浸渍后处理及干燥处理对木材树脂浸渍改性效果的影响

【目的】探讨不同浸渍后处理方式和干燥方式对MUF树脂浸渍材增重率和尺寸稳定性的影响,为树脂浸渍改性技术提供参考和借鉴。【方法】利用5%、10%、15%和25%浓度的MUF树脂真空加压浸渍毛白杨木材,每种浓度树脂浸渍后试样首先分别进行4种方式浸渍后处理(气干处理7天、高湿度环境中平衡处理7天、树脂溶液中平衡处理7天以及不进行气干或平衡处理),然后分别利用2种干燥方式(直接干燥和湿干燥)进行干燥处理,干燥处理后测量不同处理条件下树脂浸渍材的增重率和容胀率,最后将素材和树脂浸渍材置于蒸馏水中常压浸渍14天,测试树脂浸渍材的抗胀率和径弦向差异湿胀程度。【结果】木材增重率与树脂浓度呈正相关关系,4种浓度树脂浸渍后试样增重率分别为9.7%、19.1%、28.4%和50.0%;不同浸渍后处理试样间的增重率差别不大;相同浸渍后处理条件下,直接干燥试样的增重率略低于湿干燥试样的增重率。树脂浸渍后,置于高湿度环境或树脂溶液中处理的试样,细胞壁容胀率较高;相同浸渍后处理条件下(除气干处理外),直接干燥试样的细胞壁容胀率低于湿干燥试样的细胞壁容胀率。树脂浸渍材抗胀率的变化规律与其细胞壁容胀率的变化规律基本一致。随着增重率增加,树脂浸渍材的径弦向湿胀率均降低,而其径弦向差异湿胀程度呈增加趋势,低增重率时试样的径弦向差异湿胀程度低于素材,而增重率超过30%左右时试样的径弦向差异湿胀程度高于素材。【结论】1)相同浓度树脂浸渍条件下,干燥方式对增重率的影响大于浸渍后处理方式,湿干燥处理有利于树脂在木材内部良好固着,从而获得更高的增重率;2)细胞壁容胀率受浸渍后处理方式和干燥方式二者的共同影响,置于高湿度环境或树脂溶液中的浸渍后处理有利于树脂继续扩散到木材细胞壁,湿干燥处理有利于树脂进一步扩散到木材细胞壁中并良好固着,从而对细胞壁产生更好的容胀效应;3)树脂浸渍材的抗胀率与细胞壁容胀率密切相关,树脂对细胞壁的容胀是树脂浸渍材尺寸稳定性提高的前提;4)树脂浸渍材的径弦向差异湿胀程度随增重率增加而有所增加。     

三聚氰胺脲醛树脂复配硼化物改性杨木的性能

采用硼酸、硼砂混合液,三聚氰胺脲醛(MUF)树脂及MUF树脂与硼酸、硼砂的复配改性剂处理人工林杨木,并对处理材的各项性能进行评价.结果表明:MUF树脂和MUF树脂复配硼化物的处理,均可显著降低木材的吸湿率,提高抗胀率、弹性模量和抗弯强度;3种改性材的氧指数均提高,点燃时间延迟,热释放速率、总热释放量、总烟释放量及CO产率均降低.以MUF树脂复配硼化物处理杨木的效果最优,杨木各项性能可全面改善.     

