采用表型和分子标记聚类研究杂交籼稻亲本的遗传多样性

以41份杂交籼稻骨干亲本和部分新育成的亲本为试验材料,采用表型性状和SSR分子标记2种聚类分析方法对杂交籼稻亲本的类群划分进行了比较研究,表型聚类以15个表型性状为依据,将供试材料划分为早、中熟和中、晚熟两大类群、6个亚群。早、中熟类群包含15个保持系、4个早熟恢复系和2个温敏核雄性不育系;中、晚熟类群包括16个恢复系和4个中、晚熟保持系。利用SSR分子标记将供试材料划分为保持系和恢复系两大类群、7个亚群。保持系群包括全部19个保持系、2个温敏核雄性不育系,恢复系群则包含全部20个恢复系,分类结果和系谱分析基本吻合。结合杂交籼稻育种实践,判断分子标记可能是研究亲本遗传多样性的一种较好方法。     

滇型杂交粳稻主要亲本的SSR 指纹图谱及其遗传差异分析

用筛选的13对SSR引物,构建了41个水稻品种(包括35份滇型杂交粳稻恢复系、保持系材料、2个杂交种以及4个籼稻品系)的分子指纹图谱.聚类分析表明,41个水稻品种间遗传相似系数在0.52～0.94之间;在相似系数0.52处,可以将粳稻与籼稻区分开;在相似系数0.66处,可将杂交粳稻与其它粳稻品系区分开;在相似系数0.71处,又可将大部分恢复系与保持系区分开.生产中应用的一些强优势滇型杂交粳稻的亲本分别聚于不同的类群,表明亲本间的遗传差异较大.     

Recent Advances in Development of Herbicide Resistant Transgenic Hybrid Rice in China

In addition to weed control in direct seeding field of hybrid rice, herbicide resistance genes were used by Chinese scientists to increase and identify the purity of hybrid seeds, and to realize the mechanization of hybrid seed production. The elite restorer lines, such as Minghui 63, R752, T461, R402, D68 and E32 were transformed directly with herbicide resistance genes, in which D68 and E32 are restorer lines of two-line system and the others are of three-line system. Because almost all of important restorer lines are indica varieties and are recalcitrant in transformation, many herbicide resistant near-isogenic restorer lines were developed by sexual hybridization of indica and japonica varieties and backcross with indica restorer lines later, such as Ce 64, Minghui 63, Teqing, Milyang 46, R402 and 9311, in which 9311 is a restorer line of two-line system. The elite photoperiod-sensitive/thermo-sensitive genic male sterile lines, such as Pei'ai 64S, P88S, 4008S and 7001S, were transformed with herbicide resistance genes. A few herbicide resistant male sterile lines were developed through sexual hybridization and subsequently systemic selection, such as Bar1259S, Bar2172S, 05Z221A and 05Z227A. With the employment of herbicide resistant male sterile lines or herbicide resistant restorer lines, a few herbicide resistant hybrid rice combinations were developed, such as Xiang 125S/Bar 68-1 and Pei'ai 64S/Bar 9311. Based on herbicide resistance, the research was marching on to investigate the parental lines of hybrid rice with insect resistance, drought tolerance, etc.     

云南紫稻细胞质无花粉型三系及杂种F1的AFLP指纹图谱的构建与分析

利用AFLP分子标记对云南紫稻细胞质无花粉水稻三系及杂种F1进行了指纹图谱的构建与比较分析。从14对引物中筛选出8对具有明显多态性的引物。天香018（天香A×珞恢018)材料组（不育系、保持系、恢复系及杂种F1）共扩增出179条带,其中有52条多态性谱带,占总带数的29.05％,平均每对引物可以扩增出6.50条多态性谱带;天香806(天香A×珞恢806)材料组(不育系、保持系、恢复系及杂种F1）共扩增出177条带,其中有50条差异带,占总带数的28.25％,平均每对引物可以扩增出6.25条多态性谱带。特别明显的是在引物对E ATG/M CAC的扩增中,在AFLP指纹图谱中出现两条特征带（a带和b带）,为保持系所特有,能够明显区别于不育系、恢复系和F1。在另外一些引物对中也观察到不育系与保持系之间的差异带。     

Influence of Genetic Drift of Restoring Gene (Rf) on Seed Purity of Yuetai A, a Honglian-Type Cytoplasmic Male Sterile Line in Hybrid Rice

The seed samples of Yuetai A, a Honglian (HL) type cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) line in hybrid rice were investigated to assess the seed purity and to analyze the cause of off-type plants by imitating the biological contaminant to Yuetai A in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province and Lingshui, Hainan Province during 2004–2006. The seed impurity of Yuetai A mainly resulted from the genetic drift of restoring fertility gene (Rf) after biological contamination but not from its sterility unstability. All of the ten maint...     

