畜禽粪便与秸秆厌氧-好氧发酵气肥联产碳氮元素变化研究

传统沼气工程的气肥联产工艺中,厌氧发酵产气与好氧发酵产肥互相独立,产气和产肥周期均较长、有机肥品质差,影响工程的高效运行。为缩短发酵周期、提高产气效率和有机肥品质,该研究将猪粪、鸡粪和秸秆混合进行15和30 d的干法厌氧发酵,将得到的沼渣添加秸秆辅料混合,分别设置65%和70%的发酵物料初始含水率进行15 d的高温好氧发酵,对比分析了不同厌氧-好氧发酵组合对产气和产肥的影响。结果表明:厌氧发酵阶段,混合物料的日产气率自发酵开始后逐渐上升,并在第8天达到最高峰,至第15天降至峰值的50%以下,此时累积产气量达到30 d发酵周期的71%,平均容积产气率达到1.91 m~3/(m~3?d),比发酵30 d平均容积产气率高41.5%。好氧发酵阶段,各处理组碳元素含量持续下降,氮元素含量先下降后增加,所得发酵产物均达到腐熟标准。采用15 d厌氧发酵所获得的沼渣进行好氧发酵,所得发酵产物的电导率、腐殖化程度和发芽指数均优于采用30 d厌氧发酵所获得的沼渣进行好氧发酵所得的发酵产物,同时总有机碳和总氮含量也较其分别提高了6.0%～21.7%和3.0%～10.2%,不同好氧发酵物料初始含水率对发酵产物的品质影响较不明显。因此,采用厌氧、好氧发酵周期均为15 d的组合,可缩短发酵周期、大幅提高产气效率和发酵产物的碳氮营养元素含量,有利于提高沼气工程运行效率和经济效益。     

覆膜槽沼气规模化干法发酵技术与装备研究

研制了以覆膜槽生物反应器(MCT)为核心的沼气规模化干法发酵系统。该系统采用"软管充气膨胀压力密封联接装置",实现了反应器厌氧―好氧状态的快捷转换,解决了大规模快速进出料的问题,并可直观判断反应器中沼气的存留量,操作简便、安全;利用固态有机物料好氧发酵产生的生物能获得中温厌氧发酵所需温度,并辅以高效的保温措施,无需外加热源,即可维持厌氧发酵的中温(35～42℃)运行;采用单元化设计,通过增减启动厌氧反应器的数量,可满足不同用气量的要求。建设了生物反应器容积为180 m3的沼气干法发酵中试工程。该中试工程容积产气率为0.598 m3/(m3.d),沼气甲烷含量55%～60%。     

立式连续干发酵装置的设计与产气特性

该研究设计的立式连续干发酵装置的几点特色包括搅拌升温调节罐、多点分布式进料、立式连续干发酵反应器和熟料回流混合过程,形成一种高固体浓度有机废弃物制取生物燃气的工艺方法及其发酵系统,可实现沼气工程的快速启动、厌氧发酵罐内无需搅拌、且节能,节水,减少沼液沼渣的排放量,保护环境,降低成本。采用上述设计的反应器进行发酵试验,研究熟料回流对产气特性的影响得出,应用回流的各组挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fatty acids,VFA)都有所降低,且回流比为1:7的VFA含量最低,氨氮没有累积,C/N接近25,产气效果最好。回流比1:9组,VFA含量累积最高,同时出现氨氮抑制产气的现象,所以得出熟料回流量过多,厌氧发酵系统就会受到抑制,且熟料回流对沼气中甲烷含量没有显著影响。     

农村户用厕污堆肥反应器设计与试验

针对农村户用厕所环境条件差、厕污处理困难等问题,该研究研制了一种具有负压抽吸进料-螺旋盘管曝气-膜辅助加热功能的110 L农村户用厕污堆肥反应器。根据工程热力学和生物学原理,设计了厕污负压抽吸进料机构、螺旋盘管曝气系统和膜辅助加热机构等关键部件,集成反应器控制单元,并开展反应器性能试验。试验结果表明:堆肥高温期(50℃)维持5d,连续发酵15d后,蛔虫卵死亡率达到100%,大肠菌值检测为46个/g(≤100个/g),种子发芽指数为88.4%,满足《粪便无害化卫生标准》要求。该研究可为农村户用厕污无害化处理及肥料化利用提供装备支撑。     

