色素万寿菊W217橙红色花色遗传性状研究

采用W217×W203组合的P1、P2、F1、B1、B2和F2共6个世代的花色色调值,利用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型多世代联合分析方法进行遗传分析.结果表明,色素万寿菊橙红色花性状最优遗传模型为两对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因遗传模型,以主基因遗传效应为主,多基因效应为辅.主基因加性效应、显性效应和上位性效应作用很大,主基因遗传力受环境影响较小.在F2群体中主基因遗传率为49.13％,多基因遗传率为48.25％；在B1群体中主基因遗传率为84.23％；在B2群体中主基因遗传率为74.41％,多基因遗传率为18.24％.     

中国南瓜可溶性固形物含量的主基因+多基因遗传分析

为明确中国南瓜可溶性固形物含量的遗传规律,选用中国南瓜杂交获得的6世代群体(P1、P2、F1、F2、BCP1、BCP2)为材料,应用植物数量性状的主基因+多基因遗传模型研究其遗传规律。结果表明,该群体可溶性固形物含量的遗传符合2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因混合遗传模型,2对主基因的加性效应均为-0.7077,均使可溶性固形物含量降低;显性效应分别为3.5034和1.3586,均使可溶性固形物含量升高。多基因的加性效应和显性效应分别为2.3066和-0.6679。其主基因遗传率在BCP1、BCP2、F2分别为17.06%、56.01%、95%,多基因遗传率在BCP1、BCP2、F2分别为47.16%、18.78%、0;说明主基因表现出较高的遗传力,可以在早期世代对可溶性固形物含量进行选择。研究为中国南瓜育种品质性状选择和分子标记辅助选择提供了理论依据。     

甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus L.)抗倒伏性状的主基因+多基因遗传分析

应用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型多世代联合分析方法,研究了甘蓝型油菜浙平1号×04Pb11(I)和宁1243×04Pb11(II)的P1、P2、F1、B1、B2和F2 6个世代初花期单株抗压力的遗传。结果表明：抗倒伏性状的遗传在组合I受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因控制,在组合II受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因控制;2个组合中的2对主基因都以加性效应为主,都表现抗倒对易倒部分显性或完全显性,2对主基因间存在明显的基因互作效应;2个组合中,F2群体主基因遗传率平均为54.71%,而多基因遗传率只在B1群体中检测到,平均为10.56%,表明2个组合的抗倒伏性状是以主基因遗传为主,应在早期世代进行选择;2个组合各群体中,遗传变异平均占表型变异的53.43%,而环境变异平均占表型变异的46.57%,表明环境对油菜抗倒伏性状的影响比较大。     

甘蓝型油菜角果长度的主基因+多基因混合遗传模型

角果是油菜产量构成要素中重要的组成部分。本文以长角果品种中双11和短角果材料10D130为亲本配制杂交组合,采用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析方法对该组合6世代遗传群体(P1、P2、F1、BCP1、BCP2和F2)的果身长、角果长和果喙长进行遗传分析。结果表明,该组合的3个角果性状均呈连续分布,其中,果身长最适遗传模型为E-0(2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因模型),2对主基因加性效应值分别是1.75和–0.06,显性效应值分别是–0.59和–0.86,主基因遗传率在BCP1、BCP2和F2中分别是51.10%、74.23%和66.93%,多基因遗传率分别为29.16%、17.11%和23.96%。角果长的最适遗传模型为E-1(2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因模型),其中,第1对主基因加性效应为0.34,显性效应为–0.81,第2对主基因加性效应为0.34,显性效应为–0.47,主基因遗传率在BCP1、BCP2和F2中分别是47.63%、68.51%和79.45%,多基因遗传率分别为29.40%、20.89%和12.47%。果喙长的最适遗传模型为E-3模型(2对加性主基因+加-显多基因遗传模型),2对主基因加性效应值分别是0.2和–0.2,主基因遗传率在BCP1、BCP2和F2中分别是33.71%、72.75%和52.25%,多基因遗传率分别为40.08%、5.37%和27.60%。     

甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus L.)抗倒伏性状的主基因+多基因遗传分析

应用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型多世代联合分析方法,研究了甘蓝型油菜浙平1号×04Pb11(I)和宁1243×04Pb11(II)的P1、P2、F1、B1、B2和F2 6个世代初花期单株抗压力的遗传。结果表明：抗倒伏性状的遗传在组合I受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因控制,在组合II受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因控制;2个组合中的2对主基因都以加性效应为主,都表现抗倒对易倒部分显性或完全显性,2对主基因间存在明显的基因互作效应;2个组合中,F2群体主基因遗传率平均为54.71%,而多基因遗传率只在B1群体中检测到,平均为10.56%,表明2个组合的抗倒伏性状是以主基因遗传为主,应在早期世代进行选择;2个组合各群体中,遗传变异平均占表型变异的53.43%,而环境变异平均占表型变异的46.57%,表明环境对油菜抗倒伏性状的影响比较大。     

基于主基因+多基因混合模型的甜高粱茎秆含糖量基因遗传分析

此文以茎秆含糖量（锤度）较低的粒用高粱品系LR625（P1）和茎秆含糖量（锤度）较高的甜高粱品系Rio（P2）及其杂交后代F1、F2群体为研究对象,运用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型对茎秆含糖量的遗传进行了联合分离分析。结果表明：茎秆含糖量性状受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因和加性-显性多基因共同控制。2对主基因的加性效应分别为-4.004和-2.116,显性效应分别为0.084和-0.462,主基因遗传力为83.27%,多基因遗传力为7.38%。这说明锤度性状主要受2对主基因的作用,而且2对主基因均以加性效应为主。这一研究结果为茎杆含糖量性状的基因定位和育种选择提供了理论依据。     

小麦抗源材料0911-3抗白粉病的主基因+多基因遗传分析

为了解小麦抗源材料0911-3对白粉病的抗性遗传规律,以0911-3为母本与极度感病品系1130-2杂交,产生P1、P2、F1、BC1、BC2和F2共6个家系世代,分别以倒二叶病害严重度(MDS)和病程曲线下叶面积(AUDPC)为成株抗性指标,应用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型多世代联合分析方法进行遗传分析.结果表明,0911-3对白粉病的2种成株抗性指标的遗传基础基本是一致的,都符合2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因遗传模型;2对主基因都具有负向加性效应,可以增强抗病性,显性效应为正向,感病基因具有部分显性作用;2对主基因间还存在各种相互作用,可以增强抗病性;分离世代以F2主基因+多基因遗传率为最高,MDS和AUDPC的遗传率分别为91.87％和92.22％.     

甘蓝型油菜发芽种子耐湿性的主基因+多基因遗传分析

油菜湿害是我国特有的自然灾害,对油菜种子发芽、出苗和幼苗生长造成严重影响,导致单产显著下降。为研究油菜种子发芽耐湿性的遗传规律,本文利用耐湿性遗传差异较大的2个甘蓝型油菜纯系中双9号和GH01的杂交后代衍生的世代家系群体构建油菜耐湿性遗传体系,并以主基因+多基因家系世代联合分析方法对油菜耐湿性的遗传规律进行分析。结果表明,中双9号×GH01组合的耐湿性的遗传受2对完全显性主基因+加性-显性多基因控制,表现为耐湿对不耐湿完全显性。该组合的第1对主基因加性效应与显性效应相等,为0.0696;第2对主基因的加性效应与显性效应相等,为0.0530。多基因加性效应为0.3275,显性效应为负值([h]= –0.2137)。主基因存在显性效应,该组合的耐湿性存在杂种优势,多基因显性效应为负,多基因显性效应使F₁代耐湿性降低。F₂家系的主基因遗传力为73.57%,表现出较高的遗传力,建议育种工作者对耐湿性在早期选择效率较高。     

