低压空气辅助缸内直喷汽油机进气道设计

以2.0L四气门进气道喷射汽油机为样机,设计低压空气辅助缸内直喷汽油机,运用CFD仿真技术与气道稳流试验相结合对其进气道进行设计.建立了原进气道喷射汽油机进气道的三维仿真模型并进行计算和分析,表明气道流通能力不够强,有强滚流运动;气道内部三维流场分析结果说明部分区域存在气体滞留现象,通过气道稳流试验台对仿真结果进行了验证.根据低压空气辅助直喷汽油机对缸内气流运动特性的要求,在CFD仿真软件中对进气道结构进行了优化,通过调整气门杆附近的截面积、削弱滚流强度,提高了进气道的流通能力,同时改善了局部气流滞留现象.     

柴油机螺旋进气道的性能试验与评价方法

通过稳流试验台对气道进行试验研究,检验某四缸发动机螺旋气道进气性能的一致性。试验采用Ricardo和FEV两种评价方法分别对各缸进气道的涡流比和流量系数进行对比分析,结果表明该缸盖进气道进气性能良好,并提出确保各缸气道进气一致性的措施。     

发动机进气道稳流试验台的开发

研制了发动机进气道稳流试验台。该试验台结构设计合理,操作灵活方便,计算机可自动进行数据采集,既可满足实验室的需要又可应用于生产车间的在线检测。采用两种计算方法预测发动机进气道涡流比,并给出计算公式。研究表明：气道稳流试验台测量精度高,试验重复性好。     

四气门柴油机进气道性能的试验研究

利用所研制的单独气道和四气门柴油机试验缸盖系统，研究了进气道的不同形状组合、两进气道布置的相对位置对四气门柴油机进气道性能的影响。气道布置角度的变化对流量系数影响不大，但对无因次涡流有很大影响。单气道工作方式下，这种影响取决于气道形式，对切向气道的影响较螺旋气道大；两组合气道工作方式下，这种影响取决于气道形状的不同组合及两气道之间的相对位置，两个螺旋气道组合时影响最大。     

大气道压差对气体滚流强度的影响

在自行研制的气道稳流试验台上研究了发动机气道内大气道压差对气体滚流强度的影响。试验表明，气门升程和气道压差小时，难以形成充分发展的湍流，无量纲滚流强度呈上升趋势，并且波动较大；充分发展时，可压缩气体的滚流强度恒定不变，不可压缩气体的滚流强度比真实值偏大，误差大小只与压力比有关，并随着压力比的增大而增大。     

四气门柴油机进气门出口流速的分布

对四气门柴油机在两个进气道单独和同时开启的情况下，利用热线风速仪测量进气门出口全圆周速度分布，并通过动量矩流率的计算，分析了两个进气道气流相互影响的变化规律及其主要影响因素。结果表明，在进气过程中，两个进气道之间的气流相互影响，造成了两进气门出口速度的再分配，进而导致了缸内气流绕气缸轴线动量矩流率的变化。动量矩流率的总量与两气道单独开启时相比有明显减少，这是两气道的组合涡流比小于单独气道涡流比的主要原因。两进气道之间的干扰程度与作用结果取决于气道本身的结构形状和相对位置。     

柴油机可调涡流进气道设计与试验

将进气涡流的数值仿真和稳流试验测试运用到柴油机进气道设计中,用正向设计和逆向设计相结合的方法为132mm缸径柴油机设计了可调涡流进气道,利用快速成型和数控加工制作出气道的相关模型和气道砂芯模具,并铸造出缸盖。发动机试验表明,油耗下降7.1/(.),烟度下降50%,排气温度下降17℃。     

采用可变进气涡流机构改善柴油机的性能

在增压中冷直喷式柴油机上,采用副进气道可变进气涡流机构,并在不同进气涡流下进行发动机台架试验,分析了涡流强度对柴油机性能及排放特性的影响。试验结果表明,发动机在高,低速区的最佳进气涡流强是不同的。在低速大负荷区适当提高进气涡流强度,可以改善发动机的性能,在高速区降低进气涡流强度,发动机的性能和排放均有明显改善,副进气道可变进气涡机构可满足发动机在各种工况下的进气涡流强度控制需要。     

应用变压差技术的气道稳流试验研究

根据发动机气道流动特性,应用变压差技术测量了6135型柴油机缸盖进气道的流动特性。试验全过程只需确定气门最大升程时,模拟气缸与环境气压的初始压差满足流经气道内的空气为充分发展的湍流条件,就可采集对应于各气门升程下的流量和涡流角动量等试验参数,并用Ricardo和FEV方法计算平均流量系数和涡流比,其计算值与定压差试验结果基本相同。此方法操作简单,易于实现气道稳流试验的全自动化,可提高生产线上批量缸盖检测效率。     

柴油机进气涡流旋流器的研究

对直进气道柴油机诱导产生进气涡流新装置(旋流器)进行了结构设计,并对其性能进行了稳流气道试验、水模拟试验PIV测试以及实际发动机装机试验。试验结果表明,该新装置可以在短直进气道柴油机上诱导产生中、低强度的进气涡流,改善了混合与燃烧,降低了燃油消耗率。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

车用发动机润滑油失效规律与更换周期研究

研究在正常使用条件下１０Ｗ／３０－ＱＣ级润滑油用于某型车用发动机时所表现的失效规律,确认期服从两参数Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布,并给出分布的尺度参数η和形状参数ｍ之最佳线性无偏估计（ＢＬＵＥ）同时,还为定量分析,计算车用发动机润滑油的使用可靠性和合理确定其更换周期提供了一套可供借鉴的方法,并给出了具体的计算实例。     

农村剩余劳动力就业问题的探讨

论述了我国农村剩余劳动力就业的意义,并针对我国农村剩余劳动力的现状,提出多渠道促进农村剩余劳动力就业的途径和办法。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

乡（镇）农业技术推广体系存在的问题及对策

乡（镇）农技推广体系是农业发展的关键。介绍朝阳市农业技术推广体系的现状,针对目前体制及运行机制、服务手段等方面存在的问题,提出适合朝阳市乡（镇）农技推广体系改革与发展的对策,以期对全省农技推广体系改革和发展起到一些借鉴作用。     

草莓的采收与贮藏

草莓果味酸甜爽口,营养价值高,为人们所喜爱的应市鲜果之一。由于草莓易受损伤和微生物侵染,因此其采收、贮藏过程极为重要。介绍草莓采收过程中的注意事项以及11种贮藏保鲜技术的实施步骤和操作方法,推介9种加工方式,为草莓产业化提供技术支持。     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.