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This study developed growth models for Eucalyptus saligna Sm., E. camaldulensis Dehnh., E. macarthurii H.Deane & Maiden, E. resinifera Sm., E. siderophloia Benth. and E. grandis Hill ex. Maiden, for the central highlands of Angola, and used these models to simulate the development of stand characteristics. The obtained model set included dominant height, diameter increment, tree height and self-thinning models. The study was based on 10 499 radial increment observations measured on cores taken from about 700 trees growing in 22 plots located in seven sites in the Angolan highlands. The model set makes it possible to simulate stand development on an individual tree basis. Comparison of simulated stand development and measurements indicated good performance of the models. A non-linear fixed-effects diameter increment model performed best for most species, but a non-calibrated linear mixed-effects model used with the Snowdon correction was better for E. saligna and E. macarthurii. This study showed a similar dominant height development of young stands as found in most previous studies done for southern Africa. Some differences emerged at older ages. 相似文献
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《Southern Forests》2013,75(3):149-154
Eucalyptus grandis is predominantly cultivated in the humid, warmer temperate, subtropical regions in South Africa for pulp and paper production because of its rapid growth and desirable wood properties. With forestry expanding into mid-altitude drier and warmer, or drier and colder sites, the growth of E. grandis has been compromised by unsuitable growing conditions and, therefore, the search to identify reasonably well-performing species/provenances for such sites has extended to summer rainfall provenances of E. cypellocarpa for pulp and paper production. Seed collected from New South Wales, Australia, comprising provenances from Hanging Rock, Nullo Mountain, Wingello State Forests and Kaputar Mountain National Park was established in provenance/progeny trials on three sites in South Africa (Windy Gap, Petrusvlei and Speenkoppies). Trials were planted at 1 667 stems ha?1, in single-row plots of six trees, with four replications in one balanced and two unbalanced lattice designs. Commercial seed of other eucalypts and clones was used as controls. Diameter at breast height and height were measured at 96 months at Windy Gap, and 72 months at both Petrusvlei and Speenkoppies. Basal areas and volumes were derived from these measurements. There were distinct family and provenance differences for growth at the different sites, with the Hanging Rock provenance generally performing well across all sites. A genotype × environment interaction was present between two sites, as indicated by low Type B correlations of 0.47 and 0.53 for basal area and volume, respectively. This indicated that different populations of E. cypellocarpa should be developed for the cold and warm sites. 相似文献
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A basal area increment model for individual trees growing in even- and uneven-aged forest stands in Austria 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
Because of the gradual shift from pure even-aged forest management in central Europe, existing yield tables are becoming increasingly unreliable for forest management decisions. Individual tree-based stand growth modeling can make accurate stand growth predictions for the full range of conditions between pure even-aged and mixed-species uneven-aged stands. The central model in such a simulator is basal area increment for individual trees. Spatial information is not needed, and age and site index are intentionally not used to gain generality for all possible stand conditions. A basal area increment model is developed for all the main forest species in Austria: spruce (Picea abies), fir (Abies alba), larch (Larix decidua), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), black pine (Pinus nigra), stone pine (Pinus cembra), beech (Fagus silvatica), oak (Quercus robur, Quercus petraea and Quercus cerris), and for all other broadleaf species combined. The Austrian National Forest Inventory provided 5-year basal area increment from 44 761 remeasured trees growing on 5416 forested plots in the 1980s. This large sample is representative of forest conditions and forest management practices throughout Austria and therefore provides an excellent data base for the development of an increment model. The resulting increment model explained from 20 to 63% of the variation for all nine species and from 33 to 63% of the variation if the minor species Pinus cembra is excluded. These results compared quite closely with those of Wykoff for mixed conifer stands in the Northern Rocky Mountains. In the Austrian model, size variables (breast height diameter and crown length) accounted for 14–47% of the variation in basal area increment, depending on tree species. The best competition measure was the basal area of larger trees, which provides a tree-specific measure of competition without requiring spatial information; crown competition factor provided only minor improvement. Competition variables accounted for 9% of the variation on average, and up to 15% for some species. Topographic factors (elevation, slope, aspect) explained