宁夏主要果树花器官及幼果霜冻临界温度比较研究

以宁夏主要果树苹果、梨、杏、李子不同花器官及幼果为试材,利用能够准确模拟霜冻降温过程的模拟霜箱,研究其花期及幼果期过冷却点和结冰点,比较不同果树及同一果树不同器官抗寒性及受霜冻的临界温度,为果园霜冻监测、预报预警及霜冻防御提供参考。结果表明:苹果、李子幼果的抗寒性明显差于花器官。苹果开花期各器官的抗寒性从强到弱为子房花蕾;李子花器官(花蕾、子房)之间抗寒性差异不大,明显强于叶片和幼果;梨和杏各主要器官抗寒性从强到弱为花蕾幼果子房。宁夏苹果、梨、杏和李子蕾期和花期若遇低于-5.2℃的低温将可能全部受冻,幼果遇低于-4.4℃的低温,则幼果将全部受冻。3个品种的李子花器官抗寒性从强到弱为‘红美丽’‘尤萨’‘龙园秋李’;幼果抗寒性从强到弱为‘龙园秋李’‘红美丽’‘尤萨’。2个杏品种在花期‘金太阳’比‘李梅杏’的耐冻性强,幼果期‘金太阳’的耐冻性弱于‘李梅杏’。     

冬季低温对梨树花芽冻害的影响

为探索低温天气对梨树花芽冻害的影响,以目前生产上主栽梨品种‘丰水’‘新梨7号’‘黄金’‘翠冠’为试材,对遭受冻害的花芽进行了形态调查,并对不同品种枝条木质部汁液山梨醇含量进行了测定,以期为梨树生产提供参考依据。结果表明:在-15℃左右的低温条件下,不同梨品种的花芽冻害程度存在明显差异,4个梨品种中花芽冻害最轻的为‘黄金’,花芽冻害率在10%左右,‘丰水’花芽受冻最为严重,其冻害率为75%左右,腋花芽受冻率高于短果枝花芽;4个梨品种枝条山梨醇含量测定结果表明,随着休眠的推移,山梨醇含量逐渐增高,不同品种含量从高到低顺序为‘黄金’‘翠冠’‘新梨7号’‘丰水’,以上结果表明,梨树枝条木质部汁液山梨醇代谢与品种花芽冻害存在一定的相关性,枝条山梨醇的积累有利于梨树花芽抗寒性提高。     

2022年宁夏中宁桃春季晚霜冻灾害调查分析

为探究春季晚霜冻害对中宁桃的为害状况，以2022年4-5月最严重的一次霜冻灾害天气为例，采用实地调查的方式，分析不同桃品种及产量的霜冻灾害。结果表明，在调查的5个桃品种中，均发生不同程度冻害，冻害总面积达11.0 hm2，占当年桃栽培面积的59.5%。不同地形桃冻害表现不同，洼地受冻严重，高地受冻较轻。不同品种桃受冻程度差异显著，油桃品种‘瑞油蟠2号’和毛桃品种‘曹毛’受冻最严重，华玉受霜冻影响较小。此次霜冻灾害调查对本地桃园布局、育种栽培和监测预防春季晚霜冻具有一定指导意义。     

施用酵素菌生物有机肥对‘寒富’苹果花芽冻害的影响

<正>2010年春,辽宁省各地‘寒富’苹果树遭受严重的冻害。据辽宁省果树所调查,台安‘寒富’苹果顶花芽冻害率达90%左右,大石桥‘寒富’苹果顶花芽冻害率40%～70%,庄河、东港‘寒富’苹果顶花芽冻害率40%左右。受冻花器畸形,花芽分化不完全,局部变褐,受冻严重的整个顶花芽死亡;叶芽受冻后,生长点先变褐,然后叶原始体逐渐变褐,严重的整个叶芽死亡。     

果树冻害调查初报

2002年4月24日夜，山东大部分地区遭受不同程度的低温冻害，此次冻害主要是由于降温前持续几天高温，果树物候期提前，而随后又连续几次强降温造成的，调查发展葡萄的初现花序受冻最重，其次是核果类幼果，苹果，梨的幼果受冻较轻。     

PBO在果树上的防冻效果

近几年,由于气候变暖,物候期提前,晚霜、寒流袭击频繁,致使多种果树遭受低温伤害或冻害,给生产带来不同程度的损失,轻者欠收,重者绝产.如2000年西北黄土高原果区4月上旬寒流最低温度-4.7℃,使苹果中心花受冻80%左右,边花20%左右,许多果园几乎减产50%～60%.2002年4月24日,山东果区遭受几十年来没有的大冻害,最低温度达-3.7℃,苹果遭受很大损失,当时,正值幼果期(直径1cm左右).据烟台地区统计,苹果产量损失价值达52亿元,离海越远,蒙受损失越大.我们调查了日照、海阳、平度、莱州、莱西等地,有些存留在树上的幼果,有的心室里种子已受冻变褐,这种幼果肯定将长成畸形果;还有的幼果受冻在果面上形成霜环,都不同程度地影响果品质量.     