超声波辅助纳米Ag/TiO_2浸渍木材的化学改性与微观构造表征

【目的】采用超声波辅助浸渍制备纳米Ag/TiO_2木基复合材料,分析其化学结构与微观构造,为防霉抗菌型纳米木基复合材料研发提供理论依据。【方法】以樟子松为原料,以纳米Ag/TiO_2为主要试剂,以六偏磷酸钠和KH560为分散剂,采用超声波辅助浸渍制备纳米Ag/TiO_2木基复合材料,分析超声功率、超声时间和纳米Ag/TiO_2浓度对木材载药量和抗流失性能的影响,以及浸渍前后木材的微观构造、轴向分布、化学结构、结晶度和热稳定性。【结果】1)随着超声功率增加,木材载药量呈先升高后降低的趋势,在功率为75 W时达到峰值,载药量较常压浸渍提高31.5%,抗流失率随着超声功率增加持续提高,在功率为300 W时,抗流失率较常压浸渍提高7%;2)超声时间对载药量的影响不大,对抗流失率的影响呈先升高后降低的趋势,在超声时间为30 min时抗流失率达到峰值77.73%;3)随着纳米Ag/TiO_2浓度增加,载药量持续上升,浓度为2.0%时载药量为3.363 kg·m-3,抗流失率则持续下降,浓度为0.5%时抗流失率为78.33%;4)超声波辅助浸渍处理后,纳米Ag/TiO_2成功进入木材内部并附着在细胞壁上,团聚现象减少,分散性显著增强,浸渍深度加深;5)纳米TiO_2与木材表面的羟基发生氢键缔合反应,偶联剂KH560不仅枝接在TiO_2上,而且与木材纤维素中的羟基发生反应;6)纳米Ag/TiO_2木基复合材料出现锐钛矿型纳米TiO_2特征峰,在超声波作用下,纤维表面生长疲劳裂纹,木材纤维素结晶度略有下降;7)纳米Ag/TiO_2使纳米Ag/TiO_2木基复合材料热稳定性增强,最大降解温度升高11.8℃。【结论】1)超声波辅助处理可提高木材的载药量和抗流失率,超声功率对抗流失率影响显著;2)纳米Ag/TiO_2成功进入木材细胞腔并附着于细胞壁上,部分与木材纤维素羟基发生反应;3)纳米Ag/TiO_2木基复合材料较素材热稳定性能提高。     

柚木苯醇抽提物对西南桦木材MUF胶合效果的影响

经柚木苯醇抽提物液作木材表面处理的西南桦木材试件的MUF胶合效果的试验结果表明:积聚在其木材表面的柚木木材苯醇抽提物(LEBAT)妨碍了MUF对被胶合材表面的润湿性和物理渗透性,从而影响了被胶合材与MUF胶合层胶钉的机械结合效应的形成,降低了被胶合材的胶合效果;但LEBAT并不影响被胶合材与MUF化学结合中的胶合效应。故为获得柚木木材满意的胶合效果,应采取避免柚木木材苯醇抽提物在其木材表面积聚的措施。     

异氰酸酯浓度对杨木强化材TVOC释放影响研究

本文利用丙酮将异氰酸酯树脂分别稀释至质量浓度为25%、33%、40%、50%和67%,经真空-加压浸渍处理方法将其浸注到杨木素板中,80℃热固化8 h后得到具有不同增重率的杨木处理材。利用小舱体采集试件释放的挥发性有机化合物(VOC),并使用气相色谱质谱联用仪对样本气体进行定性和定量分析,进而探讨异氰酸酯处理杨木增重材TVOC的释放特性。结果显示:树脂质量浓度显著地影响杨木处理材TVOC的释放,且随着树脂质量浓度的增大,处理材在第1天、第7天和第28天的TVOC都呈现了先上升而后下降的趋势;最佳的异氰酸酯质量浓度应该在质量浓度低于50%范围内寻找。     

负氧离子胶合板制备与性能分析

电气石粉具有改善空气中的负氧离子含量的作用,以改性电气石粉作为功能材料,通过改变改性电气石粉在胶黏剂中的添加量,制备三层胶合板。对制成的板材进行物理力学性能检测与分析,结果表明:负氧离子释放量随着电气石粉添加量的增加而增大,从未添加的36个/cm~3增大到添加5%~7%改性电气石的425~570个/cm~3,提高了12~16倍,且持续60 d负氧离子含量恒定;甲醛释放量随着电气石粉的增加而减少,从未添加的1.17 mg/L降到添加5%~7%改性电气石的0.17~0.11 mg/L;胶合强度随着电气石粉添加量的增加而减小,从未添加的0.918 MPa减小到添加5%~7%改性电气石的0.858~0.837 MPa。     

