Spectral and thermal sensing for nitrogen and water status in rainfed and irrigated wheat environments

Variable-rate technologies and site-specific crop nutrient management require real-time spatial information about the potential for response to in-season crop management interventions. Thermal and spectral properties of canopies can provide relevant information for non-destructive measurement of crop water and nitrogen stresses. In previous studies, foliage temperature was successfully estimated from canopy-scale (mixed foliage and soil) temperatures and the multispectral Canopy Chlorophyll Content Index (CCCI) was effective in measuring canopy-scale N status in rainfed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) systems in Horsham, Victoria, Australia. In the present study, results showed that under irrigated wheat systems in Maricopa, Arizona, USA, the theoretical derivation of foliage temperature unmixing produced relationships similar to those in Horsham. Derivation of the CCCI led to an r ² relationship with chlorophyll a of 0.53 after Zadoks stage 43. This was later than the relationship (r ² = 0.68) developed for Horsham after Zadoks stage 33 but early enough to be used for potential mid-season N fertilizer recommendations. Additionally, ground-based hyperspectral data estimated plant N (g kg⁻¹) in Horsham with an r ² = 0.86 but was confounded by water supply and N interactions. By combining canopy thermal and spectral properties, varying water and N status can potentially be identified eventually permitting targeted N applications to those parts of a field where N can be used most efficiently by the crop.     

Combining chlorophyll meter readings and high spatial resolution remote sensing images for in-season site-specific nitrogen management of corn

The chlorophyll meter (CM) has been commonly used for in-season nitrogen (N) management of corn (Zea mays L.). Nevertheless, it has limited potential for site-specific N management in large fields due to difficulties in using it to generate N status maps. The objective of this study was to determine how well CM readings can be estimated using aerial hyper-spectral and simulated multi-spectral remote sensing images at different corn growth stages. Two field experiments were conducted in Minnesota, USA during 2005 involving different N application rates and timings on a corn-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation field and a corn-corn rotation field. Four flights were made during the growing season using the AISA Eagle Hyper-spectral Imager and CM readings were collected at four or five different growth stages. The results indicated that single multi-spectral and hyper-spectral band or vegetation index could explain 64–86% and 73–88% of the variability in CM readings, respectively, except at growth stage V9 in the corn-soybean rotation field where no band or vegetation index could explain more than 37% of the variability in CM readings. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that the combination of 2–4 broad-bands or 3–8 narrow-bands could explain 41–92% or 61–94% of the variability in CM readings across the two fields and different corn growth stages investigated. It was concluded that the combination of CM readings with high spatial resolution hyper-spectral or multi-spectral remote sensing images can overcome the limitations of using them individually, thus offering a practical solution to N deficiency detection and possibly in-season site-specific N management in large continuous corn fields or at later stages in corn-soybean rotation fields.     

Quantifying spatial variability of indigenous nitrogen supply for precision nitrogen management in small scale farming

Understanding spatial variability of indigenous nitrogen (N) supply (INS) is important to the implementation of precision N management (PNM) strategies in small scale agricultural fields of the North China Plain (NCP). This study was conducted to determine: (1) field-to-field and within-field variability in INS; (2) the potential savings in N fertilizers using PNM technologies; and (3) winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) N status variability at the Feekes 6 stage and the potential of using a chlorophyll meter (CM) and a GreenSeeker active crop canopy sensor for estimating in-season N requirements. Seven farmer’s fields in Quzhou County of Hebei Province were selected for this study, but no fertilizers were applied to these fields. The results indicated that INS varied significantly both within individual fields and across different fields, ranging from 33.4 to 268.4 kg ha⁻¹, with an average of 142.6 kg ha⁻¹ and a CV of 34%. The spatial dependence of INS, however, was not strong. Site-specific optimum N rates varied from 0 to 355 kg ha⁻¹ across the seven fields, with an average of 173 kg ha⁻¹ and a CV of 46%. Field-specific N management could save an average of 128 kg N ha⁻¹ compared to typical farmer practices. Both CM and GreenSeeker sensor readings were significantly related to crop N status and demand across different farmer’s fields, showing a good potential for in-season site-specific N management in small scale farming systems. More studies are needed to further evaluate these sensing technology-based PNM strategies in additional farmer fields in the NCP.     