up to 3% of the variation, as did soil factors. Remaining site factors; such as vegetation type and growth district accounted for a maximum of 3% of the variation in increment. In total, site factors explained from 2 to 6% of the variation. Even though site factors account for a small percentage of the variation, they are not only significant, but serve to localize a particular prediction. These species-specific interrelationships between basal area increment and the various size, competition, and site varibles correspond quite well with ecological expectations and silvicultural understanding of these species in Austria. Because the sample base is so strong, the resulting growth models can be recommended not only for all of Austria but for surrounding regions with similar growth conditions. 相似文献
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Models for predicting height and diameter of individual trees in young Picea abies (L) karst. stands
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1-4):213-228
Models for predicting height and diameter of individual trees in young Picea abies (L.) Karst. stands were developed. Data collected in a large survey of young forest stands in Sweden (the HUGIN young stand survey) were used in the construction of the models. Models were developed both with and without competition indices included. When constructing the competition indices trees within three metres from the subject tree were regarded as competitors. Functions with competition indices included (distance dependent) will be useful in analyses of the development of stands with different stand structure, whereas functions without competition indices (distance independent) will be useful in systems for long‐term forecasts of yield. 相似文献
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Basal area growth models for individual trees of Norway spruce, Scots pine, birch and other broadleaves in Norway 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Distance-independent individual tree growth models based on about 30,000 observations from the National Forest Inventory and the Norwegian Forest Research Institute have been developed for the main tree species in Norway. The models predict 5-year basal area increment over bark for trees larger than 5 cm at breast height. Potential input variables were of four types: size of the tree, competition indices, site conditions, and stand variables including species, mixtures and layers. The squared correlation coefficient (R2) varied from 0.26 to 0.55. The accuracy of the models was tested by comparing the individual tree models with Norwegian diameter increment models. The accuracy is similar, but individual tree models forecast diameter distributions directly. The inclusion of species mixture and layer as variables increases the reliability of the models in mixed and in uneven-aged stands. 相似文献
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Arturo A. Alvarado-Segura Karen I. De La Cruz-De La Cruz 《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2020,39(6):595-607
ABSTRACT Tree-stem volumes constitute critical measurements for forest management. We propose a general two-criterion procedure for choosing the most reliable and robust volume equation(s), among a set of them previously fitted in a forest. Also, the proposal can be used as an additional criterion when fitting new equations to a single sample. Through simulated volumes, we considered how well a model estimates the volume generated by itself (the more accurate estimation, the better) and measured a model’s variability of the mean errors when it estimates volumes rebuilt by other models (the lower variability, the better). The procedure is exemplified with volume equations of Pinus patula in the Forestry Management Unit 1302 in Hidalgo, Mexico. In the example, we found that a linearized form of the combined-variable equation results reliable and robust. This selection coincided with the one made with data of a recent 150 trees sample (validation), where the rebuilt-estimated mean volume differs 0.034 m3 from the observed mean volume; it represents around US$2.6. Therefore, it is shown that simulation becomes an effective tool to identify equations that do not reproduce the volume of trees well in the current forest and helps to choose reliable and robust equations. 相似文献
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湖南省退耕还林造林模式探讨 总被引:4,自引:2,他引:4
在大量调查湖南省退耕还林实际情况的基础上,根据不同坡度、地形、习惯、经济、市场、加工企业情况等,研究了现有湖南省退耕还林造林模式布局与配置,并对湖南省退耕还林典型造林模式进行了总结。据此提出,造林模式设计时,应优先考虑由本地地带性植被构成的稳定性自然顶级群落,再考虑人为优化设计和精密结构布局,充分利用不同时空环境资源(光线、水份、营养互补),从而最大限度地增加单位空间的植物生产量。 相似文献
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Deforestation principally to establish cattle pastures has created large expanses of land dominated by exotic grass prior to the establishment of the Cerro Blanco Protected Forest in Ecuador. A dry forest restoration program was carried out from 2008 to 2017. Tree planting sites were cleared in parallel lines through abandoned pasture and secondary vegetation using manual labor. Native tree species were produced in a nursery on site and used in yearly plantings during the rainy season. A total of 637 hectares were planted at an average stocking density of 1,000 trees per hectare. Growth data was collected from trees planted in nine sites from 2008 to 2017. Mortality rates were determined from a sample of 400 trees of twenty-two species. Survival of all species was greater than 50%. Ten species had survival rates greater than 90%. Vitex gigantea, with high survival rates, also had significantly greater growth rates than the other species (p < 0.0001) and showed the greatest yearly accumulation of total carbon (2.07 Kg C yr ?1 stem?1). Other species with high growth rates were Cordia alliodora and Centrolobium ochroxylum. This restoration program demonstrates that the dry forest restoration with timely maintenance and protection from fire and grazing is possible with intensive tree planting of native species. 相似文献
