市售木结构用胶黏剂抗剪性能比较

目前,市面上出现了几种室温固化木结构用胶黏剂,为了验证其性能,选用4种具有代表性的胶黏剂,根据国家标准GB/T 50708-2012《胶合木结构技术规范》之附录A进行胶缝顺纹拉伸剪切试验,测试胶缝的剪切强度,并与热固性酚醛树脂胶黏剂进行对比。结果表明:单组份聚氨酯、间苯二酚-甲醛树脂和聚醋酸乙烯酯-异氰酸酯3种市售木结构用胶黏剂的胶缝常态剪切强度和湿态剪切强度的平均值均达到国家标准要求,与热固性酚醛树脂胶黏剂基本相当,其中间苯二酚-甲醛树脂胶黏剂的剪切强度值最高;市售木结构用双组份聚氨酯胶黏剂,其胶缝常态剪切强度达到国家标准要求,但其湿态剪切强度达不到国家标准要求;胶缝剪切强度与胶缝剪切木破率具有较为明显的正相关性,即木破率越高其胶缝剪切强度值越高。     

不同胶黏剂对俄罗斯落叶松木材胶合性能的影响研究

为验证进口俄罗斯落叶松木材胶合性能,选用4种具代表性的结构用室温固化胶黏剂,根据GB/T 26899—2011《结构用集成材》进行胶合性能试验,对俄罗斯落叶松及胶黏剂的胶合性能进行分析研究。结果表明:对于俄罗斯落叶松,单组份聚氨酯、双组份聚氨酯和水性高分子异氰酸酯3种胶黏剂的胶层剪切强度和胶层剥离率均满足标准要求,其中双组份聚氨酯和水性高分子异氰酸酯胶黏剂胶合性能优异,单组份聚氨酯胶黏剂胶合性能良好;间苯二酚-甲醛树脂胶黏剂的胶合性能虽能达到标准要求,但不推荐作为结构用胶黏剂。     

间苯二酚改性酚醛树脂胶黏剂的研究

采用间苯二酚改性酚醛树脂胶黏剂,结果表明,P/R摩尔比对间苯二酚-苯酚-甲醛树脂胶合木的剪切强度影响不大,剥离率与P/R摩尔比呈线性关系.间苯二酚-苯酚-甲醛树脂胶合木的剪切强度≥6MPa,剥离率＜10％.     

PMUF树脂胶黏剂的制备与性能

以尿素和三聚氰胺作为酚醛树脂改性单体制备苯酚-三聚氰胺-尿素-甲醛(PMUF)树脂胶黏剂,研究甲醛、苯酚、尿素、三聚氰胺及氢氧化钠用量对PMUF树脂胶黏剂性能的影响,并采用DSC和13C-NMR对其进行表征.结果表明:PMUF树脂游离甲醛含量低,能满足耐水、耐候性能要求较高的人造板产品的生产.当甲醛、苯酚、尿素、三聚氰胺、NaOH的摩尔比为3.1∶1∶0.7∶0.3∶0.5时胶黏剂性能最佳,其最佳固化温度为135.5℃.     

胶合板用镁质胶黏剂的制备与性能表征

为解决醛系合成树脂胶黏剂甲醛释放、热稳定性差和阻燃效果较差的难题,探讨了一种功能叠加型无机镁质胶黏剂的制备技术,以期替代醛类合成树脂胶黏剂在木材工业上的使用。本研究中镁质胶黏剂的优化配方为n(MgO)/n(MgCl_2)=6,n(H_2O)/n(MgCl_2)=16,胶合板制备工艺为施胶量700 g/m~2(双面),冷压时间28 h,养护时间15 d。试验结果显示,养护天数对镁质胶黏剂制备胶合板胶合强度的影响最显著。当养护天数为3～19 d时,胶合板的干、湿胶合强度均呈现先增大后下降的趋势,13 d时干、湿胶合强度均达到峰值,干、湿胶合强度分别为1.40和1.08 MPa。通过对胶合板剪切破坏界面进行扫描电镜观察发现,镁质胶黏剂渗透到木材孔隙中形成了胶钉,产生了机械咬合结构。利用热重分析仪和锥形量热仪等对镁质胶黏剂的热稳定性和燃烧性能进行了测试,结果表明,镁质胶黏剂在本研究温度范围(30～800℃)内的总质量损失率为48%。在50 k W/m~2的热辐射功率下,镁质胶黏剂制备胶合板的平均热释放速率(HRR)为35.84 k W/m~2,总热释放量(THR)为20.97MJ/m~2。与普通酚醛树脂胶黏剂相比,镁质胶黏剂具有较好的热稳定性和阻燃性能。     

