激素信号调控果树果实花色苷合成机制研究进展

围绕花色苷合成路径相关基因的表达调控,综述了脱落酸、茉莉酸、乙烯、生长素、细胞分裂素、油菜素内酯、赤霉素、独脚金内酯对果树中花色苷积累的调控作用及其内在分子机制,以期为明确植物激素信号转导关键通路,合理应用植物激素类物质调控果实发育提供理论支撑,同时也为不同果树花色苷代谢通路的深入研究提供参考。     

草莓新茎分枝与独脚金内酯的关系

【目的】探究独脚金内酯对草莓新茎分枝的调控机制。【方法】利用超快速液相-电喷雾离子化-串联质谱方法(UFLC-ESI-MS/MS),测定不同新茎分枝数的‘红颜’(Fragaria ananassa‘Benihoppe’)和‘C5’植株根和新茎在不同分枝发育过程中独脚金内酯含量,并采用半定量PCR对7个独脚金内酯合成和信号转导基因(FaD27、FaCCD7、FaCCD8、FaP450、FaD14、FaD53和FaD3)进行表达分析。【结果】草莓植株中检测到5-脱氧独脚金醇、独脚金醇和列当醇3类天然独脚金内酯成分,它们在‘红颜’和‘C5’不同组织中的变化趋势不同‘。红颜’和‘C5’中独脚金内酯含量随着分枝发育时期呈规律性变化,新茎中均表现为先减少后增加的趋势,而根中变化趋势与之相反,随着分枝发育‘红颜’中独脚金内酯含量逐渐增加,而‘C5’独脚金内酯含量逐渐降低。半定量PCR结果显示FaD27基因在‘红颜’的根和新茎中表达量差异明显,并且该基因的表达量与独脚金内酯含量的变化趋势相同。【结论】推测‘红颜’分枝较少以及‘C5’分枝较多与草莓根中合成独脚金内酯含量增加和减少直接相关,新茎中分枝前期独脚金内酯含量降低能够增加草莓新茎分枝,但随着分枝增加新茎中会积累较多的独脚金内酯从而抑制分枝的进一步增加。研究为独脚金内酯在草莓中调控新茎分枝的作用机制提供一定的参考。     

植物激素调控草莓花芽分化及果实发育的作用

植物激素在植物的生长发育中扮演着重要的调节角色,对草莓的花芽分化和果实成熟有着至关重要的影响。赤霉素、生长素、细胞分裂素、脱落酸和乙烯等激素参与了草莓花芽的分化和果实的发育过程。从植物激素的种类、生理作用、调控机制等方面综述了植物激素在草莓花芽分化及果实发育中的作用,同时探讨了植物激素在草莓栽培中的应用前景。     

植物生长调节剂对植株生长发育的影响概述

植物生长调节剂已被广泛应用于调节各类植物生长发育中。在生产中，常常结合产业实际问题，以现有研究为基础，应用外源激素调控植株生长、改良性状、提高产量。该文根据近年来国内外关于植株生长发育的植物激素调控研究，具体阐述了植物生长调节物质生长素、细胞分裂素、赤霉素、脱落酸和乙烯类物质对不同植株生长的影响作用。     

蔬菜生产上常用的植物生长调节剂

自从30年代发现了植物生长素以来,50和60年代又相继确定了赤霉素、细胞分裂素、脱落酸和乙烯对植物的作用。目前有些人把油菜素内酯称之为植物第六激素。以上植物激素是植物体内产生的一种活性物质,这类物质虽含量甚微,但起的作用很大,能参与调节植物的各种生理活动。植物的发芽、生根、生长、器官分化、开花、结果、成熟、脱落、     

枳橙CPMAX2基因的克隆、载体构建及其表达研究

转rolABC基因枳橙莲座状分枝、矮化性状突出。为探索其侧枝生长的植物激素调控机制,通过RT-PCR法从枳橙中克隆到独脚金内酯信号转导关键元件CPMAX2基因,分析了该基因在转rolABC基因枳橙腋生嫩叶中的转录表达,构建了CPMAX2植物过表达载体。研究表明：CPMAX2与甜橙中同源基因一致性为99.66%,编码694个氨基酸,具有一个典型的F-box蛋白结构域和两个LRR重复区,与甜橙MAX2氨基酸序列一致性为99.14%。CPMAX2在转rolABC基因枳橙3个株系腋生嫩叶中的转录表达均比野生型显著下调。试验表明CPMAX2在转rolABC基因枳橙莲座型分枝生长中扮演重要角色。     

