大菱鲆主要器官的组织学观察

应用光学显微技术对大菱鲆（Scophthalmusmazimus）心脏、胃、肠、肝脏、胰脏、脾脏、肾脏的结构进行了组织学观察。结果显示，大菱鲆的心脏分为心内膜、心肌层和心外膜，其中以心肌层为最厚。胃、肠的管壁由内向外分为：黏膜层、黏膜下层、肌层和浆膜。胃腺内偶见含有嗜酸性颗粒的细胞。肠皱襞较高，黏膜上皮为单层柱状上皮．杯状细胞散在于柱状上皮细胞之间。肝细胞体积较大．呈多边形,肝细胞以中央静脉为中心，排列成凹凸不平的肝细胞索，相邻的肝细胞索互相吻合连接成网状。胰脏大部分附着于肠壁上，少部分埋藏在肝脏内。脾脏实质分为白髓和红髓，中央动脉数量较多。肾脏无皮质髓质之分，由肾小体和肾小管构成。     

亚比棉蜜腺生物学性状研究

应用组织切片，扫描电镜和透射电镜技术研究了山西农业大学人工合成的异源四倍体亚比棉蜜腺的分布、形态和结构。结果显示蜜腺在叶、花上均有分布，且蜜腺结构基本相似，均由分泌细胞、柄细胞、基细胞和亚腺组织构成；蜜腺组织中各类细胞器均很丰富，共同特点是富有线粒体、核糖体、内质网和大而清晰的细胞核及核仁，说明蜜腺组织在代谢上十分活跃。     

小麦辐射雄性不育系杂种F_1的亚显微结构

本文以辐照普通小麦种子获得的普通小麦细胞质雄性不育系85EA、89AR 和具提莫菲维小麦细胞质的TA 型(Tc ms)3 个异质同核( 原冬3 号) 稳定的雄性不育系与2 个高恢复力的恢复系原恢3 号和BPM15( 普通小麦品种) 杂种F1 代为材料,研究它们雄配子发育单核、二核及三核各时期的亚显微结构。结果表明,85 EA、89 AR、TA 与恢复系杂交F1 代小孢子发育表现出明显的可育特征:在单核期,细胞质浓,细胞器丰富,线粒体、内质网等十分发达,二核及三核期淀粉粒数量多。但85EA、89 AR杂种F1 在单核期比TA 杂种F1 内质网和核糖体数量多,这可能是85EA 和89 AR 新雄性不育类型育性容易被恢复的重要原因之一。     

凤眼莲的胚胎学研究 Ⅱ.小孢子的发生和雄配子体的发育

凤眼莲[Eichhornia crassipes(Mart.)Solm]的小孢子发育为连续型,四分体中小孢子排列为左右对称形。成熟花粉粒二胞型。药壁由6层细胞组成,变形绒毡层2层。药室内壁细胞呈螺纹状增厚。     

家兔犁鼻器的形态特征及组织化学的观察

本文用解剖学和组织学技术对免的犁鼻器进行了研究。成年兔的犁鼻器长约2.5—3.0cm,前端距鼻前孔约1cm,经小孔与鼻腔直接相通。后端达鼻后孔的前缘。犁鼻软骨的横切面呈“J”形。内侧上皮此外侧上皮厚得多。感受细胞的胞核圆而清亮,排列成7～8层。犁鼻腺仅分布在管腔的背侧,腺导管开口于内、外侧壁的交界处。犁鼻内侧上皮的 ACP,ALP,NSE 和 SDH 的活性随年龄增长而增加。在交配期间和注射了 LH 的公兔,各酶的活性更为强烈。本文的结果表明,家兔的犁鼻器比其它家畜的犁鼻器发达,犁鼻器的功能与性行为有关。     

猪犁鼻上皮的超微结构及酶细胞化学定位的研究

扫描和透射电镜下见受体细胞树突的表面有大量的微绒毛和静纤毛,但无嗅泡和纤毛,核上区有发达的高尔基复合体,树突内有大量的线粒体、溶酶体和滑面内质网,树突顶部有2～10个中心粒和许多小泡。支持细胞的特征是表面有一些胞质突。基细胞很少,有时见到有丝分裂相,说明受体细胞和支持细胞由基细胞分化来。受体细胞的GERL系统和各种溶酶体呈CMP酶阳性,而自噬小体呈CMP酶阴性。结合透射电镜和电镜酶细胞化学定位,证明受体细胞有活跃的自体吞噬活动。静纤毛的顶端和犁鼻管腔的分泌物呈AKP酶阳性,说明受体细胞有分泌功能.     

