,酸质量分数为11.10%,水料比为1：17 g/mL,提取温度为75℃,pH值不作处理,此条件下提取得到的结合酚质量分数达224.33 mg/(100 g),DPPH·自由基清除能力达9919.28μmol/(100 g),与预测值多酚质量分数243.80 mg/(100 g),其DPPH·自由基清除能力9087.02μmol/(100 g)基本一致。高效液相色谱法检测到最优工艺下所得青稞结合酚中含有8种酚酸及8种黄酮类物质,总量达325.104 mg/(100 g)。研究结果为全面评价青稞结合酚含量及青稞麸皮的高效利用提供科学依据。     

银耳蒂头粉对面条蒸煮特性、营养品质及风味成分的影响

银耳蒂头是银耳加工的副产物。为探讨银耳蒂头粉对面条品质与风味成分的影响,本研究以小麦面粉为基体,辅助添加不同比例(0%、5%、8%、11%、14%、17%)的银耳蒂头粉,制作银耳小麦复合面条,测定分析复合面条的蒸煮特性、质构、色泽、感官、营养成分及风味化合物。研究发现,随着银耳蒂头粉的质量分数从0%增加到17%,面条的熟断条率从0%上升到8.33%,烹调损失率从2.02%上升到5.52%,白度指数从80.127下降到76.213,咀嚼硬度从543.835 g下降到322.576 g;银耳蒂头粉添加量为11%时,复合面条的感官品质最佳;与普通面条相比,银耳复合面条的氨基酸总量(12.27 g·100 g^-1)无显著变化,膳食纤维含量从3.3 g·100 g^-1上升到10.0 g·100 g^-1,镁、锌、钙和铁矿物质总量从540.637 mg·kg^-1上升到603.02 mg·kg^-1;银耳蒂头粉对面条的挥发性成分含量影响不明显,但增加了庚醛、己酸、7-甲基十七烷等10种挥发性风味化合物。本研究结果为银耳蒂头的利用和营养功能性面条的开发提供了理论依据。     

大米乳酸菌发酵降镉工艺优化

为研究乳酸发酵对大米重金属镉的脱除效果,该试验以镉超标大米为原料,采用大米发酵液进行发酵降镉,通过Plackett-Burman(PB)设计、最陡爬坡试验设计和Box-Behnken设计对发酵降镉工艺进行优化。结果表明:PB试验筛选出的对大米发酵降镉效果显著影响的因素分别为加水量、强化菌种添加量和发酵温度;根据最陡爬坡确定的各因素逼近区域进行响应面试验设计,得出最佳降镉工艺为加水量120%、强化菌种添加量0.08‰、发酵温度32℃,其他发酵条件还包括米粉发酵液添加量2%、食盐添加量0.8%、以及有效降镉时间22~26 h,就镉质量分数为0.52 mg/kg的早米,此条件下降镉率为79.24%。研究结果为乳酸发酵降镉、缓解大米镉超标问题提供参考。     

龙眼果浆复合乳酸菌发酵工艺优化

为筛选出适合龙眼发酵的复合乳酸菌,优化建立其发酵工艺,比较分析了7种不同的乳酸菌发酵龙眼的降糖能力和释放结合态酚类物质的能力,发现明串珠菌降糖能力最强,植物乳杆菌释放结合态酚能力最强。利用植物乳杆菌和明串珠菌复合发酵龙眼果肉,以游离酚质量分数和还原糖质量分数结合的综合模糊评判值为指标,通过Box-benhnken中心组合试验设计,确定复合乳酸菌发酵龙眼的最佳工艺条件。结果表明,各因素对复合乳酸菌发酵龙眼果浆的模糊评判值影响程度从强到弱依次为:发酵时间发酵温度接种量料液比。复合乳酸菌发酵龙眼的最佳工艺为:料液比为1∶7(g/m L),发酵温度为37℃,发酵时间为53 h,接种量为1.4%,菌种配比为1∶1。在最佳工艺条件下,发酵龙眼果浆的游离酚质量分数为(161.77±3.93)mg/(100 g),还原糖质量分数为(122.80±3.64)mg/g。该研究为开发低糖含量,且适合糖尿病、肥胖症等病人食用的龙眼乳酸菌发酵饮料新产品提供参考。     