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三峡库区秭归县不同海拔马尾松径向生长对气候的响应 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
利用采自三峡库区秭归县不同海拔高度的马尾松树轮样芯,分别建立树木年轮宽度年表.包括标准年表和差值年表,并对2种年表进行比较.运用相关函数及单年分析等树木年轮学方法,研究秭归县马尾松在不同海拔高度处的径向生长与气候变化的关系.最后通过多元回归得出不同海拔高度处马尾松年轮指数与气候因子的关系模型.结果表明:在正常的气候条件下,海拔300 m处马尾松生长受上年6和10月份降雨量和湿润指数的影响,与当年气候因子的关系不显著;海拔600 m处马尾松生长与上年6月份温度呈显著相关,还受当年7月份的月平均降雨量和湿润指数的影响;海拔900 m处马尾松生长不仅与当年2月份温度呈显著相关,还受当年12月份月平均降雨量和湿润指数的影响,单年分析进一步印证了这种关系. 相似文献
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【目的】研究峨眉山不同海拔冷杉Abies fabri径向生长对气候变化的响应规律。【方法】以冷杉为研究对象,用树轮生态学的方法对峨眉山不同海拔的冷杉进行年轮采样、处理与分析,比较不同海拔冷杉径向生长特征及其与各气候因子之间的关系。【结果】年表统计数据表明,4个年表均具有较高的可靠性,可以用于树木生长与气候关系的研究。不同海拔冷杉径向生长与气候的关系具有明显的海拔差异,海拔2 400 m处冷杉径向生长与当年7月的温度呈显著正相关;海拔2 800 m处冷杉径向生长与当年4-9月的帕尔默干旱指数(PDSI)呈显著正相关;海拔2 900 m处冷杉径向生长与前一年9月和当年4月的温度呈显著负相关,与当年1-9月的PDSI均呈显著正相关;海拔3 000 m处冷杉径向生长和当年3-4月温度呈显著负相关,与当年6-7月的PDSI和当年4月平均相对湿度呈显著正相关。【结论】峨眉山高海拔的冷杉包含有更多的环境信息,对气候变化的响应也更为敏感;高海拔区域冷杉径向生长受到水分的强烈限制,而低海拔区域冷杉径向生长主要受温度影响;冷杉衰亡与气候因子的变化密切相关,随着区域气候的变暖,高海拔地区冷杉可能会进一步衰退。该研究揭示了峨眉山不同海拔冷杉生长动态及其对气候变化响应的敏感性差异,为全球气候变化背景下冷杉林的保护与适应性管理提供科学参考。 相似文献
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Latitudinal shifts in tree species distributions are a potential impact of climate change on forest ecosystems. It has been hypothesized that some tree species may become extirpated as climate change effects may exceed their migration ability. The goal of this study was to compare tree species compositions in northern urban areas to tree compositions in forestland areas in the eastern U.S. as an indicator of the potential for urban trees to facilitate future forest tree species migration. Results indicated that a number of tree species native to eastern U.S. forests of southern latitudes are currently present in northern urban forests. The biomass density (Mg/ha) of urban tree species is typically less than half of forestland densities with the majority of urban tree species found in nearby (<100 km) forestland. Urban tree propagation is often facilitated by humans, whereas the necessary pollinators and agents of tree seed dispersal in forestlands may be lacking regardless of climate change. It is suggested that urban areas may serve divergent, dual roles as both a native tree seed source and refuge for a limited number of forestland tree species, but also a facilitator of non-native tree invasion. 相似文献
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The article presents a critical evaluation of agroforestry systems as regards their potential to increase primary production in the Sahelian and Sudanian zones of West Africa. The suggestion that trees would always and everywhere be profitable for the region will be counterproductive, the basis for disappointments and a waste of money. One has to consider carefully which properties of woody species could serve which objective, where and under what circumstances.Primary production is limited by water availability in the north Sahelian zone only, elsewhere in the region nutrient availability is critical. Woody species influence the water balance via rainfall interception, the influence on evapotranspiration and the influence on water infiltration. The ultimate result for grasslands and crops depends upon local conditions; positive effects of windbreaks should be particularly attributed to protection against mechanical stress. Processes that influence nutrient availability under trees are those acting via redistribution, those reducing nutrient losses and those increasing soil fertility. Of the latter processes, serious limitations exist in the region concerned: nitrogen fixation is limited by phosphorus shortage mainly and deep rooting is very limited and so is possible uptake of minerals from deep soil layers.The positive influence from woody species on soil fertility and primary production varies with average annual rainfall and soil type; its importance increases more than proportionally with rainfall going south. This positive influence is basically linked to the redistribution of nutrients and water, the internal nutrient cycling and the related enlarged plant-litter-soil nutrient cycle. Taking advantage of its effects is difficult and risks further depletion of soil fertility. Moreover, since woody species generally compete with the herb layer, it will be difficult to develop agroforestry in such a way that the positive influences are not overridden by negative ones. The potential to increase nutrient availability by agroforestry systems is limited and windbreaks are more beneficial under conditions which are rare in the region.More research is needed to determine under which conditions introduction of woody species may be beneficial.