拉雅松木材构造的研究

对松科松属一新种——拉雅松进行了木材解剖研究,并与同属常见的细叶云南松、马尾松进行了比较。拉雅松为脂道材,轴向管胞胞壁具明显的螺纹加厚,轴向薄壁组织缺如;木射线由射线管胞和射线薄壁细胞组成,具单列和纺缍形两类射线;其木材构造与细叶云南松、马尾松相近似,但也有一些区别。     

冬枣大小孢子发生及雌雄配子体发育

为完善冬枣生殖生物学和枣树遗传改良理论基础,以不同发育时期的冬枣花蕾为材料,采用压片技术和常规石蜡切片技术,对冬枣大小孢子发生及雌雄配子体发育过程进行观察。结果表明,冬枣具五枚花药,花药四室,花药壁由表皮、药室内壁、1~2层中层和腺质型绒毡层组成,花药壁的发育属于基本型。小孢子母细胞胞质分裂为同时型,四分体的排列多数呈四面体型,成熟花粉具3个萌发孔,3沟,为二细胞型花粉。冬枣为2室子房,倒生胚珠,多胚珠,内外双层珠被,厚珠心;大孢子母细胞经减数分裂形成的四分体沿珠心呈直线排列,靠近合点端的大孢子发育为功能大孢子,经连续三次有丝分裂发育为七细胞八核的成熟胚囊,胚囊发育属于蓼型。冬枣雄蕊发育显著早于雌蕊,小孢子发育过程存在不同步和异常现象,花朵开放时雌、雄蕊发育趋于同步,大小孢子的发育进程与花蕾外部形态具有相关性。本研究揭示了冬枣大小孢子发生和雌雄配子体发育过程中的基本现象和规律,为枣胚胎学的进一步研究以及倍性育种提供了重要参考。     

石山棕营养器官的解剖结构特征

研究了石山棕营养器官的解剖结构,结果表明,石山棕营养器官具有发达的保护组织、输导组织、光合组织和机械组织。主要表现为:叶表皮角质膜发达,复表皮富含丹宁,栅栏组织发达(2.5层);根原生木质部束数多(31原),导管和筛管多,大量的薄壁细胞的细胞壁在根成熟后转化为机械组织;茎、叶柄和叶脉的木质部、韧皮部发达,维管束鞘细胞层次多并高度次生木化加厚,茎、叶柄具较多纤维;根、茎的栓化层发达。石山棕的营养器官具有良好的适应干旱、高温、瘦瘠的岩溶石山环境的生态结构,     

Fe-Cr-C-V等离子堆焊层改善旋耕刀耐磨性和冲击韧性

为解决农机触土部件耐磨性差、失效频繁等问题,该文采用等离子堆焊技术在65Mn钢基体上制备Fe-Cr-C-V堆焊层;利用金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪分析了堆焊层的显微组织和物相构成;利用显微硬度计、往复式摩擦磨损试验机、自制土槽磨损试验机、冲击试验机等设备测试了堆焊层的显微硬度、耐磨性及冲击韧性。结果表明,堆焊层与基体呈良好的冶金结合,Fe-Cr-C-V堆焊层主要由α-Fe、Cr7C3、M7C3([Fe,Cr]7C3)、Fe-Cr固溶体、VC等组成。与65Mn淬火钢相比,Fe-Cr-C-V堆焊层的维氏硬度提高了75%,磨损质量降低了约67%。与Fe-Cr-C堆焊层相比,Fe-Cr-C-V堆焊层维氏硬度提高了HV0.5100,冲击韧性提高了21%。与常用的65Mn铲尖相比,有Fe-Cr-C-V堆焊层的深松铲铲尖磨损质量减少了78%,与常用60Si2Mn旋耕刀相比,有Fe-Cr-C-V堆焊层的旋耕刀平均磨损质量减小约50%。该研究可为延长旋耕刀使用寿命提供参考。     