苹果花期冻害的发生原因及防预措施

苹果花期及幼果期花果抗寒力弱,容易发生冻害。经过多年对陇东地区花期冻害现象进行观察,分析影响冻害发生轻重的因素,并探索有效的防治措施,以供生产者参考,防止苹果花期受冻。     

灵宝果树冻害调查及补救措施

正2018年4月5—7日,三门峡市灵宝地区出现强降温天气,三天中最低温度发生在7日早上4:00—7:00,温度达到-1.4℃,对果树造成不同程度的影响,特别是低洼地区受冻严重。此次冻害涉及树种有苹果、梨、葡萄、杏、樱桃等(图1~图4),其中梨、杏、桃、樱桃幼果受冻害严重,幼果呈褐色,最后萎缩、脱落;苹果正值开花期,受冻的花蕾剥离后,柱头呈黑褐色,直接影响坐果,给果树生产带来重大损失。     

杏及大樱桃花器官冻害调查

1　冻害的发生与调查　 2 0 0 1年 3月上旬山东中部山区气温及地温持续上升 ,泰安地区的杏等果树正进入盛花期。 3月 2 7日我国北方地区气温骤降 ,3月 2 8日凌晨气温降至 - 2～ - 8℃。作者于 2 0 0 1年 3月 2 9日～ 4月 3日在山东省杏及大樱桃主产区进行冻害调查 ,每品种随机调查 2 0 0～ 30 0朵花 ,凡雌蕊变褐或发黑的视为受冻花 ,雌蕊颜色正常的为未发生冻害。2　不同发育时期杏花芽的冻害程度　调查中发现 ,春大棚栽培的‘红丰’杏幼果 (2月 15日扣棚 ,3月13～ 15日为盛花期 ,3月 2 8日凌晨棚内温度为 - 4℃ )全部受冻 (见插页 2图版 ,1…     

苹果花期防冻减灾的方法

苹果花期冻害症状：苹果花蕾期和花期受冻，由于雌蕊耐寒性差，冻害轻时，雌蕊和花托被冻死，而花瓣照常开放，只开花不坐果。冻害较重时，雄蕊柱头枯黄、萎蔫，花柄由绿变黄脱落。幼果受冻轻时，果实幼胚变褐，而果实表皮仍保持绿色，以后逐渐脱落。     

‘王林’苹果苦痘病的防治试验

近几年来‘王林’苹果苦痘病的发病率较高,为了探索防治办法,2018—2019年在瓦房店市驼山乡大魏村‘王林’苹果园进行施用“聚能螯合钙+硅”+生物有机肥试验。结果表明:第1年好果率达到90.2%,比对照提高15.0%;第2年分别为96.82%、22.23%。病果的病斑数也明显减少。     

新型农用有机硅喷雾助剂在苹果上的安全性研究

对美国迈图高新材料集团开发的Silwet系列有机硅农用喷雾助剂杰效利、喜施和丝润在不同品种苹果上套袋前单独使用、与不同杀虫剂混用及套袋后单独使用的安全性进行了评价。结果表明:杰效利、喜施和丝润套袋前单独使用对不同品种苹果幼果安全性表现一致,不同参试浓度对"嘎啦"、"乔纳金"幼果均未产生药害,但在苹果"红富士"品种上,500～2 000倍产生药害,且药害程度随用量提高而增加;与48%毒死蜱EC混用及单独喷施毒死蜱,在幼果表面果点处均产生不同程度的药害;套袋后使用有机硅助剂对果实和果袋均无不良影响。     

Reactions of strawberry plants to long-term freezing and alternate freezing and thawing

Summary

The study was conducted in two experiments, one examining the effects of alternate freezing and thawing at –12?C for 2 h and +6#x02DA;C for 24 h, and the other examining the effects of permanent freezing for 1 or 15 d at+12?C. In both experiments the plants were grown in the pre-fruiting period at a coastal or a continental location in Norway. The freezing injury increased the higher the stress, indicated by reduced growth, fruit size and yield.It was shown that ‘Korona’ was the most hardy cultivar at a short period of freezing stress and at alternate freezing and thawing, while ‘Senga Sengana’ was more freezing tolerant at long-term permanent freezing than ‘Bounty’ and ‘Korona.’ In general the results indicate that the plants induce freezing tolerance according to some factor of origin, since plants grown in the continental climate were better able to survive long-termpermanent freezing than plants grown in a coastal climate, and plants grown in a coastal climate were better able to survive alternate freezing and thawing than plants grown in a continental climate.     