秸秆厌氧发酵改性制备成型燃料试验

针对秸秆压缩成型存在设备磨损严重和厌氧发酵面临的抗生物降解屏障,提出了一种秸秆厌氧发酵改性制备成型燃料的思路并进行了试验研究。以玉米秸秆为原料,在总固体质量分数12%和中温38℃下对原料分别进行为期10和20 d的厌氧发酵,发酵后的沼渣经粉碎和干燥后于100℃、6 MPa条件下压缩成直径10 mm的颗粒燃料。试验结果表明：经过10和20 d的发酵,玉米秸秆所含能量仅有14.49%和32.01%转移到沼气中;沼渣弹筒发热量分别达到18.01和18.05 MJ/kg,高于原料的17.02 MJ/kg;沼渣挥发物质质量分数为74.08%和72.63%,比原料的81.02%分别下降了8.6%和10.4%;沼渣木质素质量分数为16.98%和17.92%,比原料的13.65%分别增加了24.4%和31.3%;沼渣苯醇抽提物质量分数为5.66%和4.86%,比原料的7.52%分别降低了24.7%和35.4%。成型试验结果表明：沼渣制成的成型燃料松弛密度分别为1.041 g/cm3和1.150 g/cm3,比未发酵秸秆的1.019 g/cm3分别提高了2.2%和12.86%。厌氧发酵改性有助于提高秸秆成型性能、制粒达到相同松弛密度所需的压力较小,有助于降低成型过程设备磨损,且基于上述思路形成的气固二元燃料生产工艺,使秸秆的转化利用不再受制于抗降解屏障,值得深入研究。     

柔性膜覆盖车库式厌氧干法发酵系统结构设计与应用

针对目前厌氧发酵中沼液沼渣量大难处理、原料预处理难、耗水量大、原料适应性差等问题,导致沼气工程运行成本高、效率低、劳动强度大、费工费时,该文设计一种柔性膜覆盖车库式厌氧干法发酵系统,可适用于多元有机物料混合厌氧发酵。该系统是将国外车库式干发酵技术和国内柔性膜覆盖技术耦合研制而成,根据厌氧干发酵生产工艺要求,确定了该发酵系统关键结构参数和运行工作参数,进行了干发酵库体的结构设计、冬季发酵增温系统设计、喷淋强化传质传热系统设计与试验。通过生产应用表明:干发酵库体的结构设计合理,增温系统设计能够满足干发酵工程冬季增温工艺要求,喷淋系统能够达到传质传热目的,发酵系统运行状况良好,产气率为0.81 m~3/(m~3·d),CH_4体积分数为67%,原料降解率为48%,该发酵系统运行稳定、可靠,大大提升了处理农村有机废弃物的能力,促进了厌氧干发酵技术的持续、健康、快速发展。     

基于微好氧同步预升温的序批式厌氧干发酵特性

序批式厌氧干发酵是规模化处理农业农村废弃物生产清洁能源的重要技术,存在物料分解速率低、运行能耗高、传质传热不均匀等突出问题,制约甲烷产率的提高。该研究通过调节发酵初期反应器溶氧浓度,建立微好氧同步预升温高效序批式厌氧干发酵体系,进一步研究微好氧状态下物料自升温、分解、中间产物性质,以及关键微生物群落对促进物料升温及甲烷生产的作用机制。结果表明:微好氧环境使物料升温速率提高27.12%,产甲烷过程不依靠外源加热温度仍可保持在42.48℃以上。发酵初始阶段的少量曝气使厌氧发酵过程中间产物转化效率显著提升(P0.05),特别是丙酸积累含量下降了82.63%,累积沼气和甲烷产量分别提高了56.76%和41.79%。细菌Bacteroidales、Clostridiales和古菌Methanosarcina、Methanobacterium有利于促进微好氧同步预升温和甲烷生产效率提升,并与降解率和有机酸浓度具有显著的相关性。该研究可为探索序批式厌氧干发酵实际工程高效调控工艺提供理论基础。     