Amyloplast Formation and Starch Granule Development in Hard Red Winter Wheat

Plastids in the coenocytic endosperm of young wheat caryopses were mostly in the form of pleomorphic proplastids with a few of the plastids containing small starch granules. Following cellularization of the coenocytic cytoplasm, the outer one or two endosperm cell layers became meristematic and continued to divide until about 14 days after flowering (DAF). During the first week of endosperm development, newly divided cells had plastids that were pleomorphic in shape, while subaleurone cells interior to the meristematic region contained amyloplasts that contained a single‐size class of starch granules (incipient A‐type starch granules). The pleomorphic plastids exhibited tubular protrusions that extended a considerable distance through the cytoplasm. Amyloplasts in cells interior to the meristematic region did not exhibit protrusions. Both subaleurone and central endosperm cells had amyloplasts that exhibited protrusions at 10–12 DAF, and some of the protrusions contained small starch granules (incipient B‐type starch granules). Protrusions were not observed in endosperm amyloplasts at 14 DAF. Two sizes of starch, large A‐type and smaller B‐type granules were present within the cells, however. Amyloplast protrusions were numerous again at 17 DAF in both subaleurone and central endosperm cells; at 21 DAF, a third size class of small C‐type starch granules was observed in the cytoplasm. Amyloplasts in the endosperm of wheat apparently divided and increased in number through protrusions because binary fission typical of plastid division was never observed. Protrusions were observed in the coenocytic cytoplasm, in dividing cells, in subaleurone and central endosperm cells at 10–12 DAF, and in subaleurone and central endosperm cells at 17 DAF. The results suggest that there are three sizes of starch granules produced at specific times during wheat endosperm development.     

尼罗罗非鱼胰岛的显微和亚显微结构

应用光镜、电镜及特殊染色等技术对尼罗罗非鱼(Tilapia nilotica)的胰岛及其细胞类型和形态进行了详细的研究。尼罗罗非鱼的胰脏与肝脏混合存在，属于肝胰脏。胰岛散布在胰腺内，无固定的形态，胰岛细胞的数量与类型因胰岛的大小而异。用Gomori醛复红特殊染色法，见尼罗罗非鱼胰岛有三种细胞：A细胞胞质中有黄色颗粒；B细胞胞质中有紫红色的颗粒；D细胞胞质内有浅绿色或淡灰色的颗粒。电镜下，B细胞的分泌颗粒较大,芯的形态多样，电子密度差异大,芯与界膜之间常有较大的间隙；A细胞分泌颗粒形态不规则，芯的大小不等，界膜与芯之间无间隙；D细胞分泌颗粒较多，芯的电子密度较低，界膜与芯之间无间隙。此外，胞质内可见较大的线粒体。     

肝片形吸虫神经系统内5-羟色胺的定位和色胺能神经元超微结构的研究

用间接免疫荧光技术鉴定了肝片形吸虫神经系统内5-羟色胺(5-HT)的定位。在中枢,脑神经节内胞体、突起、连合和发出的纵神经干均呈现免疫反应;在外周,皮肌层、肠管壁、睾丸和卵巢上皮周围、子宫和卵模肌内层等的神经丛也有免疫反应。用电镜技术进一步研究色胺能神经元的超微结构,发现其胞体集中于神经节,其终末纤维有经典的突触结构,内含5-HT颗粒.因此,5-HT作为肝片形吸虫的神经递质有了直接证据。     

Treatment of mcf-7 breast cancer cells with a red grape wine polyphenol fraction results in disruption of calcium homeostasis and cell cycle arrest causing selective cytotoxicity

Food components influence the physiology by modulating gene expression and biochemical pathways within the human body. The disease-preventive roles of several fruit and vegetable components have been related to such properties. Polyphenolic components such as flavonoids are strong antioxidants and induce the expression of several xenobiotic-detoxifying enzymes. The mechanism of selective cytotoxicity induced by red grape wine polyphenols against MCF-7 breast cancer cells was investigated in relation to their interference with calcium homeostasis. MCF-7 cells showed an increase in cytosolic calcium levels within 10 min of treatment with the polyphenols. Immunohistochemical localization of calmodulin with secondary gold-labeled antibodies showed similar levels of gold labeling in both MCF-7 cells and the spontaneously immortalized, normal MCF-10A cell line. MCF-7 cells treated with the red wine polyphenol fraction (RWPF) showed swelling of endoplasmic reticulum, dissolution of the nucleus, and loss of plasma membrane integrity as well as reduced mitochondrial membrane potential. These cells were arrested at the G2/M interphase. By contrast, MCF-10A cells did not show such changes after RWPF treatment. The results suggest that polyphenol-induced calcium release may disrupt mitochondrial function and cause membrane damage, resulting in selective cytotoxicity toward MCF-7 cells. This property could further be developed toward breast cancer prevention strategies either independently or in conjunction with conventional prevention therapies where a positive drug-nutrient interaction can be demonstrated.     