Hybrid rice heterosis and genetic diversity of IRRI and Lao rice

Glutinous and non-glutinous rice hybrids derived from IRRI and Lao PDR rice germplasm were evaluated for yield heterosis and genetic diversity based on SSR markers. Pollen and spikelet fertilities of the hybrids showed absence of effective restorer and maintainer genes in the Lao varieties for WA-CMS cytoplasm. Positive heterosis over better or male parent (Lao varieties) was observed. Hybrids derived from an IRRIs TGMS line with Lao varieties showed a great potential in hybrid rice application. Genetic diversity among the rice lines was assessed by COP and SSR markers. Cluster analysis based on the molecular markers generated three parental groups in agreement with parental pedigree information. Significant linear relation was detected between yield heterosis and marker-based genetic distance of parents.     

有关三系籼粳杂交稻的广亲和测验种的探讨

有关三系籼粳杂交稻的广亲和测验种的探讨高勇，滕利生，申宗坦（浙江农业大学农学系，杭州３１００２９）关键词：籼粳杂交稻；测验种；广亲和性ＤｉｓｃｕｓｓｉｏｎｏｆＴｅｓｔｅｒｏｆＷｉｄｅＣｏｍｐａｔｉｂｉｌｉｔｙｉｎＴｈｒｅｅ－ｌｉｎｅｉｎｄｉｃａ－ｊａ...     

油菜隐性核不育系S017A的选育与应用

以G008A等为材料,应用隐性上位互作遗传原理,育成隐性核不育系S017AB、临保系M017及恢复系,并配制出系列杂交油菜新组合在生产上应用。介绍了隐性核不育系S017A的选育经过、主要特征特性及新组合的选育。     

Fertility Expression of TGMS-Genes in the Backgrounds of indica CMS-lines, B-lines and R-lines of Hybrid Rice

The cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS-lines) and photoperiod/thermo-sensitive genic male sterile lines (P/TGMS-lines) are important genetic tools in hybrid rice breeding, which served as the female parents of the three-line and two-line hybrid rice breeding system, respectively. It has been reported that the CMS system possesses complete and stable sterility which is controlled by the interaction of the abortive cytoplasm and nucleus genes from their cognate B-lines [1] but TGMS-lines used t…     

Thoughts and Practice on Some Problems about Research and Application of Two-Line Hybrid Rice

The main problems about research and application of two-line hybrid rice were reviewed, including the confusing nomenclature and male sterile lines classification, the unclear characteristics of photoperiod and temperature responses and the unsuitable site selection for male sterile line and hybrid rice seed production. In order to efficiently and accurately use dual-purpose genic male sterile lines, four types, including PTGMS (photo-thermo-sensitive genic male sterile rice), TGMS (thermo-sensitive genic male sterile rice), reverse PTGMS and reverse TGMS, were proposed. A new idea for explaining the mechanism of sterility in dual-purpose hybrid rice was proposed. The transition from sterile to fertile was involved in the cooperative regulation of major-effect sterile genes and photoperiod and/or temperature sensitive ones. The minor-effect genes with accumulative effect on sterility were important factors that affected the critical temperature of sterility transfer. In order to make better use of dual-purpose lines, the characterization of responses to photoperiod and temperature of PTGMS should be made and the identification method for the characterization of photoperiod and temperature responses of PTGMS should also be put forward. The optimal ecological site for seed production could be determined according to the historical climate data and the requirements for the meteorological conditions during the different periods of seed production.     