外源钙对低温胁迫下苹果花器官生理指标的影响

以二十年生苹果品种"红富士"为试材,采用人工气候室模拟低温冻害的方法,研究不同外源钙不同浓度对苹果花器官丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响,并用隶属函数法进行抗寒性综合评价。结果表明:低温胁迫下不同外源钙各浓度处理MDA含量较对照降低了10.7%~53.6%,且均呈极显著差异;不同外源钙除28 mmol·L^-1 CaCO₃处理外各浓度处理均提高了SOD活性,除14 mmol·L^-1Ca(NO₃)₂处理外均与对照呈极显著差异;不同外源钙各浓度处理均提高了POD活性,除14、28 mmol·L^-1Ca(NO₃)₂处理外均与对照呈极显著差异;不同外源钙各浓度处理CAT活性较对照提高了8.7%~22.7%,且均与对照呈极显著差异。综上所述,丙二醛含量、过氧化氢酶活性、过氧化物酶活性和超氧化物歧化酶活性4个生理指标可作为苹果抗寒性的鉴定指标。通过隶属函数值分析表明21 mmol·L^-1CaCl₂处理后的苹果花器官抗寒性效果最佳。     

‘寒富’苹果枝条低温适应性研究

以‘寒富’苹果及其亲本系‘东光’、‘富士’为试材,对人工低温胁迫下枝条电导率进行了研究。结果表明:3个苹果品种枝条的电导率随温度的降低而升高,但品种之间差异不明显。结合Logistic方程计算出的‘寒富’、‘东光’、‘富士’的低温半致死温度分别为-43.3、-45.3、-37.5℃。通过对3个苹果品种枝条电导率的比较表明,‘东光’苹果低温适应性最强,‘富士’苹果对低温适应能力最弱,‘寒富’苹果居中。     

‘长富2号’苹果果实类黄酮组成和含量研究

采用反相高效液相色谱法对‘长富2号’苹果果皮和果肉中的类黄酮进行了测定,并对6个产地‘长富2号’苹果的类黄酮组成与含量进行了比较研究。结果表明:果皮含4类16种类黄酮,总含量810.12～1304.59mg·kg-(1黄酮醇占58.3%～73.1%);果肉含3类11种类黄酮,总含量79.87～124.88mg·kg-1(黄烷醇占67.5%～85.5%);果肉中各种类黄酮含量均很低,特别是黄酮醇,含量仅为果皮的0.1%～3.1%;6个产地‘长富2号’苹果所含类黄酮种类完全相同,产地间果皮黄酮醇液相色谱指纹图谱相似度高达0.922～0.990;不同产地间类黄酮含量多有明显差异(P0.05),陕西白水样品果皮中类黄酮含量最高而果肉中最低,河北昌黎样品果皮类黄酮含量最低,山东牟平样品果肉类黄酮含量最高;平均单果含类黄酮35.14mg,其中,果皮类黄酮占41.3%,果肉类黄酮占58.7%。     

苹果3个早熟品种果实发育后期硬度及其相关生理指标的初步研究

 以‘泰山早霞’、‘极早红’和‘辽伏’3个早熟苹果品种为试材,研究果实发育期间果实硬度、细胞壁水解酶及淀粉酶活性、乙烯释放量的变化,旨在为探讨果实软化机理提供基本资料,并为早熟苹果品种软化的调控奠定基础。结果表明：① 3个参试品种果实发育过程中果实硬度基本均呈下降趋势,但品种间下降的幅度存在明显差异,其中‘辽伏’花后75 d硬度的下降幅度为35%,‘泰山早霞’50%,‘极早红’53%;② 3个品种果胶甲酯酶（PE）和淀粉酶（Amylase）活性差异不明显,‘泰山早霞’、‘极早红’的多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG）、纤维素酶（Cx）活性明显高于‘辽伏’,3个品种PG酶、Cx酶活性变化与其果实硬度变化呈显著负相关;③ 3个参试早熟苹果品种果实发育过程中,乙烯释放量与PG酶、Cx酶活性呈显著正相关。     