果葡糖浆改性糠醛苯酚树脂的研究

酚醛树脂具有优异的胶结强度和耐水性,在高温高湿的环境中有相当高的耐久性,耐酸、耐化学药剂的侵蚀,具有能广泛改性的特点,可与多种树脂混合使用,是一类性能优良的结构胶黏剂。绿色化和低成本化是酚醛树脂的发展趋势。以果葡糖浆代替甲醛合成的糖稀苯酚树脂满足了树脂绿色化的要求。探讨了热压温度,时间和固化剂用量对树脂胶合强度的影响,通过正交实验确定出糖稀苯酚胶黏剂实验的最佳工艺条件为:温度为130℃,压力为0.5MPa,固化剂加入量为质量分数的5%时,所压制的胶合板胶合强度优异。     

ACQ防腐处理对马尾松木材胶合强度的影响研究

采用铜氨(胺)季铵盐(ACQ-D)防腐剂处理马尾松木材,以水性高分子异氰酸酯(API)、聚氨酯(PUR)和间苯二酚-苯酚-甲醛树脂(RPF)为胶黏剂制备防腐材胶合试样,研究胶黏剂种类和防腐剂处理浓度对马尾松胶合强度的影响。结果表明:API、PUR、RPF适用于ACQ处理马尾松的胶合,平均剪切强度和木破率均达到GB/T 26899—2011《结构用集成材》要求。胶黏剂种类对防腐材胶合强度有显著影响,表现为PUR和RPF的剪切强度优于API。与未处理材相比,ACQ处理对API胶合有负面影响,对PUR胶合有增强效应,对RPF胶合没有显著影响。在ACQ浓度为0.1%～1.0%范围内,胶合强度没有显著变化。     

兴安落叶松胶合木胶黏剂的选择

论述单组份聚氨酯(PURd)、双组份异氰酸酯(MDI-A和MDI-B)以及间苯二酚(PRF)4种胶黏剂对兴安落叶松胶合木耐久性和力学性能方面的影响,对比、分析不同胶合木的剪切强度和剥离率。结果表明:耐久性方面,间苯二酚类胶黏剂胶合性能明显优于聚氨酯类胶黏剂;在抗剪方面,间苯二酚胶黏剂略优于聚氨酯类胶黏剂;不同来源的同种类胶黏剂由于参数不同胶合强度存在差异。以上研究可为选择和使用胶黏剂提供技术参考。     

常温固化型实木复合地板用API胶黏剂的研究

针对水性高分子-异氰酸酯(简称API)胶黏剂在实木复合地板应用过程中结膜速度快、活性期短等缺点,采用API冷压桦木胶合板检测湿胶合强度的方法,设计正交实验,优化API主剂构成及其与固化剂的配比。结果表明:主剂与固化剂最佳配比为100:15;最终经此调制的API胶压制三层实木复合地板,制品的胶接性能完全能够达到GB/T17657-1999中的性能要求。     

马尾松防腐材胶合性能的径向变异研究

胶合性能径向变异的研究可为马尾松防腐集成材的原料选取提供重要依据。以35年生马尾松为试验用材,选用季铵铜防腐剂和间苯二酚-苯酚-甲醛树脂胶黏剂制备防腐材胶合试件,并检测其拉伸剪切强度及木破率,研究胶合性能的径向变异,从木材密度和胶黏剂渗透性能两方面分析胶合性能变化的原因。结果表明:沿髓心至树皮方向,马尾松防腐材剪切强度呈现出先增加(1～13 a)而后趋于稳定(≥14 a)的变化规律,不同部位对应的木破率均在90%以上,未表现出显著差异;木材密度(0.493～0.572 g/m~3)沿径向的变化趋势与剪切强度一致,且两者之间呈较强的线性正相关性(Pearson相关系数为0.659),而径向不同部位对应的胶黏剂平均渗透深度(76.65～88.01μm)之间无显著性差异。成熟材区域对应的马尾松防腐材的胶合性能明显优于幼龄材区域,因而在生产集成材时应优先选择14年生以上的成熟材为原料。木材密度是马尾松防腐材胶合剪切强度出现明显径向变异的重要影响因子,而胶黏剂在木材中的渗透性能对其影响较小。     

偶氮二甲酰胺发泡剂对脲醛树脂性能的影响

采用单因素试验方法,将偶氮二甲酰胺发泡剂与脲醛树脂复配制备发泡型胶黏剂,测试胶黏剂的基本性能及拉伸剪切强度,利用热重分析仪(TG)和同步热分析仪(TG-DSC)对胶黏剂的热稳定性和固化特性进行表征。结果表明:偶氮二甲酰胺发泡剂的加入有利于提升树脂体系的流动性,降低树脂的初期固化速度,提高树脂的热稳定性,且对树脂的固体含量及黏度无明显影响;较优的发泡剂添加量为6%;拉伸剪切强度为2.45 MPa。开发的偶氮二甲酰胺/脲醛树脂发泡胶黏剂在轻质人造板领域具有较大的应用潜力。     