两系杂交早稻杂种优势的初步研究

对安农Ｓ－１配制的１１７个杂交早稻组合的杂种优势分析，阐述了两系杂交稻在产量、生育期和经济性状上的优势表现；论述了杂种与父本、杂种产量与产量性状及各产量性状之间的相互关系，提出了在选育两系杂交早稻组合时应注意的一些问题。     

新疆杂交粳稻研究与创新

新疆农科院粮作所从1995年开始进行“BT”型不育系、恢复系的探索,现拥有高代不育材料30套,低代86套;高代恢复材料73份,低代231份。新疆“野败”型杂交粳稻,2005年实现了三系配套。“野败”型不育材料克服了“BT型”、“滇型”所存在的高代自交结实缺陷,使杂交稻种子纯度更有保障。目前,新疆杂交稻研究已进入组合的配制及产量比较鉴定阶段,已由单一的常规育种转向常规与杂种优势利用相结合。以常规为基础促进杂种优势利用发展和创新。目前已经育成并掌握了新疆粳稻“滇型”不育系、保持系、恢复系的三系配套技术及原材料,解决了米质、产量及生育期的难关。所配制的杂交组合产量高、米质优,生育期适中。     

北方杂交粳稻亲本遗传背景分析

 为了揭示北方杂交粳稻亲本的遗传背景,利用微卫星(SSR)分子标记对北方杂交粳稻亲本及其高代后续材料进行了遗传差异鉴定和籼性程度分析。26对SSR引物共扩增出71个等位基因,每对引物平均等位基因数为2.73个。用非加权类平均法(UPGMA)进行聚类分析,供试材料在相似系数0.66处可分成5组,各组间材料的遗传差异相对较大;64个恢复系材料的籼性程度参数值(ADi)的变幅为0.056～0.684;24个不育系材料ADi的变幅为0.087～0.381。分析表明,强优势杂交粳稻组合双亲之间遗传距离应在0.30～0.60,恢复系的ADi应在0.26～0.50,不育系的ADi不应高于0.20,杂交组合的ADi应在0.20～0.40,同时杂交粳稻组合优势受母本的遗传背景的影响较大,母本自身应具有较高的产量潜力。     

应用基因芯片分析短日低温条件下新型粳稻光温敏核质互作不育系育性相关基因

为了解具有三系和两系两套不育机制的新型粳稻光温敏核质互作不育系2310SA分子水平上的育性机理,同时也试图对水稻雄性不育现象做进一步探讨,利用水稻基因芯片,以2310SA及其保持系两系光温敏不育系2310S为材料,在安徽合肥秋季自然短日低温条件下,比较了稳定不育的2310SA和恢复可育的2310S(对照)减数分裂期、单核期、二核期和三核期等4个穗发育时期花药基因表达谱的变化差异。减数分裂期(上调表达基因1938个,下调表达基因1635个)和三核期(上调表达基因2220个,下调表达基因2656个)差异表达基因数目多于单核期(上调表达基因752个,下调表达基因693个)和二核期(上调表达基因1025个,下调表达基因886个),三核期下调表达基因比上调表达基因多,其他3期上调表达基因比下调表达基因多。所有差异表达基因聚类显示,单核期和二核期差异表达基因聚为一类,减数分裂期和三核期差异表达基因独立成为第2类和第3类。筛选出147个在4个穗发育时期都差异表达的基因。这些共有差异表达基因也只有在三核期下调表达基因比上调表达基因多。这些共有差异表达基因,参与了生物合成、刺激反应、光合作用、信号传导、大分子的新陈代谢、运输、转录调节、碳水化合物的代谢、花的发育和细胞死亡等11类生物学过程。所得共有差异表达基因中存在与脂类代谢有关的细胞色素P450家族蛋白和β-环羟化酶,与热激反应有关的热激转录因子、热激蛋白DnaJ家族蛋白及热激蛋白70等相关基因。这些基因与细胞死亡有直接或间接的关系,它们的异常表达可能与不育花粉的形成有关。     

红莲型不育细胞质在杂交粳稻育种中的应用

为了探讨红莲型不育细胞质应用于杂交粳稻育种的可能性,利用包台(BT)型、红莲(HL)型、茶野(CL)型、野败(WA)型等4种细胞质的同核异质不育系六千辛A与181个粳稻亲本测交,根据测交F1的小穗育性,筛选HL型粳稻恢复系。在此基础上,对筛选出的HL型粳稻恢复系与更多HL型不育系复测,并进行不同细胞质杂交粳稻的比对试验。研究结果表明:1)HL型和CL型不育系的恢、保关系十分一致,测交F1小穗育性间的相关性达极显著水平。2)HL型和CL型粳稻不育系的可恢性虽不如BT型不育系,但明显优于WA型粳稻不育系;以测交F1小穗育性达到85%以上作为选择标准,从BT型恢复系和广亲和恢复系中筛选出25个HL型(CL型)粳稻恢复系。3)不育系的核背景对杂种育性有影响,HL型六千辛A可恢性最好,其次为HL型陵香A,HL型珍5A可恢性最差。4)与BT型不育系配制的杂种相比,HL型和CL型不育系配制的杂种育性稳定性相对较差。5)HL型不育系配制的杂种与BT型、WA型不育系配制的杂种在播种至抽穗历期、株高、产量及品质性状上均无明显差异;HL型不育系配制的杂交粳稻结实率正常,与BT型不育系配制的杂种无明显差异,明显高于WA型不育系配制的杂种。说明HL型不育细胞质应用于杂交粳稻育种是可行的。     