地榆多酚处理杨木防腐性能研究

以地榆根为原料,在传统工艺基础上借助超声波技术提取地榆多酚,对杨木进行浸渍处理,处理浓度分别为1%、3%、5%。用白腐菌(彩绒革盖菌)和褐腐菌(密粘褶菌)对木块进行12周的腐朽处理,计算试件失重率,并用扫描电子显微镜表征。结果表明:未处理材在白腐菌和褐腐菌侵蚀后的平均失重率分别为21.38%和41.62%,而地榆多酚提取液浸渍处理材在同样条件下的平均失重率分别为4.49%和9.93%,表明地榆多酚对木材具有较明显的防腐效果。当地榆多酚提取液浸渍浓度为5%时,处理材对褐腐菌的抵抗作用较强。本研究可以为利用天然植物提取物改善木材耐腐性能提供理论基础。     

糠醇浸渍速生人工林木材的干燥特性研究

木材浸渍改性商业应用的主要技术难点之一是二次干燥速度慢、易开裂、易变形。本文以杨木和杉木为研究对象,使用浓度为30%和50%的糠醇水溶液对其进行浸渍改性,再以百度干燥法分析糠醇浸渍材的干燥特性,辅以干缩试验和剖面密度(VDP)试验探究干燥缺陷成因。结果表明：50%浓度浸渍材的干燥缺陷等级均大于30%浓度浸渍材,杨木浸渍材的等级均高于杉木浸渍材;杉木30%和50%浓度浸渍材百度干燥平均时间分别为24 h和29 h,而杨木30%和50%浓度浸渍材分别为20 h和30 h。浸渍材不同位置的干缩系数存在显著差异,浸渍后密度分布更加不均匀。杉木和杨木糠醇浸渍材二次干燥困难的主要原因为固化的糠醇堵塞了水分内部迁移通道,从而使干燥速度降低;糠醇分布不均匀导致干缩系数差异进一步加大,处理材易开裂、易变形。     

无机硼处理木材的硼流失性能

依据美国AWPA E11-06标准,测定不同配方和处理方法下,含硼防腐剂处理材的硼流失率。结果表明,采用二步法处理木材,能有效降低硼的流失率;经硼砂与氯化钙处理后,试材的硼流失率最低可降至39.6%。而常规的一步法处理工艺,均不能有效降低处理材的硼流失率。     

思茅松3种密实化改性材物理性质比较

密实化是提升低密度人工林材品质、拓展其用途的重要途径之一。以思茅松为研究对象,在考察水抽提处理对其可浸渍性影响的基础上,分析比较了糠醇化、机械压缩以及两者联合等3种密实化改性方式对其剖面密度、吸湿性、24 h吸水性和吸水厚度膨胀率的影响。结果表明:1)水抽提处理有助于提高思茅松材的可浸渍性,质量增加率可以提高11.35%,而且剖面密度分布存在显著差异;2)浸渍可均匀提高木材厚度上的密度,机械压缩促使思茅松材形成了内高外低的密度分布,联合改性材剖面密度的分布特征类似于压缩密实化材,但内外层间的过渡更为平缓;3)糠醇浸渍可以显著降低木材的吸水性和吸湿性,机械压缩对木材吸湿性的影响不明显,但其吸水率稍高,因糠醇树脂的原因,联合改性材的吸湿吸水性均显著下降;4)糠醇浸渍可以显著降低木材的吸水厚度膨胀率,对压缩密实化材具有较好的定型作用,联合改性材的24 h吸水厚度膨胀率为3.3%,接近于对照材的4.1%,而压缩材为24.7%,糠醇浸渍材只有0.4%。同时,水溶液的酸碱性对木材的吸水行为也有影响。综上,糠醇化与压缩密实化的联合改性非常有潜力用于速生低密度松木材的增值加工,而热水抽提处理可以作为提高松木糠醇浸渍的预处理手段。     