内源激素对油菜花芽分化及种子休眠影响的研究

内源激素是植物自身存在的,含量极其微少,对植物生长发育起重要调节作用。内源激素包含多种物质,调控着油菜的整个生长发育过程,其中生长素、赤霉素、细胞分裂素、     

缩短童期的措施对红茄梨实生苗根、叶中激素的影响

对红茄梨2年生实生苗实施拉枝、主干2次倒贴皮、植株喷300倍PBO液3个处理,研究不同措施对根和叶中的植物激素含量的影响。结果表明,拉枝使根、叶中的生长素、脱落酸含量均显著下降,赤霉素、细胞分裂素含量均显著上升;倒贴皮使根、叶中的生长素、赤霉素、细胞分裂素和脱落酸含量均明显下降;喷300倍PBO液使根、叶中生长素、赤霉素含量均明显下降,细胞分裂素、脱落酸含量均明显上升。根中的各种植物激素含量都低于叶中的含量。根、叶中的生长素、赤霉素和细胞分裂素之和与脱落酸的比值大小均为拉枝对照倒贴皮喷300倍PBO液,由此可知拉枝会促进叶与根的生长,倒贴皮和喷300倍PBO腋都会限制根与叶的生长。     

茉莉酸甲酯对葡萄植株不定根发育的影响

利用不同浓度的茉莉酸甲酯（MeJA）对葡萄组培植株进行处理,进而分析其生理及基因表达变化,结果表明MeJA能抑制植株不定根的分化和伸长,诱导根、茎、叶组织中的脱落酸（ABA）含量升高,但降低赤霉素（GA）、生长素（IAA）和细胞分裂素（ZR）的含量,且影响叶片中叶绿素代谢导致褪绿黄化。MeJA能诱导植物体内茉莉酸合成代谢基因表达进而提高内源茉莉酸的含量,诱导ABA合成代谢和信号路径中的基因表达,但是会抑制生长素、赤霉素、细胞分裂素、油菜素内酯合成代谢基因的表达,抑制了与根发育和延伸相关基因VvXET、VvEXPB2、VvEXPA7和VvWUS的表达,进而抑制不定根的发生,导致植物发育缓慢。因此,MeJA通过影响其他激素的合成代谢来调控它们在植物中的含量,导致内源激素不平衡影响植株发育,并调控植株根的发育状态,在不定根发育方面起负向调控作用。     

浅析植物生长调节剂在葡萄上的应用

近数十年来，对植物激素的研究进展迅速，目前已公认植物体内有生长素、赤霉素、细胞分裂素、脱落酸和乙烯五类激素。20世纪70年代发现具有多种作用和强大活性的芸苔素内脂，许多人认为它可能是另一类新的植物激素。这些激素在植物体的各种组织和器官中，在不同时期有着不同的平衡状态，对植物的整个生长发育过程起着十分重要的作用。     

诱导山楂子叶产生不定植株的技术研究

以小金星山楂子叶为外植体，研究了光、细胞分裂素、生长素及蔗糖4个因素对子叶再生不定梢的影响。其影响在小顺序为光＞生长素＞细胞分裂素＞蔗糖。认为山楂胚子叶再生不定植株的最佳条件应当是暗处理3周＋BA3～5mg/L NAA0.1～0．2mg/L 蔗糖4％。生根培养基为1／2MS＋IBA0．3mg/L＋蔗糖2％，先暗培养1周，再转到光下培养。     

Effect of maleic hydrazide on endogenous cytokinin contents in lateral buds,and its possible role in flower bud formation on the Japanese pear shoot

In order to elucidate the role of maleic hydrazide (MH, 1,2-dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione; coline salt) in increasing flower bud formation on the Japanese pear, the effect of MH on cytokinin contents in the lateral buds of Japanese pear shoots were investigated. Foliar application of MH at 2600 mg l⁻¹ increased zeatin, zeatinriboside, and isopentenyladenine levels in lateral buds though isopentenyladenosine concentration decreased. Application of 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA), an inhibitor of polar auxin transport, also increased the endogenous cytokinin levels in lateral buds. It is supposed that these increases of cytokinin in lateral buds may be involved in the increase of flower bud production on the Japanese pear shoot. The increases of cytokinin induced by these chemicals may be caused via the depletion of the auxin level and/or the activity in shoot tissues.     

Endogenous cytokinin distribution patterns at budburst in Granny Smith and Braeburn apple shoots in relation to bud growth

The possible relationship of branching habit to cytokinin content of apple shoots (Malus×domestica Borkh.) was investigated. One-year old apple shoots are acrotonic (distal branching), more strongly so in Granny Smith than in Braeburn. In the first trial, long, 1-year old Granny Smith and Braeburn apple shoots were sprayed on 29 August 1995 to break rest with dinitro-o-cresol (DNOC) oil (5%). The cytokinin contents of the xylem sap, the combined bark and buds, and the wood were determined in distal and proximal shoot halves over the next 6 weeks. Budburst (terminal and lateral buds) was first visible (green tip) in both cultivars on 20 September 1995. A greater increase in cytokinin content of distal xylem sap, coupled with elevated cytokinin in the distal wood, reflect the overall acrotony of both cultivars. The strong acrotony of Granny Smith is reflected in the higher cytokinin concentration in distal portion 1 week before the proximal portion of the shoot. The differential distribution of cytokinin reflects the pattern of budburst and may be correlated with growth habit. In a subsequent trial, Granny Smith shoots chilled and forced in the absence of roots showed an increase in cytokinin content of the bark and buds, and the wood as growth resumed. This was roughly comparable in magnitude to the increase observed under field conditions. The cytokinin increase in rootless shoots and differential distribution of cytokinin prior to sprouting, support the hypothesis that shoot-derived, rather than root-derived, cytokinins act to trigger spring budburst.     

