EM发酵鸡粪喂猪试验

为开发鸡粪再生饲料资源、降低饲料成本和研究EM微生物制剂发酵鸡粪的功效，我们对45～90kg阶段的肉猪进行了EM发酵鸡粪饲喂试验。使用25％发酵鸡粪的试验猪的效果及与对照猪用100％的饲料的比较如下：1kg增重耗料3．1kg除去鸡粪，降低11．4％，日增重638．9kg，降低5．7％，1kg增重饲料成本3．88元，降低7．6％，头均增重饲料成本182．94元，降低了43．38元。使用50％发酵鸡粪的试验猪的效果及对照猪的比较如下：1kg增重耗料2．4kg，头均饲料成本138．07元，降低85．83元。此外，试验猪舍蝇蚊减少，臭味减轻。     

EM发酵鸡粪喂猪试验

为开发鸡粪再生饲料资源、降低饲料成本和研究EM微生物制剂发酵鸡粪的功效，我们对45－90kg，阶段的肉猪进行了EM发酵鸡粪饲喂试验。使用25％发酵鸡粪的试验猪的效果及与对照猪（用100％的饲料）的比较如下：1kg增重耗料3．1kg(除去鸡粪），降低11．4％，日增重638．9kg,降低5．75，1kg增重饲料成本3．88元，降低7．6％，头孢增重饲料成本182．94元，降低了43．38元，使用50%发酵鸡粪的试验猪的效果及对照猪的比较如下：1kg增耗料2．4kg，头均饲料成本138．07元，降低85．83元。此外，试验猪舍蝇蚊减少，臭味减轻。     

EM发酵鸡粪喂猪试验

为开发鸡粪再生饲料资源、降低饲料成本和研究EM微生物制剂发酵鸡粪的功效，我们对45－90kg阶段的肉猪进行了EM发酵鸡粪饲喂试验。使用25％发酵鸡粪的试验组猪的效果与对照组猪（用100％的饲料）的比较如下：1kg增重耗料3．1kg(除去鸡粪），降低11．4％，日增重638．9g，降低5．7％，1kg增重饲料成本3．88元，降低7．6％，头均增重饲料成本182．94元，降低了43．38元。使用50％发酵鸡粪的试验组猪的效果与对照组猪的比较如下：1kg增重耗料2．4kg（除去鸡粪），降低31．4％，日增重551．4kg，降低18．6％，1kg增重饲料成本3．49元，降低17．1％，头均饲料成本138．07元，降低85．83元。此外，试验猪舍蝇纹减少，臭味减轻。     

加藤菌发酵鸡粪喂猪试验

为开发鸡粪再生饲料资源、降低饲料成本和研究加藤菌制剂发酵鸡粪的功效，我们对45-90kg阶段的肉猪进行加藤菌发酵鸡粪饲喂试验，使用25%发酵鸡粪的试验猪的效果及与对照猪（用100%的饲料）的比较如下：1kg增重耗料2.6kg(除去鸡粪），降低25.7%，日增重675g，降低0.4%，1kg增重饲料成本3.37元，降低24.6%，头均增重饲料成本163.58元，降低了34.71元，使用50%发酵鸡粪的试验猪的效果及与对照组的比较如下，1kg增重耗料2kg(除去鸡粪），降低42.9%，日增重604kg，降低10.9%，1kg增重饲料成本3.12元，降低25.7%，头均饲料成本151.61元，降低81.63元，此外，试验猪舍蝇蚊减少，臭味减轻。     

复合微生物发酵鸡粪对生长肥育猪生产性能的影响

选用40头体重约26kg的杜长大三元杂交猪40头，随机分为4组，每组2个重复，每个重复5头，采用单因素设计研究了日粮中添加发酵鸡粪和不同发酵鸡粪添加水平对生长肥育猪生产性能的影响。结果表明：添加20％发酵鸡粪的试验2组日增重比添加20％干鸡粪的试验1组有明显提高（P〈0．05），添加40％发酵鸡粪的试验3组猪的每埏增重饲料成本同期比对照组降低了17．56％。     

利用有益微生物发酵开发鸡粪饲料的探讨

试验采用直接发酵和接种复合有益微生物发酵的方法处理鸡粪 ,并用 2 0头大约克×荣昌猪杂交一代肉猪进行 110d饲养试验。结果表明 ,直接发酵和接种复合有益微生物发酵 ,通过 10d的处理可以消除鸡粪中的沙门氏菌 ,大肠杆菌数量分别减少 6 0 4倍 (1 39× 10 8∶2 3× 10 6)和 5 346倍 (1 39× 10 8∶2 6× 10 4) ;用接种复合有益微生物发酵鸡粪饲料与精料配合饲喂肉猪 ,试验组猪日增重高于对照组 ,但差异不显著 (P >0 0 5 ) ;饲料利用率提高5 2 % (料肉比 3 6 6∶3 86 ) ;每千克增重饲料成本降低 0 98元 (4 86∶5 84元 /kg)。     

利用EM益生菌发酵酒糟及饲喂杜糯杂优猪效果试验

通过微生物发酵,使酿酒过程中产生的酒糟转化成高质量饲料,发酵后的酒糟菌体蛋白饲料粗纤维含量由20.88％降至2.95％～3.33％,粗蛋白含量由15.22％增至42.60％～58.95％,产品活菌数大于30亿/g.试验结果表明,饲喂菌体蛋白饲料组与对照组相比,统一饲养120 d的杜糯杂优猪每头猪增重差异11.60kg,每公斤增重耗料成本差异1.92元,使用菌体蛋白饲料增重耗料比下降,饲养成本下降,养殖效益提高.     

以鸡粪为原料配制雏鸡饲料的效果试验

新鲜鸡粪经烘箱140℃1 h处理后,利用Microsoft Excel"规划求解"设计配制粗蛋白为21.5%,代谢能为12.54 MJ/kg的鸡粪饲料。通过鸡粪饲料试验组、未加鸡粪配制的饲料对照组、市场全价饲料对照组三组雏鸡的喂养试验,以日采食量、肉料比、每增重1 kg耗料成本等指标衡量鸡粪饲料的效果。试验结果得出鸡粪饲料试验组、未加鸡粪配制的饲料对照组、市场全价饲料对照组的雏鸡平均重量为461.4、476.0及559.1 g,肉料比分别为1∶2.096、1∶2.027、1∶1.996;每增重1 kg耗料成本分别为7.57、7.88及9.98元。以鸡粪为原料配制饲料在价格上占有很大的优势。     

昆仑牌料精饲喂肉猪效果

在猪用混合饲料中添加一定比例的昆仑牌料精,对肉猪进行饲养试验。试验结果:从体重20kg开始,经3个月试验,料精组猪平均体重达88.75kg,平均日增重754g,每增重1kg平均耗料3.42kg.比对照组(61.75kg,453g,3.76kg),分别提高43.73％,66.45％(P<0.01),9.04％(P<0.01)。扣除饲料费用,平均每头猪比对照组多盈利25.07元,经济效益显著。     

复合微生物发酵鸡粪对生长肥育猪生产性能的影响

选用40头体重约26kg的杜长大三元杂交猪40头,随机分为4组,每组2个重复,每个重复5头,采用单因素设计研究了日粮中添加发酵鸡粪和不同发酵鸡粪添加水平对生长肥育猪生产性能的影响。结果表明:添加20%发酵鸡粪的试验2组日增重比添加20%干鸡粪的试验1组有明显提高(P<0.05),添加40%发酵鸡粪的试验3组猪的每千克增重饲料成本同期比对照组降低了17.56%。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.