Multi Criteria Assessment of Zero Residue Apple Production

During the 2008–2010 growing seasons, an alternative ‘zero residue apple production system’ was compared with integrated apple production with cvs ‘Idared’, ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Gala’ in commercial orchards at several locations throughout Slovenia, using data envelopment analysis (DEA), and multi criteria assessment by an analytical hierarchical process (AHP). The principle of the ‘zero residue apple production’ is a combination of integrated (IP) and organic apple production. During the first 3 months of the growing season (1 April–30 June), pesticides used in IP with rapid degradation (8–10 applications) were used to control pests and diseases. During the second part of the season from 1 July to harvest, organic products (6–12 applications) were employed compared with 19–25 applications overall in IP. The goal of the alternative system was to reduce the amount of applied conventional pesticides by 40 % and to minimize pesticide residues in fruits to below the limit of 0.5 % of the legal maximum residue level (MRL) or below the residue concentrations of 0.005–0.01 mg/kg and to retain the high long-term level of yield, fruit quality, and net income per hectare. The number of pesticide residues was reduced from 4.2–5.5 in IP to 1.8–3.4 in zero residue cultivation, while 3 year average yields (class 1 fruit) were 4–9 % lower than in IP. The break even prices ranged from € 0.31 for Idared in IP, € 0.34 for ‘Elstar’ of both production systems to € 0.35/kg for zero residue cultivated ‘Golden Delicious’. Overall, a price increase of just € 0.02/kg for residue free apples would make this new ‘zero residue apple production’ profitable then representing a realistic alternative to the standard integrated apple production system.     

几种果实不同部位呼吸量的初步研究

 分别对苹果、梨、桃、柿、葡萄等果实进行了不同部位呼吸量的研究。结果表明, 红星苹果和鸭梨果皮部分呼吸量分别占果实总体呼吸量的90%左右, 果梗和果萼部位所占的比例相当; 北京14号桃果皮部分呼吸量占果实呼吸总量的95%左右, 果梗部分呼吸量占5%左右; 巨峰葡萄果皮部分呼吸量占70%左右, 果梗部分占30%左右; 而磨盘柿果皮部分呼吸量只占30%左右, 果蒂部分占70%左右。可见仁果和核果类果皮部分为呼吸的主要通道; 浆果类中巨峰葡萄果皮与果梗部分的呼吸通道比例大致为7∶3;而柿果蒂部分为果实呼吸的主要通道, 占到果实总呼吸量的70%左右。     

Beschreibung des Feuerbrandbefalls am Institut für Obstzüchtung in Dresden-Pillnitz im Jahr 2003

The orchard of the Institute of Fruit Breeding of the German Federal Centre of Breeding Research on Cultivated Plants in Dresden-Pillnitz was highly affected by fire blight in 2003. Infected pomefruit trees were observed over a period of nearly 3 months. The first symptoms on pear trees were found on May 19th. The pathogen Erwinia amylovora was confirmed officially on May 26, and the last infected apple trees were detected the 11th of August. The infected trees had to be grubbed at the decision of the Phytopathological Authority. In total, 1164 apple and 478 pear trees were grubbed, including the entire pear collection of the gene bank. Of 35 wild species of pear, 49 accessions, eight accessions of six species each, showed infections. The apple collection of the gene bank included 33 wild species, with 365 accessions, and 845 cultivars and clones. Ten accessions of nine wild apple species and 81 cultivars/clones of these collections showed fire blight infection. The source of infection was the pear collection, and the distance from that source was important for the occurrence of infection. Field plots close to the pear collection had tree losses of 10–34%, while more distant plots had losses of 0–6%. Around 80% of the lost apple trees were detected and grubbed from 27th May to 11th June. Some of the cultivars bred in Dresden-Pillnitz, e.g. ‘Pilot’ and ‘Rekarda’, were affected by fire blight in most field plots, whereas most others were affected mainly only in plots adjacent to the infection source. A correlation of r=?0.72 could be calculated for rating in artificial shoot inoculations and percentage of trees of resistant cultivars lost. The cultivars ‘Pirol’, ‘Reanda’, ‘Remo’, ‘Rene’, ‘Renora’, ‘Resi’, and ‘Retina’ showed only a very low numbers of infected trees. No tree of ‘Rewena’ showed symptoms of fire blight. Despite a tendency to postblooming, only 8.9% of ‘Pinova’ trees had to be grubbed.