水性异氰酸酯交联剂的应用研究

采用不同链长的聚醚多元醇与多亚甲基多苯基多异氰酸酯（PAPI）反应,制备了两种不同结构的水性异氰酸酯（P-C、P-D）,联剂分别加入到氧化玉米淀粉胶黏剂和脲醛树脂胶黏剂中,以改善胶黏剂的胶接性能。通过粘接强度测试研究不同结构、不同用量的水性异氰酸酯对改性胶黏剂的胶接强度和耐水性的影响。实验结果表明：氧化玉米淀粉和脲醛树脂中加入水性异氰酸酯交联剂制备胶合板,胶接强度及耐水性均有显著提高。氧化玉米淀粉胶黏剂中加入10%的水性异氰酸酯P-D后,所制备胶合板的干态剪切强度可达2.64MPa。脲醛树脂胶黏剂中加入7.5%的P-D后,干态、湿态剪切强度分别为1.24MPa和1.23MPa,甲醛释放量为0.31mg/L,达到E0级标准。     

微波等离子处理对脲醛胶性能的影响

脲醛树脂胶粘剂是木材加工领域应用最广泛的胶粘剂,在保障其胶合性能的前提下降低脲醛胶的甲醛释放量是社会关注的焦点和难点。通过试验,研究不同的微波等离子处理方法对脲醛树脂胶粘剂的固化时间、适用期、胶合强度、游离甲醛含量的影响。试验结果表明:等离子处理对脲醛树脂胶粘剂的固化时间和适用期的影响不明显;合适的等离子处理条件可以改善脲醛胶的胶合性能;与未经等离子处理脲醛胶相比,等离子处理后脲醛胶的游离甲醛含量显著降低。     

多胺基聚合物改性室温固化型MUF树脂胶黏剂

为解决三聚氰胺-尿素-甲醛(MUF)树脂作为室外级结构集成材胶黏剂时存在的脆性大、易开裂的问题,得到韧性优秀且综合性能满足室外级结构集成材标准的室温固化型MUF树脂胶黏剂,本研究在MUF树脂合成中使用两种改性剂尿素-乙二胺(UE)、尿素-三(2-氨基乙基)胺(UD)分别替代部分三聚氰胺合成了 MUF-UE、MUF-UD...     

Tensile strength of softwood butt end joints. Part 2: Improvement of bond strength by a hydroxymethylated resorcinol primer

Abstract

In a previous study it was shown that the mechanical stability of an end-grain joint bonded with a one-component polyurethane adhesive (PUR) was insufficient compared with melamine–urea–formaldehyde and phenol–resorcinol–formaldehyde bonding. Based on this, the aim of this study was to improve the mechanical stability of the end-grain joint by means of a hydroxymethylated resorcinol (HMR) primer and by increasing the spreading quantity. To study the effect of HMR and the increased spreading quantity on the adhesive bond strength of end-grain to end-grain-bonded wood samples, three-part Norway spruce wood specimens were tested in tension. Before bonding, each end-grain surface was treated with an aqueous solution of HMR. The two axially orientated outer parts of the specimens were jointed with the middle part using a PUR adhesive. Compared with untreated, i.e. non-primed samples, the tensile strength of HMR-treated specimens was more than doubled. Furthermore, a positive effect of increased adhesive spread was shown for untreated PUR-bonded samples. An increase in adhesive spread by a factor of 1.6 led to an improvement in tensile strength by a factor of about 2.6.     

Adhesive performance of woods treated with alternative preservatives

The extended use of woods treated with traditional or alternative preservatives for exterior applications requires an assessment of wood adhesive performance. This study attempts to evaluate the performance of wood adhesives for woods treated with various waterborne preservatives. Two softwood species, i.e. Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc.) and Japanese Larch (Larix leptolepis [Sieb. et Zucc.] Gordon) were treated with copper–chrome–arsenic (CCA), CB-HDO, or copper azole (CY), and then bonded with four different wood adhesives such as urea–melamine–formaldehyde (UMF) resin, melamine–formaldehyde (MF) resin, phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin, and resorcinol–formaldehyde (RF) resin. The performance of these adhesives was evaluated by measuring the dry shear strength of adhesive-bonded wood block on compression. Both UMF and MF resins produced a relatively strong adhesive strength for CY-treated pine and larch woods. The PF resin also produced good bond strength when bonded with either larch wood treated with CY or pinewood treated with CB-HDO. The best result was obtained when the CB-HDO-treated woods were bonded with RF resin. For a better bond strength development, a proper combination of adhesive, preservative, and wood species should be selected by taking into consideration of the characteristics of these three parameters as well as their interactions.     