Design of a hyperspectral nitrogen sensing system for orange leaves

The orange (Citrus sinensis) is one of the most important agricultural crops in Florida. Heavy reliance on agricultural chemicals and low fertilizer use efficiencies in citrus production have raised environmental and economic concerns. In this study, a nitrogen sensor was developed to predict nitrogen concentrations in orange leaves. Four design criteria were chosen to maximize the sensing efficiency and reliability. They were: (1) coverage of the spectral N sensing range, (2) no moving parts, (3) single leaf detection, and (4) diffuse reflectance measurement. Based on chlorophyll and protein spectral absorption bands, the sensor's wavelength ranges were chosen to be 620–950 nm and 1400–2500 nm. A reflectance housing was designed to block environmental noise and to ensure single leaf measurement. A halogen light source, two detector arrays, two linear variable filters, and data acquisition cards with 16-bit analog-to-digital converters were used to collect data. The designed N sensor had a spectral resolution less than 30 nm. Test results showed that the nitrogen sensor had good linearity (r > 0.99) and stability. With averaged signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 299, the system was able to predict N content with a root mean square difference (RMSD) of l.69 g kg⁻¹ for the validation data set. Using the N sensor, unknown leaf samples could be classified into low, medium and high N levels with 70% accuracy.     

Shadow effect on multi-spectral image for detection of nitrogen deficiency in corn

The efficiency of side-dressing, a more efficient of nitrogen application method than uniform application in either late Fall or early Spring, relies heavily on the capability of nitrogen deficiency detection on a sprayer. To determine the site-specific yield potential for corn, multi-spectral image analysis including aerial- and ground-based images has been used. Some acceptable calibration relationships between the multi-spectral reflectance and SPAD readings have been found from previous study. In sunny weather conditions there was a shadow in the image made by corn leaf itself. This research investigated the shadow effect on the image for detecting corn nitrogen deficiency based on corn canopy reflectance information. The results indicated that the reflectance of red channel in shadow area showed strong inverse correlation, so the vegetation index NDVI using red and NIR channels also showed strong correlation (R² = 77) compared to the whole leaf and bright area. And the reflectance (green and red) and vegetation index(G_NDVI, NDVI, and ratio) in shadow area showed more consistent correlations than others using these image analysis methods.     

农药草铵膦产污系数研究

产污系数的研究是第二次全国污染源普查的基础之一。本文选取了两家以格氏工艺生产草铵膦农药原药的企业进行采样和调查,基于废水实测法和废气物料衡算法进行个体产污系数与品种产污系数核算,分析了两家企业产污差异的影响因素。结果表明:企业A的个体产污系数为化学需氧量1.09×106g t-1、氨氮969g t-1、总氮2.10×103g t-1、总磷750g t-1、挥发性有机物1.59×103kg t-1;企业B的个体产污系数为化学需氧量2.34×106g t-1、氨氮53g t-1、总氮795g t-1、总磷124g t-1、挥发性有机物335 kg t-1;品种产污系数为化学需氧量1.73×106g t-1、氨氮499g t-1、总氮1.43×103g t-1、总磷429g t-1、挥发性有机物748kg t-1。通过对两家企业产污系数影响因素的深入分析,发现原辅料的使用与投用量、有机溶剂和设备的使用不同是导致产污水平差异的主要因素。     

昆山市土壤养分现状与变化趋势研究

2009年对昆山市土壤养分进行检测,检测结果显示:有机质35.5 g·kg^-1,全氮2.22 g·kg^-1,碱解氮162 mg·kg^-1,有效磷15.1mg·kg^-1,速效钾115 mg·kg^-1,pH值6.0。与第二次土壤普查相比,有机质和全氮含量呈上升趋势,碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量明显提高,pH值呈下降趋势。     

基于高光谱植被指数的马铃薯叶片叶绿素含量估测模型

【目的】筛选相关性好的植被指数构建马铃薯叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b估测模型,为科学、无损地进行马铃薯叶片叶绿素含量估算提供技术支撑。【方法】采用便携式高光谱地物波谱仪,获取不同施氮水平下不同生育时期的马铃薯植株叶片光谱反射率,提取植被指数,测定马铃薯叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量,并研究叶绿素含量与植被指数的相关性。【结果】12个植被指数与叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量相关性较好,其中修正归一化差异指数(mND_(705))、修正简单比值指数(mSR_(705))、地面叶绿素指数(MTCI)、修改叶绿素吸收反射指数(MCARI)与叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量相关性最好。基于这4个植被指数建立的估测模型中,MTCI构建的乘幂模型估测叶绿素a含量的效果最佳,mND_(705)构建的指数模型估测叶绿素b含量的效果最佳。【结论】MTCI构建的乘幂模型能较为精确地估测叶绿素a含量,mND_(705)构建的指数模型能较为精确地估测叶绿素b含量;这2种模型可用于间接监测马铃薯植株的氮营养亏缺状态。     