中植棉2号抗黄萎病的主基因+多基因遗传特性分析

以感病品种861为父本、抗病品种中植棉2号为母本配制杂交组合,构建6个世代群体(P_1、P_2、F_1、B_1、B_2和F_2),并在田间病圃进行抗病性鉴定,利用主基因￣多基因混合遗传模型的多世代联合分析法研究陆地棉抗黄萎病遗传特性。结果表明,中植棉2号抗性遗传符合E-1遗传模型,即2对加性￣显性￣上位性主基因+加性￣显性多基因遗传模型。2对主基因遗传以显性效应为主,且第2对主基因的显性效应比第1对主基因的显性效应大,多基因遗传以加性效应为主。B_1、B_2和F_2的主基因遗传率分别为68.24%、30.71%和82.09%,多基因遗传率分别为0、24.96%和0,环境方差占总表型方差的17.01%~44.33%。     

甜高粱(Sorghum bicolor L. Beauv)茎秆相关性状遗传分析

以粒用高粱品种忻粱52(P1)和甜高粱品种W452(P2)杂交构建的F2:3代群体为试材,对甜高粱的糖锤度、出汁率及茎叶鲜重百分比进行了主-多基因遗传模型的研究。研究表明:忻粱52×W452组合中糖锤度和出汁率均表现为2对主基因+多基因遗传,主基因和多基因分别服从加性-显性效应,显性效应大于加性效应,主基因的遗传效率分别为72.79%和87.69%,多基因的遗传效率分别为3.02%和2.79%;茎叶鲜重百分比的遗传模式为2对主基因+多基因遗传,主基因为加性-显性-上位性模型,多基因服从加性-显性-上位性模型,控制茎叶鲜重百分比的加性效应大于显性效应,主基因的遗传效率为45.33%,多基因的遗传效率为6.98%。     

Genetic basis of pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera) resistance and grain yield in desi and Kabuli Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under unprotected conditions

A series of half-diallel crosses involving early, medium and late maturity desi and kabuli type chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes with stable resistance to Helicoverpa pod borer, along with the parents, were evaluated at two locations in India to understand the inheritance of pod borer resistance and grain yield. Inheritance of resistance to pod borer and grain yield was different in desi and kabuli types. In desi type chickpea, the additive component of genetic variance was important in early maturity and dominance component was predominant in medium maturity group, while in the late maturity group, additive as well as dominance components were equally important in the inheritance of pod borer resistance. Both dominant and recessive genes conferring pod borer resistance seemed equally frequent in the desi type parental lines of medium maturity group. However, dominant genes were in overall excess in the parents of early and late maturity groups. In the kabuli medium maturity group, parents appeared to be genetically similar, possibly due to dispersion of genes conferring pod borer resistance and susceptibility, while their F₁s were significantly different for pod borer damage. The association of genes conferring pod borer resistance and susceptibility in the parents could be attributed to the similarity of parents as well as their F₁s for pod borer damage in kabuli early and late maturity groups. Grain yield was predominantly under the control of dominant gene action irrespective of the maturity groups in desi chickpea. In all the maturity groups, dominant and recessive genes were in equal frequency among the desi parental lines. Dominant genes, which tend to increase or decrease grain yield are more or less present in equal frequency in parents of the early maturity group, while in medium and late maturity groups, they were comparatively in unequal frequency in desi type. Unlike in desi chickpea, differential patterns of genetic components were observed in kabuli chickpea. While the dominant genetic component was important in early and late maturity group, additive gene action was involved in the inheritance of grain yield in medium duration group in kabuli chickpea. The dominant and recessive genes controlling grain yield are asymmetrically distributed in early and medium maturity groups in kabuli chickpea. The implications of the inheritance pattern of pod borer resistance and grain yield are discussed in the context of strategies to enhance pod borer resistance and grain yield in desi and kabuli chickpea cultivars.     