一种不育系解决机械化制种和不育系混杂的设想与实践

劳动力成本的不断提高,劳动者减轻劳动强度的愿望日趋强烈,迫切要求杂交水稻制种过程的机械化.在制种过程中水稻光温敏核不育系遇到低温、某些细胞质雄性不育系遇到异常高温均会产生自交结实,导致杂种F1代中不育系混杂,从而降低杂交种的纯度、影响大田产量.培育对一种除草剂具有抗性、同时对另外一种除草剂敏感的水稻不育系,即抗/感除草剂水稻不育系,可以一次性解决杂交水稻机械化制种和不育系混杂两个问题.苯达松是一种对水稻安全的除草剂,但苯达松敏感隐性突变体对苯达松敏感.草铵膦、草甘膦、咪唑乙烟酸等能杀死水稻,但对具有抗性基因的水稻安全.利用苯达松敏感核不育系185BS、926BS与抗草铵膦的水稻杂交,选育出了抗草铵膦/感苯达松的水稻光温敏核不育系09F316BS、09F317BS、09F319BS和09F320BS.利用苯达松敏感核不育系185BS为受体进行遗传转化,获得了抗草铵膦和草甘膦/感苯达松的水稻光温敏核不育系EB185BS.由于这些不育系具有抗除草剂的特点,而恢复系不具备,制种时不育系与恢复系可以混播,待授粉完成后喷施除草剂杀死恢复系,成熟后机械化收割不育系上所结杂交种子,而不需要提前人工割刈恢复系;而且恢复系在不育系中均匀分布也可以提高异交率.如果在制种过程中遇到异常低气温,造成不育系少量自交结实而混杂在杂种F1代中,可以通过在杂种F1代秧田喷施苯达松杀死混杂的苯达松敏感不育系,杂交种由于野生基因的显性作用而不受伤害,从而可以保证大田F1代的纯度;此外,秧苗期喷施除草剂可以代替田间种植鉴定杂交种纯度,减少了种植鉴定中的土地占用和人工费用.本设想也可以运用到其它作物,通过培育一种抗/感除草剂的不育系来一次性解决机械化制种和清除不育系混杂的问题.     

水稻温敏核不育系本S的选育

本S是以光温敏核不育系广占63S为母本与保持系天丰B杂交,F3代选择优良不育单株为母本与天丰B回交,后经多代目标性状定向选择而育成的新水稻温敏核不育系.该不育系综合农艺性状优良,不育起点温度较低,开花习性好,异交结实率高,配合力强,2018年7月通过广东省技术鉴定.     

水稻光温敏核不育系育性波动的解决途径和方法

光温敏核不育系的不育性受温度影响而波动是困扰两系法杂交水稻的一个重要问题,就怎样解决这一问题提出了看法,从育种途径上来看,可以采用选育低不育临界温度的光敏核不育系,选育抗除草剂的恢复系、选育对除草剂敏感的光温敏核不育系和选育四环素诱导不育的光温敏核不育系来保证杂种纯度,从制种技术措施上来看,必须严格遵守光温敏核不育系核心种子生产程序,选择适宜的制种地区和季节、在盛夏低温来临时采取灌水保温措施。     

恢复基因的渗入对红莲型不育系粤泰A纯度的影响

通过模拟生物学混杂试验,于2004-2006年在江苏南京和海南陵水调查粤泰A的纯度并分析其杂株类型及成因。结果表明,粤泰A不育性稳定,生物学混杂导致恢复基因的渗入是粤泰A纯度迅速下降的主要原因。常用的保持系、恢复系和温敏核不育系等的恢复基因可直接渗入粤泰A,或者间接通过对粤泰B的渗入而渗入到粤泰A,产生F1杂株及其“同质恢”后代。粤泰A、B异交结实率高,抽穗扬花期与生产上常用品种同步,是它容易发生生物学混杂的重要因素。排除恢复基因后严格隔离是确保粤泰A、B纯度的主要技术措施。