不同光质条件及NH4+-N、Cu2+浓度对栅藻处理沼液的影响

将筛选所得耐污能力强的栅藻作为研究对象,研究不同光质条件对栅藻处理沼液的影响,并且以实际沼液废水中NH₄⁺-N、Cu²⁺浓度为参照设置不同浓度,分别考察NH₄⁺-N、Cu²⁺对栅藻生长的影响。结果表明：在白光、蓝光、红光3种光质下,栅藻生物产率分别是0.21、0.04、0.03 g ·L^-1·d^-1,白光条件下栅藻生长相对较好。50 mg·L^-1低浓度NH₄⁺-N下栅藻生长较好,其生物产率优于BG 11培养基,分别为0.20、0.18 g·L^-1·d^-1;500、2000 mg·L^-1高浓度NH₄⁺-N下,藻细胞生长缓慢,生物产率仅为0.12、0.11 g·L^-1·d^-1。在Cu²⁺浓度分别为0.5、1.0、2.0 mg·L^-1的培养液中,藻细胞生物产率分别为0.18、0.15、0.13 g·L^-1·d^-1。一定浓度NH₄⁺-N存在下,栅藻能耐受较高的Cu²⁺浓度。     

白三叶叶片水浸提液对几种园林植物的化感作用

采用砂培法研究了不同质量浓度白三叶Trifolium repens叶片水浸提液对一串红Salvia splendens,香雪球Lobularia maritime,石竹Dianthus chinensis,高羊茅Festuca arundinacea和马蹄金Dichondra repens等幼苗生长、根系活力、叶绿素质量分数以及抗氧化保护酶活性的影响,并采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术对白三叶叶片水浸提液化学成分进行了分析。结果表明:白三叶叶片水浸提液对一串红、香雪球、石竹、高羊茅和马蹄金幼苗生长有明显的影响,其中,50 g·L-1白三叶叶片水浸提液处理5种园林植物幼苗,对其生长指标有极显著的抑制作用(P<0.05),其幼苗根系活力分别降低了24.0%,42.8%,51.6%,16.1%和14.9%,幼苗叶绿素质量分数分别下降了13.6%,43.1%,30.5%,57.1%和13.8%。当处理质量浓度为25 g·L-1时,对5种园林植物幼苗体内过氧化物酶(POD),超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性有显著的促进作用(P<0.01);当白三叶叶片水浸提液质量浓度增加到50 g·L-1时,对5种园林植物幼苗体内POD,SOD和CAT活性有极显著抑制作用(P<0.01),同时使幼苗体内丙二醛(MDA)质量摩尔浓度极显著增加(P<0.01)。白三叶叶片水浸提液有42种化合物,主要成分是4-羟基-紫罗兰酮(16.4%),乙酸异戊酯(11.0%),二氢香豆酮(9.6%),乙烯基愈创木酚(7.4%),喇叭茶醇(6.4%),菖蒲酮(5.5%),麦芽酚(4.9%),紫罗兰酮环氧化物(4.7%)和2-羟基-6-甲基苯甲醛(4.2%),合计占到总量的70.1%。图7表2参31     

氮素和水分对贝加尔针茅草原土壤酶活性和微生物量碳氮的影响

在内蒙古贝加尔针茅草原,分别设对照(N0)、1.5 g·m^-2(N15)、3.0 g·m^-2(N30)、5.0 g·m^-2(N50)、10.0 g·m^-2(N100)、15.0 g·m^-2(N150)、20.0 g·m^-2(N200)和30g·m^-2(N300)(不包括大气沉降的氮量)8个氮素(NH₄NO₃)梯度和模拟夏季增加降水100 mm的水分添加交互试验,研究氮素和水分添加对草原土壤养分、酶活性及微生物量碳氮的影响。结果表明:氮素和水分添加对草原土壤理化性质和生物学特性有显著影响。随施氮量的增加土壤总有机碳、全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮含量呈增加的趋势,相反,土壤pH值呈降低的趋势。土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶的活性随施氮量的增加而升高,多酚氧化酶则随施氮量的增加呈下降的趋势。氮素和水分添加对草原土壤微生物量碳氮含量有显著影响,高氮处理(N150、N200和N300)显著降低了微生物碳含量,微生物氮含量随施氮量的增加呈上升趋势。水分添加能够减缓氮素添加对微生物的抑制作用,提高微生物量碳、微生物量氮含量。草原土壤养分、土壤酶活性及土壤微生物量碳氮含量间关系密切,过氧化氢酶与全氮、总有机碳、硝态氮呈显著正相关,多酚氧化酶与铵态氮、硝态氮、全氮呈显著负相关。微生物量氮含量与土壤全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮含量以及过氧化氢酶和磷酸酶活性呈显著正相关,与多酚氧化酶呈负相关;微生物量碳与过氧化氢酶呈负相关,与多酚氧化酶活性呈正相关。     