增强-阻燃处理改善柳杉木材的性能研究

采用不同质量分数的低分子量三聚氰胺-脲醛树脂(MUF),及其与硼酸、硼砂复配的改性液,分别对柳杉木材进行浸渍处理。结果表明:树脂溶液和复配改性液均对木材具有良好的渗透性,且木材增重率随改性液质量分数的增大而增加,两种改性液均能有效提高柳杉的物理、力学和阻燃性能。     

多胺基聚合物改性室温固化型MUF树脂胶黏剂

为解决三聚氰胺-尿素-甲醛(MUF)树脂作为室外级结构集成材胶黏剂时存在的脆性大、易开裂的问题,得到韧性优秀且综合性能满足室外级结构集成材标准的室温固化型MUF树脂胶黏剂,本研究在MUF树脂合成中使用两种改性剂尿素-乙二胺(UE)、尿素-三(2-氨基乙基)胺(UD)分别替代部分三聚氰胺合成了 MUF-UE、MUF-UD...     

城市森林空气负氧离子浓度变化规律研究

为探索城市森林环境空气负氧离子水平,2016年9月至2017年8月,采用便携式负离子监测仪对湖南省森林植物园不同林分森林环境空气负氧离子浓度进行了观测,根据获取的资料分析了湖南省森林植物园空气负氧离子的季、月和日变化特征,以及空气负氧离子与气象因子的相关关系。结果表明:湖南省森林植物园负氧离子浓度年平均值为845个·cm^-3;季变化中,其最大值出现在夏季,平均949个·cm^-3,最小值出现在冬季,平均440个·cm^-3;月变化中,其最大值出现在8月,平均1 071个·cm^-3,最小值出现在1月,平均310个·cm^-3;在日变化中,上午06:00—07:00空气负氧离子浓度最高,平均1 600个·cm^-3,中午12:00—13:00最低,平均620个·cm^-3。温度与负氧离子浓度表现出正相关,而湿度与负氧离子浓度表现出负相关。针叶林的空气负氧离子浓度要高于阔叶林。     

Effects of Metal Ions and EDTA on Free Radical Reaction Intermediates of Laccase-catalyzed Oxidation of Wood Powder from Szemao Pine

INTRODUCTIONLaccase (EC 1.10.3.2) is multicopper oxidase catalyzing oxidation of various phenolic compounds, aromatic amines, and even certain inorganic compounds by a one-electron transfer mechanism. The electron withdrawn from the substrates is transferred via four copper atoms to molecular oxygen (Messerschmidt 1997). Laccase is very common in nature, especially in plants and fungi (Gianfreda et al. 1999). Fungal laccases participate in plant pathogenesis, pigment production and ligni…     

Technological properties and fire performance of medium density fibreboard (MDF) treated with selected polyphosphate-based fire retardants

ABSTRACT

The objective of the work was to evaluate the efficacy of two new polyphosphate-based fire retardants (FRs) and one commercial product named Siriono^® on the fire performance and physical–mechanical properties of medium density fibreboard (MDF) fabricated in the laboratory from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood. The fibres were treated with aqueous solutions of fire retardants, at 12% loading (dry salt on dry wood), and bonded with a melamine urea formaldehyde (MUF) adhesive. The physical and mechanical properties of panels were assessed using the European standards, whereas their fire performance was evaluated using an in-house method and the Cone calorimeter. In overall, the chemicals added enhanced the fire and smoke properties of the panels to varying degrees. Critical FR parameters such as peak heat release rate (peak HRR), total heat release (THR) and total smoke production (TSP) were significantly improved in the FR-treated panels, as exhibited in cone calorimeter tests. However, the internal bond strength of treated panels largely decreased by the addition of fire retardants, while thickness swell and water absorption negatively affected to a significant extent. In contrast, the formaldehyde release of the panels was considerably decreased at the E1 class level, with the incorporation of the polyphosphate-based additives.     