Micropropagation of red raspberry and the influence of phloroglucinol

Micropropagation of 12 raspberry seedling selections and the cultivar ‘Malling Jewel’ has been achieved. A basic culture medium (Linsmaier and Skoog, 1965) supplemented with benzylaminopurine (BAP), 1.0 mg l^?1, and indol-3-yl butyric acid (IBA), 0.1 mg l^?1, was optimal for shoot proliferation. The presence of phloroglucinol (PG) at a concentration of 162 mg l^?1 significantly increased shoot number at all auxin: cytokinin concentrations. Removal of the cytokinin and increasing the concentration of IBA to 1.0 mg l^?1 resulted in adventitious root formation. PG synergistically promoted the number of roots per rooted culture but did not significantly increase the percentage rooting. Viable plants were produced from all genotypes when transplanted to soil.     

Cytokinins in citrus. II. Fluctuations during growth in juvenile and adult plants

Juvenile and adult plants of ‘Pickstone Valencia’ orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) were compared for differences in shoot and root growth and for endogenous cytokinins in a synchronized growth flush. Dry-mass accumulation in both shoots and roots of juvenile-budded plants was significantly greater than in adult plants. Cytokinins extracted from leaves and roots of plants removed from the dormancy-induction environment, and subsequently during active growth, were mostly of the non-polar type. Buds of juvenile scions appeared to accumulate higher levels of polar cytokinins during dormancy than adult scion buds. In both plant categories, the level of polar cytokinins decreased once growth was stimulated by higher temperatures. However, cytokinin levels in buds were markedly higher than in new shoot, leaf or root material. Polar cytokinins were present in particularly low concentrations in the developing new shoots, and non-polar cytokinins only increased after the extent of shoot enlargement reached a maximum at about 50 days after warm-temperature incubation.The possible involvement of cytokinins in growth differences between adult and juvenile plants seems to be at the stage of bud activation, prior to breaking of dormancy. At this stage, polar cytokinins reached a much higher level of activity in juvenile buds, and this may have resulted in the greater scion growth of juvenile plants.     

秋水仙素诱导樱桃矮化砧木'吉塞拉6号'获得六倍体再生植株

 以三倍体樱桃矮化砧木'吉塞拉6号'（Prunus ceransus × P. canescens）的离体叶片为外植体,采用秋水仙素诱导处理再生出六倍体植株。将外植体首先在加有秋水仙素（50 mg. L-1）、生长素（IBA 0.5 mg. L-1）和细胞分裂素（BA 5.0 mg. L-1）的改良WPM液体培养基中培养5 d,再转移到不含秋水仙素（其它成分相同）的固体培养基上继续培养56 d,再生出形态变异明显的新梢。采用流式细胞仪鉴定染色体倍性,确定其为六倍体新梢。六倍体植株与三倍体的'吉塞拉6号'植株形态学上有明显差异。六倍体的试管苗已在大田移栽成活,并已成功高接在甜樱桃大树上。     

Influence of growth regulators and light on in vitro shoot regeneration in M.26 apple roostock

Summary

The effects of different BA and IBA concentrations and dark/light combinations, applied during both the last proliferating subculture (LPS) and the regeneration phase (RP), on shoot regeneration from leaves were evaluated in M.26 apple rootstock. A positive influence on caulogenesis was found with a low cytokinin/auxin ratio in the medium during the LPS. The increase in IBA concentration from 0.49 μM to 4.92 μM in the LPS, along with the absence or the use of a low cytokinin concentration (0.89 μM) in the medium, enhanced the subsequent shoot regeneration from leaves. During the RP, a concentration of 22.2 μM BA gave the best caulogenesis results. During both the LPS and the RP, high IBA concentrations were able to replace the combined effect of a low IBA concentration and dark treatment; this could indicate that dark treatments interact with the auxin metabolism in the leaf caulogenesis response. Auxin application could not reproduce all the effects of dark treatments, suggesting that dark also affects other biochemical and/or physiological aspects, such as gibberellin metabolism. Moreover, cytokinins applied during both the LPS and the RP influenced the size of regenerated shoots.     

IAA和ZR对黄瓜分枝发育的协同调控

为揭示主要植物激素协同调控黄瓜分枝发育的生理机制,使用扫描电镜和ELISA法研究了IAA和ZR对黄瓜分枝发育的协同调控机理。结果表明:IAA不能独立的调控黄瓜的分枝性状,茎尖中IAA仅能抑制腋芽伸长生长的继续;根木质部汁液中ZR含量与黄瓜分枝发育呈负相关,茎尖中ZR的含量有自调、自稳的功能,茎尖IAA是根木质部汁液中ZR合成和运输的负调控信号;茎节处ZR/IAA的相对浓度不是唯一调控腋芽生长和发育的因素。该研究为黄瓜的分枝发育的调控机理奠定了基础。