尖孢镰刀菌侵染下香蕉幼苗抗病生理响应研究

香蕉枯萎病由土传病菌尖孢镰刀菌侵染引起,为探究病原菌侵染过程中香蕉植株的抗病生理响应,本研究利用温室培养植株接种病原菌的方法,测定病原菌侵染之后叶绿素含量、抗病防御酶活性、总酚含量、木质素含量、可溶性糖含量和氨基酸含量。结果表明:(1)随着病原菌的侵染,叶绿素含量显著降低。在侵染第16天时,发病植株叶绿素含量相对于健康植株降低44%;(2)病原菌侵染之后,植株各部位抗病防御酶苯基丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性显著提高;(3)随着病情的加剧,酚类物质和木质素逐渐在植株体内累积;(4)病原菌侵染之后,香蕉植株叶片和假茎可溶性糖含量显著增加,但根系可溶性糖含量显著降低。当植株发病等级为I级时,叶片和假茎可溶性糖含量增加至未侵染植株的1.53和1.62倍,根系可溶性糖含量降低至未侵染植株的67%;(5)当植株发病等级为II级时,叶片和假茎氨基酸含量分别增加至未侵染植株的的3.01、5.38和1.99倍。综上所述,病原菌侵染之后,香蕉植株会通过提高抗病防御酶活性,合成抗病物质酚类和木质素,同时,也会主动累积可溶性糖和氨基酸,来缓解由于病原菌侵染之后所造成的渗透胁迫。     

Site-specific management of limiting nutrients in peanut (Arachis hypogaea) on the Texas High Plains

Nutrient data obtained from soil chemical tests were analyzed in an activity analysis model to identify limiting factors in peanut production on the Texas High Plains. A production function was estimated for the study field, and limiting factors were identified at individual sites where the production function indicated that yield did not respond. The estimated production function also enabled us to conduct a cost-return analysis of variable- and blanket-rate fertilizer applications. The results showed that peanut yields did not respond to most of the nutrients included in the study, which confirmed conclusions from previous studies in the study region. Calcium and nitrogen were the only two limiting factors identified in this study. Significant economic returns could be obtained by site-specific fertilizer application. The average economic return from variable-rate calcium fertilizer application was $27.84 ha⁻¹ and from blanket-rate it was $10.73 ha⁻¹. The return from variable-rate nitrogen fertilizer application was about $20 ha⁻¹ and from a blanket-rate it was about $14 ha⁻¹. There seems to be quite a strong economic incentive to adopt variable-rate application for calcium and nitrogen fertilizer application.

钇(Y3+)对缺氮、缺磷胁迫下铜绿微囊藻生长和生理特性及藻毒素释放的影响

为探究稀土元素钇(Y~(3+))对缺氮、缺磷胁迫下铜绿微囊藻生长的影响,测定了缺素胁迫下不同Y~(3+)浓度时藻的生长量、叶绿素a、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量、抗氧化酶活性(超氧化物歧化酶SOD、过氧化氢酶CAT、过氧化物酶POD)以及丙二醛(MDA)和藻毒素(MC-LR)含量。结果表明:在缺氮、缺磷胁迫下,Y~(3+)对铜绿微囊藻的生长表现出低促高抑的"Hormesis"现象。低浓度Y~(3+)(0.10~0.20 mg·L~(-1))能维持铜绿微囊藻的生长,增强抗氧化酶活性,减轻缺素胁迫造成的损伤;高浓度Y~(3+)(0.50~2.00 mg·L~(-1))则加剧缺氮、缺磷胁迫对藻的迫害,光合色素、可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白含量呈明显的下降趋势,抗氧化酶活性受到抑制,膜质过氧化程度加重,MC-LR含量增加。     