Gluability of thermally modified beech (Fagus silvatica L.) and birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) wood

Abstract

One of the main disadvantages of wood is hygroscopicity resulting from its polar character. The sorption–desorption of water causes unwanted swelling and shrinkage in wood. Thermal modification substantially reduces this inconvenient feature. Unfortunately, the same chemical changes that reduce water sorption alter the polar character of the material and result in poorer wetting of thermally treated wood by waterborne adhesives. Gluability of thermally modified beech (Fagus silvatica L.) and birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) wood with two commercial amino resins, melamine–urea–formaldehyde (MUF) and melamine–formaldehyde (MF), and a two-component polyurethane (PUR) adhesive was investigated. Both wood species were modified according to two temperature regimes: 160°C and 190°C. Shear strengths of the joints were then determined according to EN 205:2003 standard. The results showed that thermally modified beech and birch wood can be effectively glued not only with commercially available PUR adhesives, but also with aqueous MF and MUF resins. The resultant shear strengths of the joints were limited by the strength of the thermally modified substrate.     

The fire-retardant properties of the melamine-modified urea–formaldehyde resins mixed with ammonium polyphosphate

Fire retardancy of melamine-modified urea–formaldehyde resin (MUF) containing intumescent fire-retardant ammonium polyphosphate (APP) (MUF/APP) was conducted by cone calorimeter with surface treatment of medium density fiberboard (MDF). The results showed that the six MUF resins synthesized with different F/(M + U) and M/U molar ratios containing APP significantly improved the fire retardancy of the MDF by prolonging ignition time, reducing heat release rate and total heat release, and decreasing mass loss rate. The fire-retardant properties of the six synthesized MUF/APP acted differently even though each MUF resin containing the same mass ratio of APP. The melamine content in the MUF should not be too high, otherwise it would decrease the fire-retardant properties of MUF/APP. Based on this study, the higher the APP amounts, the better the fire-retardant performance of the resin was. The fire retardancy of MUF/APP increased with the increase in the amount of glue that spread on the material surface. However, only the amount of glue spread exceeded 250 g/m², whereas the ability of MUF/APP in inhibiting heat release did not increase significantly any longer.     

热固性树脂真空加压浸注工艺条件的研究

以西南桦和械木为研究对象，探索不同种类的热固性树脂和不同浸注条件与树脂浸入量和改性材尺寸稳定性的关系。研究结果表明，不同树脂，甚至同一树脂对不同树种的木材具有不同的浸注性，其浸入量随加压浸注时间的延长而增加；木材心边材对树脂的接收能力有所不同；木材性能的改善程度因树种和树脂浸入量而异。     

Development of wood and wood ash-based hydroxyapatite composites and their fire-retarding properties

For making efficient use of waste wood ash emitted from wood biomass plant, the wood and wood ash-based hydroxyapatite (HAp) composite was produced and their flammability characterization was studied by thermogravimetric (DTA-TG) analysis, oxygen index (OI) measurement and cone calorimeter test. The results show that the exothermic and weight loss peaks in DTA-TG combustion profiles due to their significant thermal decomposition were weakened by the HAp agent impregnation. In addition, the OI value of HAp composites was increased by the HAp combining and the OI showed a correlation with the HAp contents. Also, the cone calorimeter study revealed that the heat release rates were decreased with increasing amount of HAp injection and accordingly their total heat release has an inverse relationship to the HAp contents. These results indicate that the treatment with wood ash-based HAp agents can enhance the flame retardancy of the treated woods.     

重视蒙古柞在大小兴安岭生态功能区建设中的地位和作用

柞林与各类次生林、人工林平均值相比,其涵养水源功能可达61.5%,回归土壤N、P、K肥,分别多32%、35%、38%,碳汇与释氧功能分别高27.6%和27.8%。以柞林为主的森林公园内,负离子丰富,测定峰值达7 500个/cm2。柞林内食源丰富,是野生动物的首选栖息地。