植物乳杆菌ST-Ⅲ脱脂乳的发酵工艺优化

为研发富含植物乳杆菌ST-Ⅲ新型益生菌发酵乳制品,该试验尝试用植物乳杆菌ST-Ⅲ和嗜热链球菌共发酵,并对植物乳杆菌ST-Ⅲ发酵乳的工艺进行了优化研究。通过单因素试验分析了大豆多肽添加量、葡萄糖酸锰添加量、嗜热链球菌的接种量和发酵温度对发酵乳的pH值和植物乳杆菌ST-Ⅲ活菌数的影响。通过响应面法优化并确定了最佳工艺条件:大豆多肽添加质量分数11 g/kg;葡萄糖酸锰添加质量分数11 mg/kg;嗜热链球菌的接种量106 CFU/g;植物乳杆菌ST-Ⅲ的接种量106 CFU/g;发酵温度为37℃。在此优化最佳工艺条件下,发酵乳的植物乳杆菌ST-Ⅲ的活菌数为1.88×109 CFU/mL,有效地提高了发酵乳中植物乳杆菌ST-Ⅲ的活菌数。研究结果可为拓展植物乳杆菌ST-Ⅲ在乳制品领域的应用提供参考。     

超声强化酯交换制备生物柴油的工艺优化

为了获得超声强化酯交换反应制备生物柴油最佳工艺条件,为工业化生产提供借鉴。该文考察了超声功率密度、反应温度、催化剂用量和醇油摩尔比等因素对超声强化 KOH 催化酯交换反应过程的影响,并采用响应曲面分析方法（RSM）优化最佳工艺参数。研究结果表明：超声强化 KOH 催化酯交换反应制备生物柴油最佳工艺条件为：超声功率密度54.7 W/L、反应温度34℃、催化剂用量为大豆油质量的 1.3%、醇油摩尔比6︰1,此条件下酯交换反应甲酯质量分数为 99.68%,经验证试验得实测值为99.56%。RSM优化的试验结果适合于碱催化酯交换反应制备生物柴油工艺,并能够预测不同条件下碱催化酯交换反应中的甲酯质量分数。     

不同干燥方式对中国对虾风味组分的影响

为了研究不同干燥方式对中国对虾风味组分的影响,该文采用热风(温度:(50±2)℃,风速:1.5 m/s,时间:8 h)、冷风(温度:18~20℃,风速:1.5 m/s,时间:56 h)、微波真空(功率500 W,真空度70 kPa,时间:40 min)、微波真空-冷风联合(先温度为18~20℃,时间27h的冷风干燥,后功率500 W,真空度70 kPa,时间10 min的微波真空干燥)4种干燥方式对其干制品的游离氨基酸组成、呈味核苷酸、等鲜量以及挥发性成分进行研究。结果表明,热风干燥后的中国对虾总游离氨基酸质量分数为63.31 mg/g,相对于对照组鲜虾(72.04 mg/g)有明显损失(P0.05);呈味核苷酸质量分数为7.9 mg/g,较对照组(9.05 mg/g)损失严重(P0.05);其等鲜量(127 g/(100 g))较鲜虾(180 g/(100 g))显著降低(P0.05);对虾产生以烤肉香味和海鲜风味为主的挥发性成分。冷风干燥使中国对虾总游离氨基酸质量分数较对照组损失偏大,其值为63.70 mg/g(P0.05);等鲜量(155(g/100 g))损失较大(P0.05);挥发性成分以烃类化合物为主,风味较寡淡。微波真空干燥后的中国对虾呈味核苷酸和等鲜量分别为9.17 mg/g和176 g/(100 g),总游离氨基酸质量分数较对照组损失较严重,为55.81 mg/g(P0.05);挥发性成分以肉香味和烤香味为主。微波真空-冷风联合干燥后的中国对虾呈味核苷酸含量最高,其值是9.90 mg/g;等鲜量值为189 g/(100 g),相对于鲜虾有所提高(P0.05);总游离氨基酸质量分数为62.84 mg/g呈现降低(P0.05);产生以烤肉香味和海鲜风味为主的挥发性成分。因此,微波真空-冷风联合干燥方式对中国对虾风味变化影响最小,是一种具有发展前景的干燥方式。     

果皮和果肉比例对真空冷冻干燥重组芒果脆块品质的影响

芒果皮富含膳食纤维、类胡萝卜素等生物活性化合物,但在食品工业中尚未被充分利用。为了实现芒果资源的全利用,本研究制备了含不同比例果皮和果肉的真空冷冻干燥重组芒果脆块,并考察了脆块的玻璃化转变温度(T_g)、质构、微观结构、类胡萝卜素含量等品质,综合分析了果皮和果肉比例对脆块理化、质构、营养和感官品质的影响。结果表明,添加芒果皮后脆块的硬度提高了2.65%～24.07%。当果皮含量超过20%时,脆度呈下降趋势,下降了1.91%～73.49%。此外,添加芒果皮后脆块的总酚、类胡萝卜素和膳食纤维含量分别增加了60.96%～336.75%、11.17%～112.48%和28.61%～166.36%。感官评价结果表明,芒果皮添加比例为40%以内的脆块综合品质得分均较高。综合考虑,添加20%芒果皮既可显著提高脆块的营养功能特性,改善质构稳定性,又具有较佳的综合感官品质。本研究结果表明,基于质构重组和真空冷冻干燥技术制备复合脆块是实现芒果皮资源利用的一种可行方法,这为生产中芒果皮的利用和添加量的选择提供了理论依据。     