Inheritance of trichomes and resistance to pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera) and their association in interspecific crosses between cultivated pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) and its wild relative C. scarabaeoides

The legume pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera, is one of the most devastating pests of pigeonpea. High levels of resistance to pod borer have been reported in the wild relative of pigeonpea, Cajanus scarabaeoides. Trichomes (their type, orientation, density and length) and their exudates on pod wall surface play an important role in the ovipositional behavior and host selection process of insect herbivores. They have been widely exploited as an insect defense mechanism in number of crops. In the present investigation, inheritance of resistance to pod borer and different types of trichomes (A, B, C and D) on the pod wall surface in the parents (C. cajan and C. scarabaeoides) and their F₁, F₂, BC₁ (C. cajan × F₁), and F₃ generations has been studied. Trichomes of the wild parents (high density of the non-glandular trichomes C and D, and glandular trichome B and low density of glandular trichome A) were dominant over the trichome features of C. cajan. A single dominant gene as indicated by the segregation patterns individually will govern each trait in the F₂ and backcross generation. Segregation ratio of 3 (resistant): 1 (susceptible) for resistance to pod borer in the F₂ generation under field conditions was corroborated with a ratio of 1:1 in the backcross generation, and the ratio of 1 non-segregating (resistant): 2 segregating (3 resistant: 1 susceptible): 1 non-segregating (susceptible) in F₃ generation. Similar results were obtained for pod borer resistance under no-choice conditions. Resistance to pod borer and trichomes associated with it (low density of type A trichome and high density of type C) are governed individually by a dominant allele of a single gene in C. scarabaeoides. Following backcrossing, these traits can be transferred from C. scarabaeoides into the cultivated background.     

白菜抽薹相关性状遗传分析

研究与白菜抽薹相关性状的遗传特性,为白菜类作物晚抽薹育种应用提供理论依据。试验以抽薹指数、开花时间和薹长5 cm时间分别作为抽薹早晚的评价标准,应用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型,对晚抽薹大白菜高代自交不亲和系(P1)和易抽薹欧洲白菜型油菜自交系(P2)及杂交所获得的F1、B1、B2和F2各世代群体进行联合遗传分析。结果表明,抽薹指数性状和薹长5 cm时间性状均受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因控制（B-1模型）,开花时间性状受1对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因控制（D模型）。与抽薹相关的3个性状各分离世代(B1、B2、F2)均未检测到多基因遗传,其主基因遗传率分别为抽薹指数96.22%(B1)、93.33%(B2)、93.55%(F2);开花时间70.68%(B1)、70.68%(B2)、70.64% (F2);薹长5 cm时间79.44%(B1)、79.55%(B2)、79.38%(F2),环境条件对白菜抽薹性状影响较大。由此可知,对白菜抽薹性状的遗传改良应以主基因为主,适宜在早期世代进行选择并注意环境条件影响。     

大豆遗传转化及转基因大豆安全性研究进展

转基因大豆是世界上最早商品化、推广应用速度最快的转基因作物,但其遗传转化仍然是基因工程领域的难点之一,如何建立高效稳定的遗传转化体系是转基因大豆的研究重点,同时随着转基因大豆走上人们的餐桌,关于其安全性也引起了人们的质疑。为此,概述了大豆遗传转化的几种方法,对转入大豆的外源基因进行了分析,并从环境安全和食品安全两大方面探讨了转基因大豆的安全性问题。     

利用昆虫性诱剂防治大豆食心虫

为明确人工合成的大豆食心虫性诱剂对大豆食心虫的虫情监测和控制作用,为其在生产中的合理使用提供理论依据,进行了用人工合成性诱剂监测大豆食心虫田间种群动态调查,结果表明：2006年哈尔滨地区大豆食心虫的发生期大约为1个月,高峰期为8月7日至8月14日,与传统的目测惊蛾法调查的结果基本一致。4种不同田间诱蛾方式研究表明：水盆的诱蛾效果好于诱捕器,加入少量杀虫剂后诱捕器防治效果达到43．82％,而水盆加入少量杀虫剂后效果没有提高。2007年大豆食心虫性诱剂在哈尔滨地区开展大面积防治试验,防治效果为45．9％。2008年单用性诱剂＋诱捕器防效为50．0％,在诱捕器中加入少量杀虫剂防治效果达62．7％。性诱剂诱捕法可作为大豆食心虫田间虫情测报的一种适用工具。通过定点定期的田间诱捕观察,明确了大豆食心虫的发生动态,为适时防治提供铱据。在田间应用大豆食心虫性诱剂防治害虫时,诱捕器中加入少量杀虫剂是一个切实可行的方法,即提高了防虫效果,又不污染环境。     