Le potentiel de l'agroforesterie pour augmenter la production primaire dans les zones sahélienne et soudanienne de l'Afrique de l'Quest
Résúme Une évaluation critique de l'agroforesterie est présentée, en ce qui concerne la possibilité d'augmenter la production primaire dans les zones sahélienne et soudanienne de l'Afrique de l'Quest. La supposition que dans cette région des arbres seraient toujours et partout avantageux, n'est pas productive, mais plutôt une cause de déceptions et un gaspillage de ressources. Il faut se demander quelles propriétés des espéces ligneuses pourraient servir quels objectifs, oú et sous quelles conditions.Seulement dans zoneone nord-sahélienne la production primaire est limitée par la disponibilité en eau; ailleurs c'est la disponsibilité des éléments nutritifs qui est la plus déterminante. Des espéces ligneuses influencent le bilan d'eau par l'interception de la pluie, par des modifications de l'evapotranspiration, et par une amélioration de l'infiltration d'eau. La conséquence pour les pâturages et les cultures dépend des conditions locales; les avantages de brise-vents dépendront notamment de la protection contre le stress mécanique. Des processus influençant la disponibilité des éléments nutritifs souls les arbres sont ceux agissant par la redistribution, par la diminution des pertes et par l'augmentation de la fertilité. Les derniers processus ont des limitations sérieuses dans la zone: la fixation d'azote est surtout limitée par le manque de phosphore et l'enracinemment profond paraît limité et ainsi la possibilité de profiter d'une disponibilité éventuelle de minéraux en profondeur.L'influence positive des espéces ligneuses sur la fertilité du sol et la production primaire varie avec la pluviosité annuelle et le type de sol; son importance accroît plus que proportionnelle avec la pluviosité vers le sud. Cet influence positive est liée à la redistribution des éléments nutritifs et de l'eau, au recyclage interne des éléments nutritifs et le cycle agrandi y en être la conséquence, de ces éléments en plante-litière-sol. Pour profiter de ses effets est difficile et on risque l'épuisement supplémentaire des éléments nutritifs. En plus, suite à la concurrence entre les espéces ligneuses et la strate herbacée, c'est difficile à développer l'agroforesterie d'une telle façon que les avantages ne seront pas surpassés par les inconvéniences. Des brise-vents sont avantageux sous des conditions qui sont rares dans la zone.Plus de recherche est nécessaire pour déterminer les conditions sous lesquelles l'introduction des espéces ligneuses peut être profitable.相似文献
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The soil water balance technique was used to study evaporation from two fodder tree species, tenEucalyptus species and annual pasture over a three year period after planting in the Western Australian wheatbelt. Evaporation is the total water loss by the processes of transpiration, evaporation from the soil surface and evaporation of water intercepted by plant canopies.Evaporation from both fodder trees and from seven of theEucalyptus species was greater than from pasture for one or more of the study years. The maximum difference in evaporation between trees and pasture was 82, 84 and 70 mm in the first, second and third study years, respectively. Higher evaporation from trees was associated with greater depletions in soil water than occurred beneath pasture. Upward movement of water from wet soil beneath the root zone was found under trees, with a maximum flux of 30 mm observed over a one year period beneathE. camaldulensis.The water use efficiency of fodder trees was significantly higher than for mostEucalyptus species, due to greater yields from fodder trees. Biomass production was found to be a good indicator of the water use of eucalypts over the first two years of growth, but the relationship between productivity and water use was found to differ for species with tree and mallee forms. In the third year of study, obvious differences in the relation between water use and yield were observed for some species of eucalypts with high evaporation. 相似文献
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Selected cut-stump (Cut_surface) and basal frill (Basal_frill) treatments were tested on Eucalyptus macarthurii cut stumps that had previously been coppiced multiple times. Treatments included the application of herbicide (triclopyr as an amine salt, 360 g L?1), either to the cut-surface or to a basal frill (cuts made through the bark and into the cambium at the base of the tree). These treatments were integrated with non-chemical control methods, where seedlings were planted either between each stump row or within the row, to determine whether such treatments could further reduce the level of coppicing. Stump mortality for both the Basal_frill and Cut_surface treatments were equally effective, with 87% of the stumps killed when assessed at 14 weeks following initial treatment. No significant treatment differences were detected for the various growth variates of the stand at rotation end (stocking, basal area and volume). This can be attributed to a lack of competition from any coppice regrowth due to good control on each occasion. As there were no significant differences between the treatments, the Cut_surface treatment would be preferable due to the lower overall costs. However, for this method to be most effective, it is important that the herbicide be applied to the cut-surface of the felled tree within one day of felling. This may pose a safety issue, especially with mechanised felling of a stand. Further research on extending the period for application to the cut-surface could be beneficial. However, if reduced herbicide use is a prerequisite, coppice regrowth can be manually removed. 相似文献