优化催芽温度及CaCl2溶液浓度提高发芽小米中γ-氨基丁酸含量

氨基丁酸(γ-amino butyric acid,GABA)是一种非蛋白质氨基酸,具有多种生理活性。为进一步提升富含GABA食品的市场占有率,以小米为原料,通过发芽处理提高小米的营养价值,提高GABA的含量。为提高发芽小米中GABA的含量,通过单因素试验、Plackett-Burman因素筛选试验、最陡爬坡试验和响应面试验,优化发芽条件提高小米中GABA含量。在单因素试验的基础上,经过Plackett-Burman设计筛选出对GABA含量影响显著的3个因素:浸泡时间、CaCl_2溶液浓度和发芽温度。经最陡爬坡试验,确定对GABA含量影响显著的三因素在响应面中心点水平:浸泡时间13 h、CaCl_2溶液浓度3.5 mmol/L和发芽温度31℃。经响应面优化试验得出发芽小米积累GABA的最优工艺条件为:浸泡时间13 h、浸泡温度35℃、CaCl_2溶液浓度3.5mmol/L、发芽时间48h和发芽温度31℃,此时制得的发芽小米中GABA质量分数为251.46 mg/100 g,比小米中的初始GABA质量分数86.72 mg/100 g提高了2.90倍。研究结果得到了最佳小米发芽条件,为富含GABA健康小米食品的制备提供理论支持。     

Effect of Application of Acidified Porous Hydrate Calcium Silicate and Porous Hydrated Calcium Silicate on the Growth of Rice Plants (Oryza sativa L.)

The effect of the application of acidified porous hydrate calcium silicate (APS) in nursery bed soil and porous hydrate calcium silicate (PS) in paddy fields on the growth of rice plants (Oryza sativa L. cv. Hitomebore) was examined in 2002 and 2003. The results revealed the following: 1) Shoot dry weight of rice seedlings increased by APS treatment in nursery bed soil. The tiller number of rice plants after transplanting in both years also increased by APS treatment in nursery bed soil, and in 2003, the tiller number in the treatment with a combination of APS in nursery bed soil and PS in paddy fields was significantly higher than that in the other treatments until the maximum tiller number stage. Furthermore, the root length of rice plants 14 d after transplanting increased by APS treatment in nursery bed soil. 2) Silicon concentration in the soil solution significantly increased by PS treatment in paddy fields, and the concentration of dissolved carbon oxide increased by APS treatment in nursery bed soil. 3) Only in the APS treatment the rice yield was 341 g m^?2, while 400 and 450 g m^?2 in the PS and both APS and PS treatments, respectively, in 2003. Percentages of ripened grains in the plots without PS treatment ranged from 57 to 63%, respectively, while, those in the PS treated plots were 82%. The numbers of panicles and ripened grains in both APS and PS treatments were the highest among the treatments. Based on the above results, we concluded that both APS in nursery bed soil and PS in paddy field treatments were effective in improving the silicon nutrition and growth of rice plants, and that this effect was enhanced by a combination of treatments with the two.     

Effect of Application of Acidified Porous Hydrate Calcium Silicate and Porous Hydrated Calcium Silicate on the Growth of Rice Plants (Oryza sativa L.)

The effect of the application of acidified porous hydrate calcium silicate (APS) in nursery bed soil and porous hydrate calcium silicate (PS) in paddy fields on the growth of rice plants ( Oryza sativa L. cv. Hitomebore) was examined in 2002 and 2003. The results revealed the following: 1) Shoot dry weight of rice seedlings increased by APS treatment in nursery bed soil. The tiller number of rice plants after transplanting in both years also increased by APS treatment in nursery bed soil, and in 2003, the tiller number in the treatment with a combination of APS in nursery bed soil and PS in paddy fields was significantly higher than that in the other treatments until the maximum tiller number stage. Furthermore, the root length of rice plants 14 d after transplanting increased by APS treatment in nursery bed soil. 2) Silicon concentration in the soil solution significantly increased by PS treatment in paddy fields, and the concentration of dissolved carbon oxide increased by APS treatment in nursery bed soil. 3) Only in the APS treatment the rice yield was 341 g m⁻², while 400 and 450 g m⁻² in the PS and both APS and PS treatments, respectively, in 2003. Percentages of ripened grains in the plots without PS treatment ranged from 57 to 63%, respectively, while, those in the PS treated plots were 82%. The numbers of panicles and ripened grains in both APS and PS treatments were the highest among the treatments. Based on the above results, we concluded that both APS in nursery bed soil and PS in paddy field treatments were effective in improving the silicon nutrition and growth of rice plants, and that this effect was enhanced by a combination of treatments with the two.     