Development of a novel polyvinyl acetate type emulsion curing agent for urea formaldehyde resin

High formaldehyde emission and poor water resistance are two main disadvantages of urea formaldehyde (UF) resin. For that reason, a novel polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) type emulsion curing agent was developed in this paper. PVAc type emulsions, including PVAc, the co-polymer of PVAc and N-hydroxymethyl acrylamide (PVAc–NMA), and the ternary co-polymer of PVAc, NMA, and urea (PVAc–NMA–urea), were the main components. Water, aluminum chloride, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, polypropylene glycol, silicone oil, and urea were the other components. Under heating, aluminum chloride and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate often underwent thermal decomposition and hydrolysis in solution, produce free acid to cure UF resin, so the curing agent could enhance the curing rate, and then shorten the curing time. In this curing agent, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and urea worked as formaldehyde removers and reacted with free formaldehyde in UF resin, thus the formaldehyde emission exuded from the plywood could be effectively limited and reduced. The bonding strength of plywood was not improved very much, especially the dry bonding strength, but the wet bonding strength was little enhanced for the active hydroxymethyl group contained in PVAc–NMA and PVAc–NMA–urea underwent a self-cross-linking reaction to improve the bonding strength and adhesion force to the bonded substrate. More importantly, the results from the industrial production experiments were shown to be very good.     

Development of room-temperature curing aqueous emulsion-type acrylic adhesive I: effect of monomer composition on the initial adhesive strength

For the purpose of developing a new aqueous emulsion-type adhesive for wood or paper use that does not release formaldehyde or volatile organic solvents, a honeymoon-type acrylic adhesive was examined. An adhesive system consisting of acrylic monomers copolymerized with functional monomers and a cross-linking agent was selected for the purposes of increasing initial adhesive strength and ensuring room-temperature curing. The initial adhesive strength increased by the use of cross-linkers such as dihydrazides and also polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI). Thus an adhesive with reasonable to good initial adhesive strength and room-temperature curing was obtained. The effect of pMDI on the initial adhesive strength was not significant and decreased when the amount of acrylamide in a copolymer was high.     

改性胶粘剂对稻壳-木材复合材料性能影响的研究

稻壳的外表面覆盖有二氧化硅膜,使用传统的脲醛树脂(UF)和酚醛树脂胶(PF)生产的100％的稻壳板难以达到木质刨花板的质量指标。本研究采用以异氰酸酯(ISO)改性的脲醛树脂和酚醛树脂胶制造稻壳-木材复合材料。稻壳与木片的混合比例为1:1,施胶量为7％,设计密度0.8g/cm3。试验结果表明,3:4的ISO/UF、2:5的ISO/PF、改性胶粘剂制备的板材的物理力学性能达到国标刨花板二等品的要求;用3:4的ISO/PF改性胶粘剂制备的板材达到优等品的要求。     

等离子体改性热塑性树脂薄膜制备环保胶合板试验

为获得无甲醛释放的环保胶合板,将热塑性树脂薄膜(低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE)、聚丙烯(PP)、聚氯乙烯(PVC))用作胶黏剂,并利用空气介质阻挡等离子体对热塑性树脂薄膜进行表面改性处理以提高薄膜与杨木单板的界面相容性,从而获得性能良好的环保胶合板。研究了等离子体处理对胶合板胶合性能的影响,并从等离子体处理对热塑性树脂薄膜表面化学组分及其对胶合板界面形貌的影响分析其胶合机理。结果表明:在等离子体处理功率为4.5 kW、处理时间为8 m/min的条件下处理热塑性树脂薄膜,胶合板的胶合强度得到显著提高,LLDPE/杨木胶合板的胶合强度从0.49 MPa增至0.81 MPa,PP/杨木胶合板的胶合强度从0.65 MPa提高到0.84 MPa,均达到Ⅱ类胶合板标准要求。其中用等离子体处理后PVC与杨木制备的胶合板能满足Ⅰ类胶合板的标准要求,胶合强度达到0.79 MPa。XPS分析表明,等离子体改性热塑性树脂薄膜的表面发生了氧化反应,引入了含氧官能团,提高了薄膜表面极性,有利于提高薄膜与杨木单板之间的相互作用,从而使得胶合板的界面胶合更为紧密,说明等离子体处理后树脂与杨木单板的相容性提高,树脂能在单板表面更好地附着。热塑性树脂薄膜与杨木单板制备的胶合板仅有极微量甲醛释放,其主要源于木材自身,远低于国家标准对人造板甲醛释放限量的要求。研究证明等离子体处理能明显改善热塑性树脂薄膜与杨木单板的界面相容性。