北京大中型沼气工程冬季运行状况及发酵前后物料理化生物特性

为了解北京市大中型沼气工程冬季运行情况及发酵剩余物理化特性,该文实地调查了北京市29座沼气工程冬季运行情况,以调研问卷的形式了解沼气工程运行状况,并采样分析了发酵原料、沼渣和沼液样品的养分含量、粪大肠菌群数、铜、锌、砷、铅等指标。结果表明:北京29座冬季运行的沼气工程中主要以畜禽粪便为原料,其中有20座沼气工程采用猪粪进行厌氧发酵,厌氧消化反应器类型主要是全混式厌氧反应器和升流式厌氧固体反应器,沼气以供周边农户使用为主,沼渣和沼液以农田利用为主,从区域沼气工程运行状况来看,房山区的沼气工程运行状况相对较好,大兴区和顺义区的沼气工程运行状况参差不齐;所调研沼气工程沼渣和沼液的pH值适宜向农田施用,沼渣的EC值相对原料平均下降了56.97%,沼渣有机质和可挥发性固体的质量分数相对原料分别降低了20.99%和27.93%,沼渣的养分质量分数较高,沼液的养分质量浓度较低,沼渣中的粪大肠菌群数和沼液的化学需氧量、粪大肠菌群数整体偏高,有6座沼气工程的砷含量较高。调查结果可为北京市沼气工程冬季运行效果及沼渣沼液资源化利用提供基础数据,促进北京市沼气工程的可持续发展,提高生态和经济效益。     

猪、牛粪厌氧发酵中氮素形态转化及其在沼液和沼渣中的分布

了解厌氧发酵过程中畜禽粪便氮素的形态转化及其在沼液和沼渣中的分布,是沼液和沼渣有效处理及合理利用的理论基础和前提条件。该研究以猪粪和牛粪为原料,在中温((37±2)℃)条件下采用连续搅拌反应器进行厌氧发酵,分析此过程中氮素形态转化及在固相和液相的分配。研究结果表明:厌氧发酵130d后,猪粪和牛粪氮素损失率分别为12.2%和11.5%。猪粪和牛粪沼渣(即出料的固体与残留在反应器内固体的总和)中的氮量分别为进料总氮量的61.9%和72.7%。发酵后的出料中,猪粪的氮量在液相中增加了约10.7%,在固相中降低了约28.0%;而牛粪的氮量在液相中降低了约8.7%,在固相中增加了约2.8%。猪粪和牛粪发酵出料中NH4+-N质量的增幅分别达162.2%和90.0%,占总氮量的43.3%和30.5%;而NO3--N质量分别降低了约50.0%和45.2%,不足总氮量的1%。猪粪发酵后残留在反应器中的沼渣干质量远大于牛粪,运行过程中需定期排渣。     

以沼渣为原料固态发酵生产Bt生物农药

沼渣是沼气工程中产生的副产物,由于其富含营养物质及微量元素,而广泛应用于农业,畜牧业,养殖业等方面。Bt生物农药是一类具有选择性和高效性的杀虫剂,但是由于其原料的成本较高从而限制了生物农药的发展,而沼渣中富含微生物所需要的各种养分并且价格低廉,因此该文以生产沼气后的沼渣为资源,运用固态发酵,探索了利用沼渣制备苏云金杆菌生物农药的可行性。首先对沼渣营养成分进行了分析,分析表明其营养物质丰富,适合苏云金芽孢杆菌的生长与增殖。其次对菌种的沼渣培养基进行了优化,优化后的培养基质量分数为：50%的沼渣添加35%啤酒糟,10%玉米粉,5%豆饼粉,并与常规培养基和单纯沼渣的发酵进程进行了对比。在优化培养基条件下,发酵48 h后,芽孢数达到5.23×1010 CFU/g,毒力效价为16 100 IU/mg。在传统培养基中芽孢数2.55×1010 CFU/g,毒力效价12 500 IU/mg,而在单纯沼渣中Bt产量及毒性为1.74×108 CFU/g,6000 IU/mg。采用沼渣发酵制备Bt生物农药与传统培养基比较,降低了36.3%的生产成本,且发酵性能优良,也为沼渣的利用寻找到崭新的途径。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.