不同土壤对水稻糙米含钙量及产量和品质的影响

采用土培盆栽试验,研究了5种不同类型土壤对3个水稻品种糙米的钙积累和产量及品质形成的影响。结果表明,不同土壤类型含钙量差异明显,对水稻糙米钙的吸收积累有显著影响。糙米平均含钙量与土壤的交换性钙含量排序相同,均为紫泥田>紫潮泥>灰黄泥>红黄泥>黄泥田。相关分析表明,糙米含钙量与土壤的交换性钙含量呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.9698。不同含钙土壤对稻米出糙率、精米率和整精米率有显著影响,对垩白度和直链淀粉含量影响不明显。不同水稻品种表现出一定的基因型差异。     

Consequences of high temperature under changing climate optima for rice pollen characteristics-concepts and perspectives

The enhancement in both frequency and intensity of high temperature, besides its large variability will result in up to 40% yield reduction in rice by the end of 21^st century. Vegetative growth in rice continues with day time temperature up to 40°C but development of florets is extremely sensitive to temperature higher than 35°C. The effect of night time temperature stress is even more adverse than day. Heat stress results in deprived anther dehiscence, impaired pollination and abnormal pollen germination that cause floret sterility. The decrease in pollen viability is presumably caused by imbalance in proteins expression, abandoned biosynthesis, partitioning and translocation of soluble sugars, imbalance in phytohormones release, and loss of pollen water content. Rice responds to heat stress by adjusting various physiochemical mechanisms viz., growth inhibition, leaf senescence and alteration in basic physiological processes. Antioxidant enzymes, calcium and iron also play an important role in managing heat stress. Response of rice to heat stress varies with plant ecotype, growth stage, heat intensity and time of stress application. High temperature stress can be managed by developing heat-tolerant genotypes. Rice breeding and screening may be based on anther dehiscence, pollen tube development and pollen germination on stigma.     

不同类型钙化合物对污染土壤水稻吸收累积Cd Pb的影响及机理

以潮泥田和红黄泥为供试土壤,利用盆栽试验研究了施用不同类型钙化合物（CaO、CaCO3、CaSO4）对水稻吸收累积Cd、Pb的影响及机理。结果表明,潮泥田施用CaO和CaCO3后,土壤pH值明显升高。当CaO施用量达到0.36gCa·kg-1时土壤有效态Cd含量显著降低,水稻糙米Cd含量也随之显著下降,降幅达26.3%;施用CaCO（30.24gCa·kg-1）和CaSO（40.24gCa·kg-1）后水稻糙米Cd含量降幅分别为23.7%（P〈0.05）和18.4%（P〈0.05）。红黄泥施用CaO、CaCO3和CaSO4后,土壤pH值变化趋势与潮泥田相同。当CaO施用量达到0.24gCa·kg-1时土壤有效态Cd含量显著降低,但水稻糙米Cd含量反而上升,当CaO施用量达到0.36gCa·kg-1时,与对照相比水稻糙米Cd含量增加34.5%（P〈0.05）;当CaO施用量增至0.48gCa·kg-1时土壤有效态Pb含量明显增加,水稻糙米Pb含量也随之显著增加,增幅达41.7%。在等钙（0.24gCa·kg-1）条件下,潮泥田及红黄泥施用CaO、CaCO3和CaSO4后因pH变幅较小导致水稻糙米Cd、Pb含量无明显差异。综合分析认为,利用钙化合物控制污染土壤上水稻对cd、Pb的吸收累积时,需要根据土壤Cd、Pb含量和pH综合考虑合理的钙化合物类型和用量。     

Chemical and morphological changes of porous hydrated calcium silicate in paddy soil

