人工降雨条件下多层渗滤介质系统产流与入渗规律试验研究

透水性铺装地面是雨水利用的重要措施之一。该文通过建立透水砖铺装地面物理模型，采用3种透水砖铺装形式(垫层由不同厚度的无砂混凝土、碎石、中砂组合而成)和1种不透水砖铺装(对照)，研究不同垫层结构的透水砖铺装地面在降雨条件下的产流与入渗规律。结果表明：3种透水砖铺装地面系统对地面产流均具有明显的削减作用；在模拟降雨强度为59.36 mm/h的情况下(相当6年1遇1h降雨量)，无砂混凝土10 cm和石子15 cm垫层结构的入渗效果最优，此时无地面产流，其径流系数比不透水性铺装对照处理减小85%。     

地面加热系统温室热环境测定与经济分析

温室加热系统对温室冬季耗能有一定的影响。地面加热系统能够合理地利用加热系统的供暖热能，使之充分有效地供给座落在地面上的植物，并降低植物冠层上部温室空间的气温，减少了温室的能耗，这也是温室冬季节能的一种非常有效的方法。该文研究了应用地面加热系统的温室热环境，测试结果表明，温室有较好的空气温度分布。温度水平分布均匀，南北方向上温度差异在1℃左右；温度垂直梯度分布为从地面附近到保温幕下气温逐渐降低，但温度降低幅度比较小，在1℃以内，与传统加热方式的保温幕下高地面附近低的温度垂直梯度分布有明显不同。温室夜间植物根部温度在19～25℃。与传统加热方式相比，采用地面加热的温室热环境比较有利于植物生长。该文还以传统加热系统为比较对象，简单分析了地面加热系统的节能效果、散热器投资和运行效益，结果表明地面加热系统比传统加热系统节约能源28%，散热器投资费用可以节省34.1%，每年降低运行费用3万多元。     

地面覆盖材料的光谱透射率及其对土壤温度的影响

从理论上分析了地面覆盖材料对土壤温度进行调节作用的机制及地面覆盖材料光谱透射率对土壤温度影响的机理，通过试验确定了农业生产上常用的地面覆盖材料透明聚乙烯薄膜，黑色聚乙烯薄膜和黑色地面覆盖纸在３００至８００ｎｍ波长范围内的光谱透射率。在田间试验的基础上，确定了三种地面覆盖材料对土壤表层温度影响的定量值     

肉仔鸡不同饲养工艺的对比试验

肉仔鸡不同饲养工艺对比试验结果表明，笼养比地面平养、棚架饲养有如下优势：１）提高了饲养密度，比地面平养、棚架饲养高１倍左右，大大减少建场面积。２）生长速度、饲料报酬明显高于地面平养和棚架饲养，每生产１ｋｇ活鸡，可减少１６０克饲料。３）腿病发生率低于棚架饲养，但与地面平养相近。４）出栏率明显高于地面平养和棚架饲养。５）每只鸡盈利比地面平养、棚架饲养分别高０．８元和０．５６元。     

肉仔鸡不同饲养工艺的对比试验

肉仔鸡不同饲养工艺对比试验结果表明，笼养比地面平养、棚架饲养有如下优势：１）提高了饲养密度，比地面平养、棚架饲养高１倍左右，大大减少建场面积。２）生长速度、饲料报酬明显高于地面平养和棚架饲养，每生产１ｋｇ活鸡，可减少１６０克饲料。３）腿病发生率低于棚架饲养，但与地面平养相近。４）出栏率明显高于地面平养和棚架饲养。５）每只鸡盈利比地面平养、棚架饲养分别高０．８元和０．５６元。     

枣庄市饮用水源地面塌陷分析及防治对策

十里泉、丁王庄位于枣庄市南、东南部，是枣庄市的两个主要的供水源地。由于十里泉电厂的建成、投产以及地区经济的发展，对地下水的利用量加大，随之引起水源地面塌陷，引起了一系列的地质灾害，制约了当地社会经济的发展。分析了产生地面塌陷的机制，并提出了相应的防治措施。     

神东煤田扰动地面与原地面产流产沙及水动力学参数对比

 煤矿开发建设活动破坏了原地表植被和土壤结构,形成的人为扰动地面水土流失剧烈。采用野外放水冲刷试验,研究神府东胜煤田原地面与扰动地面产流、产沙以及水动力学参数的变化规律。结果表明:扰动地面产流时间小于原地面,产流强度是原地面的12倍;扰动地面的初始含沙量是原地面的1030倍,产沙强度是原地面的1050倍;扰动地面的雷诺数和阻力系数均大于原地面,弗劳德数差异不显著;不同坡度、不同流量2种处理类型的产沙强度与产流强度呈指数函数关系,产沙强度和雷诺数呈幂函数关系,产流强度和雷诺数呈幂函数关系。研究结果对矿区扰动地面水土保持生态环境建设具有重要的参考意义。     

油葵秆生物篱和作物残茬组合抗风蚀效果研究

土壤风蚀是干旱半干旱地区主要的土地退化过程，在最不适宜种植乔木防风林的半干旱农牧交错带地区，生物篱是一种有效的风障形式，它能减轻风速从而减轻风蚀。试验结果表明，在近地面(距地面5 cm)生物篱保护下的留茬地风速比对照裸地近地面平均降低81.25％，风蚀量减少53.96％；在篱高或茬高0～5倍范围内，随着离生物篱或留茬的距离增大，生物篱的保护作用逐渐增强，贡献率逐渐增大，更远则保护作用下降。在与不同作物残茬的组合中，生物篱与草谷子留茬组合下的抗风蚀效果更为突出，其次是油菜茬，最后是苜蓿茬，并且得出在残茬影响下，风速随高度递增的变化规律都符合指数递增规律，相关系数都达到0.84以上。     

航天育种工程简介

2003年4月，国务院批准航天育种工程立项，由农业部、航天科技集团公司、国际科工委和解放军总装备部等部门共同组织实施。航天育种工程项目的实施分为两个阶段第一阶段为育种卫星发射工作，包括火箭、卫星的研制，装载材料的征集遴选，育种卫星的发射、测试和回收等；第二阶段为地面育种工作，包括地面育种设施建设、地面育种试验，航天育种机理研究及产业化基地建设等。     

西双版纳州低温寒害基本特征及减灾对策

根据西双版纳州热带经济作物生长指标划分西双版纳州低温寒害标准，并把出现严重低温寒害天气过程作为主要研究对象。通过对西双版纳州多站点面气象资料普查分析，发现当地受寒天气影响的区域差异性大，地面辐射降温强烈，且山地逆温现象突出，得出高空冷空气的不断补充和地面辐射冷却的共同作用是造成低温寒害的的主要原因，并提出了不同热带作物的防寒减灾对策。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.