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Nicholas L. Crookston Gerald E. Rehfeldt Gary E. Dixon Aaron R. Weiskittel 《Forest Ecology and Management》2010
To simulate stand-level impacts of climate change, predictors in the widely used Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS) were adjusted to account for expected climate effects. This was accomplished by: (1) adding functions that link mortality and regeneration of species to climate variables expressing climatic suitability, (2) constructing a function linking site index to climate and using it to modify growth rates, and (3) adding functions accounting for changing growth rates due to climate-induced genetic responses. For three climatically diverse landscapes, simulations were used to explore the change in species composition and tree growth that should accompany climate change during the 21st century. The simulations illustrated the changes in forest composition that could accompany climate change. Projections were the most sensitive to mortality, as the loss of trees of a dominant species heavily influenced stand dynamics. While additional work is needed on fundamental plant–climate relationships, this work incorporates climatic effects into FVS to produce a new model called Climate–FVS. This model provides for managers a tool that allows climate change impacts to be incorporated in forest plans. 相似文献
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水资源紧缺地区土壤水分植被承载力论述 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
在详细论述土壤水资源概念发展和土壤水分植被承载力研究尺度的基础上,介绍土壤水分植被承载力量化模型,包括经典的承载力模型、种群增长通用模型,密度-土壤水分模型和基于物理过程的土壤水分植被承载力模型,述评土壤水分植被承载力研究现状,提出今后应在完善土壤水分植被承载力理论的同时,加强水资源紧缺地区土壤水分与植物生长的野外长期定位研究,从不同时空尺度确定不同植物群落的土壤水分承载力. 相似文献
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A 10-year evaluation of the functional basis for regeneration habitat preference of trees in an African evergreen forest 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Colin A. Chapman Kaoru Kitajima Amy E. Zanne Les S. Kaufman Michael J. Lawes 《Forest Ecology and Management》2008,255(11):3790-3796
The spatial distribution of tree juveniles in relation to light environments may reflect species differences in growth, survival, and functional traits and will shape the nature of forest regeneration. Long-term field experiments are important to evaluate this issue because of the potentially very long juvenile period in trees. Here, we combine a 10-year seedling survival–growth data with the results of community ordination and multivariate analyses of functional traits to ask how observed juvenile light guilds are related to species functional traits and seedling performance. We transplanted seedlings at a standardized height of 11 cm into the shaded understory and quantified their growth and survival for 10-years. Using the community-wide stem distribution data, we categorized 33 species including the focal 11 species to understory vs. gap/edge guilds. Then, we determined differences between the two guilds in seedling survival, growth, as well as seed size, adult height, and a series of leaf traits, including toughness and chemical traits (fiber, protein, phenolics, tannins, alkaloids, saponins). Among the 11 non-pioneer species whose seedlings were planted into the understory, there was no significant difference in 10-year survival between light guilds, but species in gap/edge guild tended to achieve greater height than species in the understory guild. The leaf chemical traits of 33 species did not differ between the two juvenile light guilds, but gap/edge species had smaller seeds, taller adults, and tougher leaves than understory species. We used logistic regression as a complementary approach to assess the extent to which plant traits varied between light guilds and the most parsimonious model based on AICc ranking included only leaf toughness and had an Akaike weight of 0.52. In addition, across the 11 species planted as seedlings, these traits were not significantly related to survivorship or growth over 10 years. A Principle Components Analysis illustrated associations among traits. We conclude that light guilds in terms of juvenile stem distribution could not be explained by long-term field performance of post-establishment seedlings alone. Earlier seedling stage or later sapling stage may be more important in differentiation of light guilds. For the species examined difference in growth rates could be linked to seed size and adult stature, but not to the adult leaf chemical traits considered. These results suggest the importance of examining ontogenetic shifts and relationships among functional traits for a better understanding of regeneration strategies of tropical trees. 相似文献