The chemical and morphological changes of porous hydrated calcium silicate material (PS) during the dissolution process in paddy soil were investigated by using both a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The results showed that original PS consisted of agglomerate of various sizes with almost the same elemental composition. The SEM images at a high magnification showed that the original PS consisted of agglomerates of small platelike crystals (≦ μm) of tobermorite [Ca₅(Si₆O₁₈-H₂)·4H₂O]. On the other hand, elemental composition showed that the PS agglomerates in paddy soil altered to Si- and Ca-rich agglomerates after incubation for 53 d. The morphological differences between the two types of agglomerates were observed by SEM at a high magnification. The Si-rich agglomerates were similar to the original PS in morphology, whereas the Ca-rich agglomerate appeared as a large crystal. The X-ray diffraction patterns obtained in a previous study suggested the presence of quartz and calcite in PS after incubation for 53 d (Saigusa et al. 2000: Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 46, 89–95). Si- and Ca-rich agglomerates were identified as silica skeletons of PS and calcite, respectively. It was suggested that the silica skeletons of PS remained as a silicon source for rice plants even after the disappearance of tobermorite revealed by the X-ray diffractogram.     

过氧化钙及硅钙肥改良潜育化稻田土壤的效果研究

【目的】潜育化水稻土是我国最主要的低产水稻土类型,长期渍水导致的土壤缺氧及活性还原物质过度积累是其最主要特征,这严重影响了水稻的根系发育和产量提高。本研究以鄱阳湖区潜育化稻田土壤为对象,通过田间试验研究过氧化钙和硅钙肥单施或配施对潜育化稻田土壤的改良效果,旨在为探索潜育化稻田的轻简化改良方法提供理论依据。【方法】田间试验于2012 2013年在鄱阳湖区潜育化双季稻田进行,试验设单施化肥(T1)、化肥+硅钙肥(T2)、化肥+过氧化钙(T3)和化肥+硅钙肥+过氧化钙(T4)4个处理。通过2年4季的田间试验研究了过氧化钙和硅钙肥单施或配施对鄱阳湖区潜育化稻田水稻产量、土壤还原物质总量及土壤物理化学性质的影响,分析了过氧化钙和硅钙肥改良潜育化稻田土壤的效果和应用前景。【结果】过氧化钙和硅钙肥单施或配施均可以提高潜育化稻田的水稻产量,二者配施每季可以提高水稻产量1.06 t/hm22.06 t/hm2,并可促进磷、钾养分向籽粒转移。施硅钙肥对土壤还原物质总量没有明显影响,而施过氧化钙可以显著降低土壤还原物质总量,二者配施可以减少耕层土壤还原物质总量1 cmol/kg以上。随着土层的加深,土壤还原物质总量呈增加的趋势。硅钙肥与过氧化钙配施可以明显提高小于10 mm的中小团聚体的含量。施硅钙肥或过氧化钙对土壤养分含量没有明显影响,但二者配施可以明显提高土壤有机碳、速效磷的含量,但对腐殖质碳、速效钾和全氮含量影响不明显。【结论】施用硅钙肥可以提高潜育化稻田的水稻产量,但对土壤还原物质总量没有明显影响。施用过氧化钙既可以提高水稻产量,又可以降低潜育化稻田的潜育化程度。而硅钙肥和过氧化钙配施不仅可以明显提高水稻产量、降低潜育化稻田的潜育化程度,还可以改善土壤养分供应状况和土壤结构。因此,施用过氧化钙和硅钙肥可以作为改良鄱阳湖区潜育化稻田土壤的一种参考方法。     

The effect of four calcium‐based amendments on soil aggregate stability of two sandy topsoils

The structural stability of soil is a physical characteristic that affects soil degradation processes. Calcium‐based amendments, such as calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, and calcium oxide/hydroxide, have been shown to improve the stability of soil aggregates. This study seeks to determine which calcium‐based soil amendments, and at what concentration, are the most efficient in improving aggregate stability of sandy topsoils derived from granitic and metamorphic parent materials, and to analyze the mechanisms involved. In the pot experiment, soils amended with CaCO₃, CaCl₂, and CaSO₄ did not present significant differences in aggregate stability compared to the control or among each other. In contrast, Ca(OH)₂ soil amendment brought the greatest stability to the soil aggregates. A dose of 1% Ca(OH)₂ significantly increased the stability of soil aggregates. This effect is due to the reaction of Ca(OH)₂ with atmospheric CO₂ which leads to the formation of CaCO₃, a delayed reaction not showed by the other soil amendments tested. Likewise, the greater solubility of Ca(OH)₂ compared to CaCO₃ exerts a greater aggregation effect on soil. Thus, the mechanism of action of Ca(OH)₂ is related to cementation, rather than flocculation. Future studies should be carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of Ca(OH)₂ under field conditions.