大豆抗大豆食心虫机制研究初报

在抗虫鉴定的基础上,对大豆抗食心虫品种(系)的抗性机制进行了研究。发现豆荚硅元素含量高是抗虫的主要原因之一;豆荚表皮细胞呈近圆形突起、直径小或表皮细胞下小细胞层数多、表皮下有特长形细胞者;豆荚隔离层细胞呈短椭圆形、直径小、排列紧密者均有较强抗性。抗性与荚皮厚度、隔离层厚度及隔离层细胞排列方向无关。     

包膜互混肥对油菜养分吸收和产量的影响

为了探明包膜肥对油菜产量和养分吸收的影响,采用田间小区试验,研究包膜互混肥对‘湘杂油1613’氮磷钾养分吸收和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明：施肥量相同的条件下,包膜互混肥能够显著提高油菜籽粒产量,产量达到2646.1 kg/hm2,增产幅度为26.9%。包膜互混肥能够有效提高有效角果数和每角果粒数,千粒重也有小幅提高。包膜互混肥处理氮磷钾积累量相对较高,且氮磷钾积累量与产量的相关性达到显著水平。     

Resistance to cowpea severe mosaic virus, determined by three dosage dependent genes in Vigna unguiculata L. Walp

P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 generations of four resistant × susceptible crosses and three resistant × resistant crosses of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) were screened for resistance to cowpea severe mosaic virus (CPSMV), in an insect protected screen house. The segregation ratio, at maturity, showed a 63 susceptible : 1 resistant ratio in the F2 generation indicating that resistance is governed by three major genes. The backcross tests and the F3 test confirmed this. The intermediate levels of symptoms observed in the F1 generation and the progression of symptom expression in the F2 generation suggested that resistance is gene dosage dependent. The genetic basis of immunity, tolerance, high level of resistance is discussed based on the three gene model. Delayed symptom expression was evident in genotypes with one or two susceptible alleles. The implications of delayed expression of symptoms in selection and breeding for resistance to CPSMV are discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

离子注入线辣椒F2代表型观察及变异分析

【研究目的】观察离子注入线辣椒种子在F1代诱变产生的生物学效应在F2代的遗传特征。【方法】选取经离子注入后发生生物学诱变的5组F1代线辣椒种子继续在田间播种实验,观察F2代主要表型变化,并通过过氧化物同工酶的测定对离子注入引起生物化学变化进行分析。【结果】种子双面分别注入9×1011 P2+/cm2和1×1012 Cu2+/cm2组（No.21）单株产量在F2代继续保持明显优势,而其他4组F1代的一些生物学优良性状未能在F2代中继续遗传显现。【结论】F1代No.21处理组种子诱变的优良生物学性状在F2代继续得到了遗传,具有进一步选育的价值。     

棉花核不育系豫98-8A育性遗传分析

为了阐明1999年从转基因后代遗传群体中发现的1株雄性不育植株不育基因的遗传规律及其与现有不育基因的等位性,采用表型观察测量,以及经典的自交和测交手段,研究了该不育材料败育性状的遗传规律。花器官形态特征调查表明：不育株花柱长和花柱外露长度均明显高于同质系的正常可育株,而每朵花的子房直径及花药数量没有明显差异。遗传分析表明：杂合体可育株自交,后代不育株与可育株呈3:1分离,不育株与杂合姊妹可育株测交,不育株与可育株呈1:1分离,表明该核不育材料受隐性单位点控制;与阆A(msc1)、洞A(msc3)等育性位点杂合可育株分别杂交,其F1代单株育性均得到恢复。由其F1代产生的F1:2家系中均出现不育株与可育株呈1:3和7:9两个育性分离群体,表明该材料败育基因为不同于阆A、洞A的不育基因位点。