巢湖地区农村生活污水产排污调研方法及实证

农村推行厕所革命后,农村生活污水从产生源头出现了较大的水量和水质差异,改厕后的农村生活污水水质水量的变化将对农村生活污水处理设计方案参数的选取产生很大影响。本研究提炼出一套详细的改厕后农村生活污水产排污调研方法,根据该方法在巢湖地区新农村、兴庄村和周公山村进行农村生活污水产排污调研,3个村落总人口共计5 930人。结果表明,巢湖地区农村居民污水产生系数为56.47 L·人^-1·d^-1,其中灰水占比65.77%,黑水占比34.23%;农村居民生活污水化学需氧量（COD）、氨氮（NH₃-N）、总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）产污系数分别为35.29、1.46、4.31 g·人^-1·d^-1和0.22 g·人^-1·d^-1,经过管网停留和降解,污水管网末端排污系数约为12.12、2.02、4.95 g·人^-1·d^-1和0.14 g·人^-1·d^-1。研究表明,提炼出的农村生活污水产排污调研方法科学合理,可以为调研方案的制定及开展调研实践提供指导。通过家庭层面的生活污水分类水量水质分析,黑水水量小且氮磷营养盐丰富,是很好的资源化利用对象,具有良好资源利用潜质。农村生活污水处理应充分结合农业生产,在降低污水处理难度和费用的同时,因地制宜进行资源化,提高技术推广应用的适应性。     

基于空间分析法研究温室番茄优质高产的水氮模式

【目的】本文通过设置不同灌水施氮水平处理,研究温室盆栽条件下,不同水氮供应组合对番茄产量品质和水氮利用效率的影响,分别提出单一指标最大和兼顾产量品质最优时的灌水施氮组合。【方法】试验于2013年在西北农林科技大学旱区农业水土工程教育部重点实验室的灌溉试验站日光温室内进行,供试番茄品种为金鹏M6088,在盆栽条件下设置3个灌水上限:低水W1(70%θf)、中水W2(80%θf)和高水W3(90%θf),θf为田间持水率;3个施氮量:低氮N1(N 0.24 g·kg~(-1)土)、中氮N2(N 0.36 g·kg~(-1)土)和高氮N3(N 0.48 g·kg~(-1)土),试验采用完全随机区组设计,共9个处理,每个处理重复15次。运用多元回归分析和空间分析相结合的方法,寻求单一指标最大时的灌水施氮组合,以及综合评价产量品质的水肥调控效应,提出兼顾产量品质最优时的灌水施氮范围。【结果】番茄产量、灌溉水生产率、氮肥偏生产力和品质受灌水量和施氮量的影响显著。番茄单株产量随着灌水量和施氮量的增加而先增加后降低(低氮和低水除外),低氮下增加灌水量可弥补缺氮造成的减产,低水下增施氮肥可缓解干旱对产量的抑制作用。产量与水氮供应量之间呈较好的二元二次关系,当灌水量和施氮量分别为62.3 L/株和0.3864 g·kg~(-1)土时,番茄单株产量有最大值(1 599.4 g/株),但灌水量和施氮量超过其峰值时,产量反而会减少。减小灌水量和增大施氮量时,灌溉水生产率增加;增大灌水量和降低施氮量时,氮肥偏生产力增加。番茄各品质指标受灌水量和施氮量的影响极显著。可溶性固形物和有机酸随着施氮量的增加而增加,维生素C、番茄红素、可溶性糖和糖酸比则先增大后降低。随着灌水量的增加,可溶性固形物和维生素C(中氮除外)呈降低趋势,番茄红素、可溶性糖和糖酸比呈先增加后降低的趋势(低氮除外)。采用熵权法计算得出番茄单一品质指标对不同水氮处理的敏感度排序为:番茄红素可溶性糖糖酸比有机酸维生素C可溶性固形物。【结论】通过多元回归分析和空间分析得出,番茄产量和品质同时达到大于等于95%最大值的灌水上限为田间持水率的80%,施氮区间约为0.34—0.44 g·kg~(-1)土。     