采后褪黑素处理对鲜切花椰菜保鲜品质及货架期的影响

为研究采后外源性褪黑素处理对鲜切花椰菜货架期间品质及生理的影响，试验以"雪白"花椰菜为材料，拟从中筛选出有效的使用浓度，进而从生理、细胞和基因表达水平解析褪黑素对鲜切花椰菜保鲜品质的调节作用，以期为探索鲜切花椰菜保鲜和衰老调控的有效途径提供科学依据。采用0.05、0.10、0.50 mmol/L褪黑素溶液浸泡鲜切花椰菜样本15 min，分析货架期间（0、4、8、12、16 d）样本的失重率、硬度、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH）值、总酚含量、抗坏血酸含量、色泽、总硫代葡萄糖苷含量、内源性褪黑素含量、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（polygalacturonase, PG）和脂氧合酶（lipoxygenases, LOX）活性及基因表达水平、细胞超微结构的变化。结果表明：0.10 mmol/L褪黑素处理明显延缓（P<0.05）了失重率、硬度、色泽和总硫代葡萄糖苷含量的下降，提升（P<0.05）了样本中内源性褪黑素的含量。同时，0.10 mmol/L褪黑素处理最有利于提高总酚含量和抗氧化能力，延缓抗坏血酸的降低。此外，0.10 mmol/L可抑制细胞结构的损伤，降低PG和LOX的基因表达，延缓PG和LOX的活性。由此可知，对鲜切花椰菜进行外源褪黑素处理可能是延长其采后寿命和提高品质的有效技术。     

~(60)Co γ射线辐照对小麦愈伤组织超微结构的影响

用~(60)Coγ射线不同照射量辐照旺盛生长的小麦愈伤组织,并于辐照后3、6、12天取材固定进行电镜观察。结果发现,未经辐照的愈伤组织细胞超微结构正常。经500Rγ射线辐照后,细胞结构有轻度损伤,随之出现旺盛的修复活动,线粒体数量明显增加,内嵴结构完善,内质网发达;辐照后12天细胞结构基本恢复正常。经5000R辐照后细胞严重受损,结构逐趋模糊,细胞器逐步消解,最后细胞死亡。结合辐照后愈伤组织的生长状况以及再生株染色体变异频率等,认为对小麦愈伤组织进行辐射处理时照射量以500～1000R为宜。     

Cordycepin stimulated steroidogenesis in MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells through the protein kinase C Pathway

Cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine) is an adenosine analogue isolated from Cordyceps sinensis , which is a Chinese herbal medicine known to have many benefits, including adjustment of the physical condition, an anticancer effect, and enhancement of sexual performance. It was previously demonstrated that cordycepin could simultaneously activate steroidogenesis and apoptosis in MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells. However, the mechanism remains elusive. Thus, aim of the present study was to investigate the steroidogenic and apoptotic mechanism of cordycepin in MA-10 cells. MA-10 cells were treated with cordycepin at various dosages and time courses plus different protein kinase inhibitors. Steroid production, protein expression, and cell viability were then determined. Results illustrated that cordycepin stimulated MA-10 cell steroidogenesis in dose- and time-dependent relationships. However, cordycepin could not induce steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein expression. However, cordycepin did activate the phospholipase C/protein kinase C (PLC/PKC), but not PKA and PI3K, pathway to induce MA-10 cell steroidogenesis. Moreover, cordycepin could stimulate the phosphorylation of PKC, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (c-JNK), but not p38, in MA-10 cells. In addition, cordycepin could activate the PKC pathway to induce MA-10 cell death, and this death effect was not caused by cordycepin-stimulated progesterone from MA-10 cells. In conclusion, cordycepin stimulated intracellular PLC/PKC and MAPK signal transduction pathways to induce steroidogenesis and cell death in MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells.     

Effect of Partial Gelatinization and Lipid Addition on α‐Amylolysis of Barley Starch Granules

The effect of partial gelatinization with and without lipid addition on the granular structure and on α‐amylolysis of large barley starch granules was studied. The extent of hydrolysis was monitored by measuring the amount of soluble carbohydrates and the amount of total and free amylose and lipids in the insoluble residue. Similarly to the α‐amylolysis of native large barley starch granules, lipid‐complexed amylose (LAM) appeared to be more resistant than free amylose and amylopectin. Partial gelatinization changed the hydrolysis pattern of large barley starch granules; the pinholes typical of α‐amylase‐treated large barley starch granules could not be seen. Lipid addition during partial gelatinization decreased the formation of soluble carbohydrates during α‐amylolysis. Also free amylose remained in the granule residues and mostly amylopectin hydrolyzed into soluble carbohydrates. These findings indicate that lysophospholipid (LPL) complexation with amylose occurred either during pretreatment or after hydrolysis, and free amylose was now part of otherwise complexed molecules instead of being separate molecules. Partial gelatinization caused the granules to swell somewhat less during heating 2% starch‐water suspensions up to 90°C, and lipid addition prevented the swelling completely. α‐Amylolysis changed the microstructure of heated suspensions. No typical twisting of the granules was seen, although the extent of swelling appeared to be similar to the reference starch. The granules with added LPL were partly fragmented after hydrolysis.