农田汇水河道水生植物原位净化工程处理效果分析

为了研究水生植物原位净化工程处理效果,于2017年5—11月,在江苏省泗洪县四河乡的农田汇水河道,利用水葫芦和绿狐尾藻构建组合生态浮床,沿着水流方向设置4个水质采样点,每月监测水体基本理化指标,主要包括水温(T)、酸碱度(pH)、溶解氧(DO)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、化学需氧量(COD_(Cr))、悬浮物(SS),分析河段水质沿程变化;在试验开始时、每次采收时监测单位面积植物生物量,干物质含量与氮磷含量,计算植物氮磷富集量。结果显示:植物种养后,沿程各采样点数据对比,水体pH值逐渐趋于中性;各采样时间数据对比,水体DO浓度呈升高趋势。在植物旺盛生长期(7—10月),组合生态浮床对河段水体TN、TP、COD和SS的沿程总消减率分别为50.41%～78.00%、44.62%～73.33%、46.15%～57.82%和33.33%～52.38%,其中最高值出现在8月。按照有效试验周期180 d(5—10月)计算,水葫芦的氮、磷去除量分别约为0.76 g·m~(-2)·d~(-1)和0.09 g·m~(-2)·d~(-1);绿狐尾藻的氮、磷去除量分别约为1.17 g·m~(-2)·d~(-1)和0.08 g·m~(-2)·d~(-1)。除了植物自身的吸收作用,根系微生物降解作用在污染物净化过程中也发挥了重要作用。在农田汇水河道原位净化工程中,水葫芦与绿狐尾藻组合生态浮床大幅消减水体氮磷浓度,有效降解有机物及拦截颗粒物,对于缓解下游水域富营养化问题具有积极的意义。     

Maximum benefit of a precise nitrogen application system for wheat

Research is ongoing to develop sensor-based systems to determine crop nitrogen needs. To be economic and to achieve wide adoption, a sensor-based site-specific application system must be sufficiently efficient to overcome both the cost disadvantage of dry and liquid sources of nitrogen relative to applications before planting of anhydrous ammonia and possible losses if weather prevents applications during the growing season. The objective of this study is to determine the expected maximum benefit of a precision N application system for winter wheat that senses and applies N to the growing crop in the spring relative to a uniform system that applies N before planting. An estimate of the maximum benefit would be useful to provide researchers with an upper bound on the cost of delivering an economically viable precision technology. Sixty five site-years of data from two dryland winter wheat nitrogen fertility experiments at experimental stations in the Southern Plains of the U.S.A. were used to estimate the expected returns from both a conventional uniform rate anhydrous ammonia (NH₃) application system before planting and a precise topdressing system to determine the value of the latter. For prices of $0.55 and $0.33 kg⁻¹ N for urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) and NH₃, respectively, the maximum net value of a system of precise sensor-based nitrogen application for winter wheat was about $22–$31 ha⁻¹ depending upon location and assumptions regarding the existence of a plateau. However, for prices of $1.10 and $0.66 kg⁻¹ N for UAN and NH₃, respectively, the value was approximately $33 ha⁻¹. The benefit of precise N application is sensitive to both the absolute and relative prices of UAN and NH₃.This is journal paper AEJ-260 of the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, project H-2574.     

赤红壤碳库管理的滴灌施氮模式研究

【目的】探索有利于赤红壤碳库管理的滴灌施氮模式。【方法】通过模拟滴灌系统的盆栽试验,研究了3种滴灌方式和5种施氮处理对土壤有机碳和活性有机碳含量、碳库管理指数和酶活性的影响。【结果】与N0-CDI(土壤施氮量为0结合常规滴灌)相比,N2-ADI(滴灌施氮量0.18 g·kg–1结合交替滴灌)处理土壤有机碳含量提高55.2%,土壤活性有机碳含量提高111.8%,土壤碳库管理指数提高90.5%。同时,土壤有机碳含量、活性有机碳含量和碳库管理指数与过氧化氢酶、脲酶和转化酶活性之间有显著相关性。【结论】滴灌施氮量0.18 g·kg–1结合交替滴灌处理是赤红壤碳库管理的最优滴灌施氮模式。     

Widescale testing of the Crop-meter for site-specific farming

A sensor for measuring crop biomass density has been designed and developed to meet the demands for practical use in site-specific farming. The mechanical sensor named ‘Crop-meter’ is based on the pendulum principle. The suitability and measuring stability of the Crop-meter has been confirmed under field conditions in different regions of Germany. Significant correlations were obtained between Crop-meter signals and soil electrical conductivity (R ²=0.16−0.66) and grain yield (R ²=0.42−0.57). To test the suitability of the Crop-meter for site-specific management, it was used to control variable application rates for nitrogen fertiliser, growth regulators and fungicides in real time. A small increase in yield (3.1%) as well as reduced application rates for agrochemicals (14.6% nitrogen fertilisers; 23.1% fungicides and growth regulators) were proved in large-scale trials.